diff options
198 files changed, 4128 insertions, 1390 deletions
diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/Cookie.py b/lib-python/2.7/Cookie.py index 0b15531196..b1704d98cc 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/Cookie.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/Cookie.py @@ -528,12 +528,13 @@ class Morsel(dict): # result, the parsing rules here are less strict. # -_LegalCharsPatt = r"[\w\d!#%&'~_`><@,:/\$\*\+\-\.\^\|\)\(\?\}\{\=]" +_LegalKeyChars = r"\w\d!#%&'~_`><@,:/\$\*\+\-\.\^\|\)\(\?\}\{\=" +_LegalValueChars = _LegalKeyChars + r"\[\]" _CookiePattern = re.compile( r"(?x)" # This is a Verbose pattern r"\s*" # Optional whitespace at start of cookie r"(?P<key>" # Start of group 'key' - ""+ _LegalCharsPatt +"+?" # Any word of at least one letter, nongreedy + "["+ _LegalKeyChars +"]+?" # Any word of at least one letter, nongreedy r")" # End of group 'key' r"(" # Optional group: there may not be a value. r"\s*=\s*" # Equal Sign @@ -542,7 +543,7 @@ _CookiePattern = re.compile( r"|" # or r"\w{3},\s[\s\w\d-]{9,11}\s[\d:]{8}\sGMT" # Special case for "expires" attr r"|" # or - ""+ _LegalCharsPatt +"*" # Any word or empty string + "["+ _LegalValueChars +"]*" # Any word or empty string r")" # End of group 'val' r")?" # End of optional value group r"\s*" # Any number of spaces. diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/SimpleHTTPServer.py b/lib-python/2.7/SimpleHTTPServer.py index d497e1e8cc..783d0ac270 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/SimpleHTTPServer.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/SimpleHTTPServer.py @@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import os import posixpath import BaseHTTPServer import urllib +import urlparse import cgi import sys import shutil @@ -68,10 +69,14 @@ class SimpleHTTPRequestHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler): path = self.translate_path(self.path) f = None if os.path.isdir(path): - if not self.path.endswith('/'): + parts = urlparse.urlsplit(self.path) + if not parts.path.endswith('/'): # redirect browser - doing basically what apache does self.send_response(301) - self.send_header("Location", self.path + "/") + new_parts = (parts[0], parts[1], parts[2] + '/', + parts[3], parts[4]) + new_url = urlparse.urlunsplit(new_parts) + self.send_header("Location", new_url) self.end_headers() return None for index in "index.html", "index.htm": diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/_LWPCookieJar.py b/lib-python/2.7/_LWPCookieJar.py index 90cc633d53..a446aebe11 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/_LWPCookieJar.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/_LWPCookieJar.py @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from cookielib import (_warn_unhandled_exception, FileCookieJar, LoadError, iso2time, time2isoz) def lwp_cookie_str(cookie): - """Return string representation of Cookie in an the LWP cookie file format. + """Return string representation of Cookie in the LWP cookie file format. Actually, the format is extended a bit -- see module docstring. diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/_abcoll.py b/lib-python/2.7/_abcoll.py index 3d567e388e..03856277f0 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/_abcoll.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/_abcoll.py @@ -548,23 +548,25 @@ class MutableMapping(Mapping): If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v In either case, this is followed by: for k, v in F.items(): D[k] = v ''' - if len(args) > 2: - raise TypeError("update() takes at most 2 positional " - "arguments ({} given)".format(len(args))) - elif not args: - raise TypeError("update() takes at least 1 argument (0 given)") + if not args: + raise TypeError("descriptor 'update' of 'MutableMapping' object " + "needs an argument") self = args[0] - other = args[1] if len(args) >= 2 else () - - if isinstance(other, Mapping): - for key in other: - self[key] = other[key] - elif hasattr(other, "keys"): - for key in other.keys(): - self[key] = other[key] - else: - for key, value in other: - self[key] = value + args = args[1:] + if len(args) > 1: + raise TypeError('update expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % + len(args)) + if args: + other = args[0] + if isinstance(other, Mapping): + for key in other: + self[key] = other[key] + elif hasattr(other, "keys"): + for key in other.keys(): + self[key] = other[key] + else: + for key, value in other: + self[key] = value for key, value in kwds.items(): self[key] = value diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/_pyio.py b/lib-python/2.7/_pyio.py index 3acbc65224..a7f4301cc1 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/_pyio.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/_pyio.py @@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ __metaclass__ = type DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 8 * 1024 # bytes # NOTE: Base classes defined here are registered with the "official" ABCs -# defined in io.py. We don't use real inheritance though, because we don't -# want to inherit the C implementations. +# defined in io.py. We don't use real inheritance though, because we don't want +# to inherit the C implementations. class BlockingIOError(IOError): @@ -775,7 +775,7 @@ class _BufferedIOMixin(BufferedIOBase): clsname = self.__class__.__name__ try: name = self.name - except AttributeError: + except Exception: return "<_pyio.{0}>".format(clsname) else: return "<_pyio.{0} name={1!r}>".format(clsname, name) @@ -1216,8 +1216,10 @@ class BufferedRWPair(BufferedIOBase): return self.writer.flush() def close(self): - self.writer.close() - self.reader.close() + try: + self.writer.close() + finally: + self.reader.close() def isatty(self): return self.reader.isatty() or self.writer.isatty() @@ -1538,7 +1540,7 @@ class TextIOWrapper(TextIOBase): def __repr__(self): try: name = self.name - except AttributeError: + except Exception: return "<_pyio.TextIOWrapper encoding='{0}'>".format(self.encoding) else: return "<_pyio.TextIOWrapper name={0!r} encoding='{1}'>".format( diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/_strptime.py b/lib-python/2.7/_strptime.py index 042db6f4f0..1bd570d65a 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/_strptime.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/_strptime.py @@ -335,9 +335,9 @@ def _strptime(data_string, format="%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y"): # though week_of_year = -1 week_of_year_start = -1 - # weekday and julian defaulted to -1 so as to signal need to calculate + # weekday and julian defaulted to None so as to signal need to calculate # values - weekday = julian = -1 + weekday = julian = None found_dict = found.groupdict() for group_key in found_dict.iterkeys(): # Directives not explicitly handled below: @@ -434,14 +434,14 @@ def _strptime(data_string, format="%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y"): year = 1900 # If we know the week of the year and what day of that week, we can figure # out the Julian day of the year. - if julian == -1 and week_of_year != -1 and weekday != -1: + if julian is None and week_of_year != -1 and weekday is not None: week_starts_Mon = True if week_of_year_start == 0 else False julian = _calc_julian_from_U_or_W(year, week_of_year, weekday, week_starts_Mon) # Cannot pre-calculate datetime_date() since can change in Julian # calculation and thus could have different value for the day of the week # calculation. - if julian == -1: + if julian is None: # Need to add 1 to result since first day of the year is 1, not 0. julian = datetime_date(year, month, day).toordinal() - \ datetime_date(year, 1, 1).toordinal() + 1 @@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ def _strptime(data_string, format="%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y"): year = datetime_result.year month = datetime_result.month day = datetime_result.day - if weekday == -1: + if weekday is None: weekday = datetime_date(year, month, day).weekday() if leap_year_fix: # the caller didn't supply a year but asked for Feb 29th. We couldn't diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/aifc.py b/lib-python/2.7/aifc.py index 9ac710fbde..c9a021ee9d 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/aifc.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/aifc.py @@ -357,10 +357,13 @@ class Aifc_read: self._soundpos = 0 def close(self): - if self._decomp: - self._decomp.CloseDecompressor() - self._decomp = None - self._file.close() + decomp = self._decomp + try: + if decomp: + self._decomp = None + decomp.CloseDecompressor() + finally: + self._file.close() def tell(self): return self._soundpos diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/binhex.py b/lib-python/2.7/binhex.py index 8abc9f3e14..14ec233752 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/binhex.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/binhex.py @@ -32,7 +32,8 @@ class Error(Exception): pass # States (what have we written) -[_DID_HEADER, _DID_DATA, _DID_RSRC] = range(3) +_DID_HEADER = 0 +_DID_DATA = 1 # Various constants REASONABLY_LARGE=32768 # Minimal amount we pass the rle-coder @@ -235,17 +236,22 @@ class BinHex: self._write(data) def close(self): - if self.state < _DID_DATA: - self.close_data() - if self.state != _DID_DATA: - raise Error, 'Close at the wrong time' - if self.rlen != 0: - raise Error, \ - "Incorrect resource-datasize, diff=%r" % (self.rlen,) - self._writecrc() - self.ofp.close() - self.state = None - del self.ofp + if self.state is None: + return + try: + if self.state < _DID_DATA: + self.close_data() + if self.state != _DID_DATA: + raise Error, 'Close at the wrong time' + if self.rlen != 0: + raise Error, \ + "Incorrect resource-datasize, diff=%r" % (self.rlen,) + self._writecrc() + finally: + self.state = None + ofp = self.ofp + del self.ofp + ofp.close() def binhex(inp, out): """(infilename, outfilename) - Create binhex-encoded copy of a file""" @@ -463,11 +469,15 @@ class HexBin: return self._read(n) def close(self): - if self.rlen: - dummy = self.read_rsrc(self.rlen) - self._checkcrc() - self.state = _DID_RSRC - self.ifp.close() + if self.state is None: + return + try: + if self.rlen: + dummy = self.read_rsrc(self.rlen) + self._checkcrc() + finally: + self.state = None + self.ifp.close() def hexbin(inp, out): """(infilename, outfilename) - Decode binhexed file""" diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_all.py b/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_all.py index caef1ac2f5..004e357a72 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_all.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_all.py @@ -412,9 +412,6 @@ if sys.version_info[0] >= 3 : def get_dbp(self) : return self._db - import string - string.letters=[chr(i) for i in xrange(65,91)] - bsddb._db.DBEnv_orig = bsddb._db.DBEnv bsddb._db.DB_orig = bsddb._db.DB if bsddb.db.version() <= (4, 3) : diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_basics.py b/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_basics.py index 3c57be4fe3..1459d3636c 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_basics.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_basics.py @@ -999,7 +999,7 @@ class BasicMultiDBTestCase(BasicTestCase): for x in "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog".split(): d2.put(x, self.makeData(x)) - for x in string.letters: + for x in string.ascii_letters: d3.put(x, x*70) d1.sync() @@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@ class BasicMultiDBTestCase(BasicTestCase): if verbose: print rec rec = c3.next() - self.assertEqual(count, len(string.letters)) + self.assertEqual(count, len(string.ascii_letters)) c1.close() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_dbshelve.py b/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_dbshelve.py index c3701e1df3..e5609c5b47 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_dbshelve.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_dbshelve.py @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class DBShelveTestCase(unittest.TestCase): return bytes(key, "iso8859-1") # 8 bits def populateDB(self, d): - for x in string.letters: + for x in string.ascii_letters: d[self.mk('S' + x)] = 10 * x # add a string d[self.mk('I' + x)] = ord(x) # add an integer d[self.mk('L' + x)] = [x] * 10 # add a list diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_get_none.py b/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_get_none.py index 8763b543ca..541044c4df 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_get_none.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_get_none.py @@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ class GetReturnsNoneTestCase(unittest.TestCase): d.open(self.filename, db.DB_BTREE, db.DB_CREATE) d.set_get_returns_none(1) - for x in string.letters: + for x in string.ascii_letters: d.put(x, x * 40) data = d.get('bad key') self.assertEqual(data, None) - data = d.get(string.letters[0]) - self.assertEqual(data, string.letters[0]*40) + data = d.get(string.ascii_letters[0]) + self.assertEqual(data, string.ascii_letters[0]*40) count = 0 c = d.cursor() @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class GetReturnsNoneTestCase(unittest.TestCase): rec = c.next() self.assertEqual(rec, None) - self.assertEqual(count, len(string.letters)) + self.assertEqual(count, len(string.ascii_letters)) c.close() d.close() @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ class GetReturnsNoneTestCase(unittest.TestCase): d.open(self.filename, db.DB_BTREE, db.DB_CREATE) d.set_get_returns_none(0) - for x in string.letters: + for x in string.ascii_letters: d.put(x, x * 40) self.assertRaises(db.DBNotFoundError, d.get, 'bad key') self.assertRaises(KeyError, d.get, 'bad key') - data = d.get(string.letters[0]) - self.assertEqual(data, string.letters[0]*40) + data = d.get(string.ascii_letters[0]) + self.assertEqual(data, string.ascii_letters[0]*40) count = 0 exceptionHappened = 0 @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class GetReturnsNoneTestCase(unittest.TestCase): self.assertNotEqual(rec, None) self.assertTrue(exceptionHappened) - self.assertEqual(count, len(string.letters)) + self.assertEqual(count, len(string.ascii_letters)) c.close() d.close() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_queue.py b/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_queue.py index d3a0c8b9e1..5fa22ee874 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_queue.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_queue.py @@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from test_all import db, verbose, get_new_database_path #---------------------------------------------------------------------- -@unittest.skip("fails on Windows; see issue 22943") class SimpleQueueTestCase(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): self.filename = get_new_database_path() @@ -37,17 +36,17 @@ class SimpleQueueTestCase(unittest.TestCase): print "before appends" + '-' * 30 pprint(d.stat()) - for x in string.letters: + for x in string.ascii_letters: d.append(x * 40) - self.assertEqual(len(d), len(string.letters)) + self.assertEqual(len(d), len(string.ascii_letters)) d.put(100, "some more data") d.put(101, "and some more ") d.put(75, "out of order") d.put(1, "replacement data") - self.assertEqual(len(d), len(string.letters)+3) + self.assertEqual(len(d), len(string.ascii_letters)+3) if verbose: print "before close" + '-' * 30 @@ -108,17 +107,17 @@ class SimpleQueueTestCase(unittest.TestCase): print "before appends" + '-' * 30 pprint(d.stat()) - for x in string.letters: + for x in string.ascii_letters: d.append(x * 40) - self.assertEqual(len(d), len(string.letters)) + self.assertEqual(len(d), len(string.ascii_letters)) d.put(100, "some more data") d.put(101, "and some more ") d.put(75, "out of order") d.put(1, "replacement data") - self.assertEqual(len(d), len(string.letters)+3) + self.assertEqual(len(d), len(string.ascii_letters)+3) if verbose: print "before close" + '-' * 30 diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_recno.py b/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_recno.py index fb6956ae33..b0e30de673 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_recno.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/bsddb/test/test_recno.py @@ -4,12 +4,11 @@ import os, sys import errno from pprint import pprint +import string import unittest from test_all import db, test_support, verbose, get_new_environment_path, get_new_database_path -letters = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' - #---------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ class SimpleRecnoTestCase(unittest.TestCase): d.open(self.filename, db.DB_RECNO, db.DB_CREATE) - for x in letters: + for x in string.ascii_letters: recno = d.append(x * 60) self.assertIsInstance(recno, int) self.assertGreaterEqual(recno, 1) @@ -270,7 +269,7 @@ class SimpleRecnoTestCase(unittest.TestCase): d.set_re_pad(45) # ...test both int and char d.open(self.filename, db.DB_RECNO, db.DB_CREATE) - for x in letters: + for x in string.ascii_letters: d.append(x * 35) # These will be padded d.append('.' * 40) # this one will be exact diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/chunk.py b/lib-python/2.7/chunk.py index a8fbc1051f..3e3b5a4ea7 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/chunk.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/chunk.py @@ -85,8 +85,10 @@ class Chunk: def close(self): if not self.closed: - self.skip() - self.closed = True + try: + self.skip() + finally: + self.closed = True def isatty(self): if self.closed: diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/codecs.py b/lib-python/2.7/codecs.py index 93c16c358e..049a3f0fd1 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/codecs.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/codecs.py @@ -20,8 +20,14 @@ __all__ = ["register", "lookup", "open", "EncodedFile", "BOM", "BOM_BE", "BOM_LE", "BOM32_BE", "BOM32_LE", "BOM64_BE", "BOM64_LE", "BOM_UTF8", "BOM_UTF16", "BOM_UTF16_LE", "BOM_UTF16_BE", "BOM_UTF32", "BOM_UTF32_LE", "BOM_UTF32_BE", + "CodecInfo", "Codec", "IncrementalEncoder", "IncrementalDecoder", + "StreamReader", "StreamWriter", + "StreamReaderWriter", "StreamRecoder", + "getencoder", "getdecoder", "getincrementalencoder", + "getincrementaldecoder", "getreader", "getwriter", + "encode", "decode", "iterencode", "iterdecode", "strict_errors", "ignore_errors", "replace_errors", - "xmlcharrefreplace_errors", + "xmlcharrefreplace_errors", "backslashreplace_errors", "register_error", "lookup_error"] ### Constants @@ -1051,7 +1057,7 @@ def make_encoding_map(decoding_map): during translation. One example where this happens is cp875.py which decodes - multiple character to \u001a. + multiple character to \\u001a. """ m = {} diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/collections.py b/lib-python/2.7/collections.py index c93166432d..0684de681d 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/collections.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/collections.py @@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ class Counter(dict): # http://code.activestate.com/recipes/259174/ # Knuth, TAOCP Vol. II section 4.6.3 - def __init__(self, iterable=None, **kwds): + def __init__(*args, **kwds): '''Create a new, empty Counter object. And if given, count elements from an input iterable. Or, initialize the count from another mapping of elements to their counts. @@ -341,8 +341,15 @@ class Counter(dict): >>> c = Counter(a=4, b=2) # a new counter from keyword args ''' + if not args: + raise TypeError("descriptor '__init__' of 'Counter' object " + "needs an argument") + self = args[0] + args = args[1:] + if len(args) > 1: + raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args)) super(Counter, self).__init__() - self.update(iterable, **kwds) + self.update(*args, **kwds) def __missing__(self, key): 'The count of elements not in the Counter is zero.' @@ -393,7 +400,7 @@ class Counter(dict): raise NotImplementedError( 'Counter.fromkeys() is undefined. Use Counter(iterable) instead.') - def update(self, iterable=None, **kwds): + def update(*args, **kwds): '''Like dict.update() but add counts instead of replacing them. Source can be an iterable, a dictionary, or another Counter instance. @@ -413,6 +420,14 @@ class Counter(dict): # contexts. Instead, we implement straight-addition. Both the inputs # and outputs are allowed to contain zero and negative counts. + if not args: + raise TypeError("descriptor 'update' of 'Counter' object " + "needs an argument") + self = args[0] + args = args[1:] + if len(args) > 1: + raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args)) + iterable = args[0] if args else None if iterable is not None: if isinstance(iterable, Mapping): if self: @@ -428,7 +443,7 @@ class Counter(dict): if kwds: self.update(kwds) - def subtract(self, iterable=None, **kwds): + def subtract(*args, **kwds): '''Like dict.update() but subtracts counts instead of replacing them. Counts can be reduced below zero. Both the inputs and outputs are allowed to contain zero and negative counts. @@ -444,6 +459,14 @@ class Counter(dict): -1 ''' + if not args: + raise TypeError("descriptor 'subtract' of 'Counter' object " + "needs an argument") + self = args[0] + args = args[1:] + if len(args) > 1: + raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args)) + iterable = args[0] if args else None if iterable is not None: self_get = self.get if isinstance(iterable, Mapping): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/cookielib.py b/lib-python/2.7/cookielib.py index f260bc57b3..f2df467787 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/cookielib.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/cookielib.py @@ -464,26 +464,42 @@ def parse_ns_headers(ns_headers): for ns_header in ns_headers: pairs = [] version_set = False - for ii, param in enumerate(re.split(r";\s*", ns_header)): - param = param.rstrip() - if param == "": continue - if "=" not in param: - k, v = param, None - else: - k, v = re.split(r"\s*=\s*", param, 1) - k = k.lstrip() + + # XXX: The following does not strictly adhere to RFCs in that empty + # names and values are legal (the former will only appear once and will + # be overwritten if multiple occurrences are present). This is + # mostly to deal with backwards compatibility. + for ii, param in enumerate(ns_header.split(';')): + param = param.strip() + + key, sep, val = param.partition('=') + key = key.strip() + + if not key: + if ii == 0: + break + else: + continue + + # allow for a distinction between present and empty and missing + # altogether + val = val.strip() if sep else None + if ii != 0: - lc = k.lower() + lc = key.lower() if lc in known_attrs: - k = lc - if k == "version": + key = lc + + if key == "version": # This is an RFC 2109 cookie. - v = _strip_quotes(v) + if val is not None: + val = _strip_quotes(val) version_set = True - if k == "expires": + elif key == "expires": # convert expires date to seconds since epoch - v = http2time(_strip_quotes(v)) # None if invalid - pairs.append((k, v)) + if val is not None: + val = http2time(_strip_quotes(val)) # None if invalid + pairs.append((key, val)) if pairs: if not version_set: diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/macholib/fetch_macholib.bat b/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/macholib/fetch_macholib.bat index f9e1c0dc96..f474d5cd0a 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/macholib/fetch_macholib.bat +++ b/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/macholib/fetch_macholib.bat @@ -1 +1 @@ -svn export --force http://svn.red-bean.com/bob/macholib/trunk/macholib/ . +svn export --force http://svn.red-bean.com/bob/macholib/trunk/macholib/ .
diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/test/test_find.py b/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/test/test_find.py index c5f6ace409..e7a0a9312c 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/test/test_find.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/test/test_find.py @@ -32,15 +32,24 @@ class Test_OpenGL_libs(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): self.gl = self.glu = self.gle = None if lib_gl: - self.gl = CDLL(lib_gl, mode=RTLD_GLOBAL) + try: + self.gl = CDLL(lib_gl, mode=RTLD_GLOBAL) + except OSError: + pass if lib_glu: - self.glu = CDLL(lib_glu, RTLD_GLOBAL) + try: + self.glu = CDLL(lib_glu, RTLD_GLOBAL) + except OSError: + pass if lib_gle: try: self.gle = CDLL(lib_gle) except OSError: pass + def tearDown(self): + self.gl = self.glu = self.gle = None + @unittest.skipUnless(lib_gl, 'lib_gl not available') def test_gl(self): if self.gl: diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/test/test_pickling.py b/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/test/test_pickling.py index e17d37cbf9..76e657579a 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/test/test_pickling.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/test/test_pickling.py @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ class X(Structure): class Y(X): _fields_ = [("str", c_char_p)] -class PickleTest(unittest.TestCase): +class PickleTest: def dumps(self, item): - return pickle.dumps(item) + return pickle.dumps(item, self.proto) def loads(self, item): return pickle.loads(item) @@ -72,17 +72,15 @@ class PickleTest(unittest.TestCase): @xfail def test_wchar(self): - pickle.dumps(c_char("x")) + self.dumps(c_char(b"x")) # Issue 5049 - pickle.dumps(c_wchar(u"x")) + self.dumps(c_wchar(u"x")) -class PickleTest_1(PickleTest): - def dumps(self, item): - return pickle.dumps(item, 1) - -class PickleTest_2(PickleTest): - def dumps(self, item): - return pickle.dumps(item, 2) +for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + name = 'PickleTest_%s' % proto + globals()[name] = type(name, + (PickleTest, unittest.TestCase), + {'proto': proto}) if __name__ == "__main__": unittest.main() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/test/test_pointers.py b/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/test/test_pointers.py index 3e7479195c..5cdde6813e 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/test/test_pointers.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/test/test_pointers.py @@ -7,8 +7,6 @@ ctype_types = [c_byte, c_ubyte, c_short, c_ushort, c_int, c_uint, c_long, c_ulong, c_longlong, c_ulonglong, c_double, c_float] python_types = [int, int, int, int, int, long, int, long, long, long, float, float] -LargeNamedType = type('T' * 2 ** 25, (Structure,), {}) -large_string = 'T' * 2 ** 25 class PointersTestCase(unittest.TestCase): @@ -191,9 +189,11 @@ class PointersTestCase(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(bool(mth), True) def test_pointer_type_name(self): + LargeNamedType = type('T' * 2 ** 25, (Structure,), {}) self.assertTrue(POINTER(LargeNamedType)) def test_pointer_type_str_name(self): + large_string = 'T' * 2 ** 25 self.assertTrue(POINTER(large_string)) if __name__ == '__main__': diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/util.py b/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/util.py index d5b1155f6c..675e38214b 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/util.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/ctypes/util.py @@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ elif os.name == "posix": res = re.findall(expr, data) if not res: return _get_soname(_findLib_gcc(name)) - res.sort(cmp= lambda x,y: cmp(_num_version(x), _num_version(y))) + res.sort(key=_num_version) return res[-1] elif sys.platform == "sunos5": diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/distutils/__init__.py b/lib-python/2.7/distutils/__init__.py index 8780be7cbd..037089633f 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/distutils/__init__.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/distutils/__init__.py @@ -15,5 +15,5 @@ __revision__ = "$Id$" # Updated automatically by the Python release process. # #--start constants-- -__version__ = "2.7.9" +__version__ = "2.7.10" #--end constants-- diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/distutils/command/check.py b/lib-python/2.7/distutils/command/check.py index 152bf0de98..4ea03d3034 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/distutils/command/check.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/distutils/command/check.py @@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class check(Command): """Returns warnings when the provided data doesn't compile.""" source_path = StringIO() parser = Parser() - settings = frontend.OptionParser().get_default_values() + settings = frontend.OptionParser(components=(Parser,)).get_default_values() settings.tab_width = 4 settings.pep_references = None settings.rfc_references = None @@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ class check(Command): document.note_source(source_path, -1) try: parser.parse(data, document) - except AttributeError: - reporter.messages.append((-1, 'Could not finish the parsing.', - '', {})) + except AttributeError as e: + reporter.messages.append( + (-1, 'Could not finish the parsing: %s.' % e, '', {})) return reporter.messages diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/distutils/dir_util.py b/lib-python/2.7/distutils/dir_util.py index e2dc6f4826..f90318e406 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/distutils/dir_util.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/distutils/dir_util.py @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def create_tree(base_dir, files, mode=0777, verbose=1, dry_run=0): """Create all the empty directories under 'base_dir' needed to put 'files' there. - 'base_dir' is just the a name of a directory which doesn't necessarily + 'base_dir' is just the name of a directory which doesn't necessarily exist yet; 'files' is a list of filenames to be interpreted relative to 'base_dir'. 'base_dir' + the directory portion of every file in 'files' will be created if it doesn't already exist. 'mode', 'verbose' and diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/distutils/tests/test_check.py b/lib-python/2.7/distutils/tests/test_check.py index f86f1292fc..81058b1911 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/distutils/tests/test_check.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/distutils/tests/test_check.py @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ # -*- encoding: utf8 -*- """Tests for distutils.command.check.""" +import textwrap import unittest from test.test_support import run_unittest @@ -93,6 +94,36 @@ class CheckTestCase(support.LoggingSilencer, cmd = self._run(metadata, strict=1, restructuredtext=1) self.assertEqual(cmd._warnings, 0) + @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_DOCUTILS, "won't test without docutils") + def test_check_restructuredtext_with_syntax_highlight(self): + # Don't fail if there is a `code` or `code-block` directive + + example_rst_docs = [] + example_rst_docs.append(textwrap.dedent("""\ + Here's some code: + + .. code:: python + + def foo(): + pass + """)) + example_rst_docs.append(textwrap.dedent("""\ + Here's some code: + + .. code-block:: python + + def foo(): + pass + """)) + + for rest_with_code in example_rst_docs: + pkg_info, dist = self.create_dist(long_description=rest_with_code) + cmd = check(dist) + cmd.check_restructuredtext() + self.assertEqual(cmd._warnings, 0) + msgs = cmd._check_rst_data(rest_with_code) + self.assertEqual(len(msgs), 0) + def test_check_all(self): metadata = {'url': 'xxx', 'author': 'xxx'} diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/distutils/text_file.py b/lib-python/2.7/distutils/text_file.py index 09a798b190..690cb80f3c 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/distutils/text_file.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/distutils/text_file.py @@ -124,11 +124,11 @@ class TextFile: def close (self): """Close the current file and forget everything we know about it (filename, current line number).""" - - self.file.close () + file = self.file self.file = None self.filename = None self.current_line = None + file.close() def gen_error (self, msg, line=None): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/dumbdbm.py b/lib-python/2.7/dumbdbm.py index 4a0c3a7852..8ef7e79582 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/dumbdbm.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/dumbdbm.py @@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ is read when the database is opened, and some updates rewrite the whole index) """ +import ast as _ast import os as _os import __builtin__ import UserDict @@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ class _Database(UserDict.DictMixin): with f: for line in f: line = line.rstrip() - key, pos_and_siz_pair = eval(line) + key, pos_and_siz_pair = _ast.literal_eval(line) self._index[key] = pos_and_siz_pair # Write the index dict to the directory file. The original directory @@ -208,8 +209,10 @@ class _Database(UserDict.DictMixin): return len(self._index) def close(self): - self._commit() - self._index = self._datfile = self._dirfile = self._bakfile = None + try: + self._commit() + finally: + self._index = self._datfile = self._dirfile = self._bakfile = None __del__ = close diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/encodings/uu_codec.py b/lib-python/2.7/encodings/uu_codec.py index fb03758171..4b137a5474 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/encodings/uu_codec.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/encodings/uu_codec.py @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ def uu_decode(input,errors='strict'): data = a2b_uu(s) except binascii.Error, v: # Workaround for broken uuencoders by /Fredrik Lundh - nbytes = (((ord(s[0])-32) & 63) * 4 + 5) / 3 + nbytes = (((ord(s[0])-32) & 63) * 4 + 5) // 3 data = a2b_uu(s[:nbytes]) #sys.stderr.write("Warning: %s\n" % str(v)) write(data) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/ensurepip/__init__.py b/lib-python/2.7/ensurepip/__init__.py index 98dae761f4..e7df79af84 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/ensurepip/__init__.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/ensurepip/__init__.py @@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ import tempfile __all__ = ["version", "bootstrap"] -_SETUPTOOLS_VERSION = "7.0" +_SETUPTOOLS_VERSION = "15.2" -_PIP_VERSION = "1.5.6" +_PIP_VERSION = "6.1.1" # pip currently requires ssl support, so we try to provide a nicer # error message when that is missing (http://bugs.python.org/issue19744) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/ensurepip/_bundled/pip-1.5.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl b/lib-python/2.7/ensurepip/_bundled/pip-1.5.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 097ab43430..0000000000 --- a/lib-python/2.7/ensurepip/_bundled/pip-1.5.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl +++ /dev/null diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/ensurepip/_bundled/pip-6.1.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl b/lib-python/2.7/ensurepip/_bundled/pip-6.1.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e59694a019 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib-python/2.7/ensurepip/_bundled/pip-6.1.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/ensurepip/_bundled/setuptools-7.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl b/lib-python/2.7/ensurepip/_bundled/setuptools-15.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl Binary files differindex fa1d1054da..f153ed3766 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/ensurepip/_bundled/setuptools-7.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl +++ b/lib-python/2.7/ensurepip/_bundled/setuptools-15.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/fileinput.py b/lib-python/2.7/fileinput.py index 21c2d1f9bb..02dc4c6127 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/fileinput.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/fileinput.py @@ -233,8 +233,10 @@ class FileInput: self.close() def close(self): - self.nextfile() - self._files = () + try: + self.nextfile() + finally: + self._files = () def __iter__(self): return self @@ -270,23 +272,25 @@ class FileInput: output = self._output self._output = 0 - if output: - output.close() - - file = self._file - self._file = 0 - if file and not self._isstdin: - file.close() - - backupfilename = self._backupfilename - self._backupfilename = 0 - if backupfilename and not self._backup: - try: os.unlink(backupfilename) - except OSError: pass - - self._isstdin = False - self._buffer = [] - self._bufindex = 0 + try: + if output: + output.close() + finally: + file = self._file + self._file = 0 + try: + if file and not self._isstdin: + file.close() + finally: + backupfilename = self._backupfilename + self._backupfilename = 0 + if backupfilename and not self._backup: + try: os.unlink(backupfilename) + except OSError: pass + + self._isstdin = False + self._buffer = [] + self._bufindex = 0 def readline(self): try: diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/fnmatch.py b/lib-python/2.7/fnmatch.py index ffe99b5762..99002e6e6b 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/fnmatch.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/fnmatch.py @@ -47,12 +47,14 @@ def filter(names, pat): import os,posixpath result=[] pat=os.path.normcase(pat) - if not pat in _cache: + try: + re_pat = _cache[pat] + except KeyError: res = translate(pat) if len(_cache) >= _MAXCACHE: _cache.clear() - _cache[pat] = re.compile(res) - match=_cache[pat].match + _cache[pat] = re_pat = re.compile(res) + match = re_pat.match if os.path is posixpath: # normcase on posix is NOP. Optimize it away from the loop. for name in names: @@ -71,12 +73,14 @@ def fnmatchcase(name, pat): its arguments. """ - if not pat in _cache: + try: + re_pat = _cache[pat] + except KeyError: res = translate(pat) if len(_cache) >= _MAXCACHE: _cache.clear() - _cache[pat] = re.compile(res) - return _cache[pat].match(name) is not None + _cache[pat] = re_pat = re.compile(res) + return re_pat.match(name) is not None def translate(pat): """Translate a shell PATTERN to a regular expression. diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/ftplib.py b/lib-python/2.7/ftplib.py index c98290ce85..449ce718cf 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/ftplib.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/ftplib.py @@ -594,11 +594,16 @@ class FTP: def close(self): '''Close the connection without assuming anything about it.''' - if self.file is not None: - self.file.close() - if self.sock is not None: - self.sock.close() - self.file = self.sock = None + try: + file = self.file + self.file = None + if file is not None: + file.close() + finally: + sock = self.sock + self.sock = None + if sock is not None: + sock.close() try: import ssl @@ -638,12 +643,24 @@ else: '221 Goodbye.' >>> ''' - ssl_version = ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1 + ssl_version = ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23 def __init__(self, host='', user='', passwd='', acct='', keyfile=None, - certfile=None, timeout=_GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT): + certfile=None, context=None, + timeout=_GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, source_address=None): + if context is not None and keyfile is not None: + raise ValueError("context and keyfile arguments are mutually " + "exclusive") + if context is not None and certfile is not None: + raise ValueError("context and certfile arguments are mutually " + "exclusive") self.keyfile = keyfile self.certfile = certfile + if context is None: + context = ssl._create_stdlib_context(self.ssl_version, + certfile=certfile, + keyfile=keyfile) + self.context = context self._prot_p = False FTP.__init__(self, host, user, passwd, acct, timeout) @@ -656,12 +673,12 @@ else: '''Set up secure control connection by using TLS/SSL.''' if isinstance(self.sock, ssl.SSLSocket): raise ValueError("Already using TLS") - if self.ssl_version == ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1: + if self.ssl_version >= ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23: resp = self.voidcmd('AUTH TLS') else: resp = self.voidcmd('AUTH SSL') - self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(self.sock, self.keyfile, self.certfile, - ssl_version=self.ssl_version) + self.sock = self.context.wrap_socket(self.sock, + server_hostname=self.host) self.file = self.sock.makefile(mode='rb') return resp @@ -692,8 +709,8 @@ else: def ntransfercmd(self, cmd, rest=None): conn, size = FTP.ntransfercmd(self, cmd, rest) if self._prot_p: - conn = ssl.wrap_socket(conn, self.keyfile, self.certfile, - ssl_version=self.ssl_version) + conn = self.context.wrap_socket(conn, + server_hostname=self.host) return conn, size def retrbinary(self, cmd, callback, blocksize=8192, rest=None): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/genericpath.py b/lib-python/2.7/genericpath.py index 7ddb94c08b..2648e5457e 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/genericpath.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/genericpath.py @@ -10,6 +10,14 @@ __all__ = ['commonprefix', 'exists', 'getatime', 'getctime', 'getmtime', 'getsize', 'isdir', 'isfile'] +try: + _unicode = unicode +except NameError: + # If Python is built without Unicode support, the unicode type + # will not exist. Fake one. + class _unicode(object): + pass + # Does a path exist? # This is false for dangling symbolic links on systems that support them. def exists(path): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/gettext.py b/lib-python/2.7/gettext.py index 3f4758034c..43202c46f4 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/gettext.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/gettext.py @@ -52,7 +52,9 @@ from errno import ENOENT __all__ = ['NullTranslations', 'GNUTranslations', 'Catalog', 'find', 'translation', 'install', 'textdomain', 'bindtextdomain', - 'dgettext', 'dngettext', 'gettext', 'ngettext', + 'bind_textdomain_codeset', + 'dgettext', 'dngettext', 'gettext', 'lgettext', 'ldgettext', + 'ldngettext', 'lngettext', 'ngettext', ] _default_localedir = os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'share', 'locale') @@ -294,11 +296,12 @@ class GNUTranslations(NullTranslations): # See if we're looking at GNU .mo conventions for metadata if mlen == 0: # Catalog description - lastk = k = None + lastk = None for item in tmsg.splitlines(): item = item.strip() if not item: continue + k = v = None if ':' in item: k, v = item.split(':', 1) k = k.strip().lower() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/gzip.py b/lib-python/2.7/gzip.py index 49566fd242..de0dab1037 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/gzip.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/gzip.py @@ -238,9 +238,9 @@ class GzipFile(io.BufferedIOBase): data = data.tobytes() if len(data) > 0: - self.size = self.size + len(data) + self.fileobj.write(self.compress.compress(data)) + self.size += len(data) self.crc = zlib.crc32(data, self.crc) & 0xffffffffL - self.fileobj.write( self.compress.compress(data) ) self.offset += len(data) return len(data) @@ -369,19 +369,21 @@ class GzipFile(io.BufferedIOBase): return self.fileobj is None def close(self): - if self.fileobj is None: + fileobj = self.fileobj + if fileobj is None: return - if self.mode == WRITE: - self.fileobj.write(self.compress.flush()) - write32u(self.fileobj, self.crc) - # self.size may exceed 2GB, or even 4GB - write32u(self.fileobj, self.size & 0xffffffffL) - self.fileobj = None - elif self.mode == READ: - self.fileobj = None - if self.myfileobj: - self.myfileobj.close() - self.myfileobj = None + self.fileobj = None + try: + if self.mode == WRITE: + fileobj.write(self.compress.flush()) + write32u(fileobj, self.crc) + # self.size may exceed 2GB, or even 4GB + write32u(fileobj, self.size & 0xffffffffL) + finally: + myfileobj = self.myfileobj + if myfileobj: + self.myfileobj = None + myfileobj.close() def flush(self,zlib_mode=zlib.Z_SYNC_FLUSH): self._check_closed() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/hashlib.py b/lib-python/2.7/hashlib.py index 4a411bc79f..bbd06b9996 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/hashlib.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/hashlib.py @@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ except ImportError: def prf(msg, inner=inner, outer=outer): # PBKDF2_HMAC uses the password as key. We can re-use the same - # digest objects and and just update copies to skip initialization. + # digest objects and just update copies to skip initialization. icpy = inner.copy() ocpy = outer.copy() icpy.update(msg) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/htmlentitydefs.py b/lib-python/2.7/htmlentitydefs.py index 3dd14a79fa..1f40d09d57 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/htmlentitydefs.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/htmlentitydefs.py @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ """HTML character entity references.""" -# maps the HTML entity name to the Unicode codepoint +# maps the HTML entity name to the Unicode code point name2codepoint = { 'AElig': 0x00c6, # latin capital letter AE = latin capital ligature AE, U+00C6 ISOlat1 'Aacute': 0x00c1, # latin capital letter A with acute, U+00C1 ISOlat1 @@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ name2codepoint = { 'zwnj': 0x200c, # zero width non-joiner, U+200C NEW RFC 2070 } -# maps the Unicode codepoint to the HTML entity name +# maps the Unicode code point to the HTML entity name codepoint2name = {} # maps the HTML entity name to the character diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/httplib.py b/lib-python/2.7/httplib.py index 1c912457d5..9f1e088e8e 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/httplib.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/httplib.py @@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ Req-sent-unread-response _CS_REQ_SENT <response_class> from array import array import os +import re import socket from sys import py3kwarning from urlparse import urlsplit @@ -218,6 +219,38 @@ _MAXLINE = 65536 # maximum amount of headers accepted _MAXHEADERS = 100 +# Header name/value ABNF (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2) +# +# VCHAR = %x21-7E +# obs-text = %x80-FF +# header-field = field-name ":" OWS field-value OWS +# field-name = token +# field-value = *( field-content / obs-fold ) +# field-content = field-vchar [ 1*( SP / HTAB ) field-vchar ] +# field-vchar = VCHAR / obs-text +# +# obs-fold = CRLF 1*( SP / HTAB ) +# ; obsolete line folding +# ; see Section 3.2.4 + +# token = 1*tchar +# +# tchar = "!" / "#" / "$" / "%" / "&" / "'" / "*" +# / "+" / "-" / "." / "^" / "_" / "`" / "|" / "~" +# / DIGIT / ALPHA +# ; any VCHAR, except delimiters +# +# VCHAR defined in http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5234#appendix-B.1 + +# the patterns for both name and value are more leniant than RFC +# definitions to allow for backwards compatibility +_is_legal_header_name = re.compile(r'\A[^:\s][^:\r\n]*\Z').match +_is_illegal_header_value = re.compile(r'\n(?![ \t])|\r(?![ \t\n])').search + +# We always set the Content-Length header for these methods because some +# servers will otherwise respond with a 411 +_METHODS_EXPECTING_BODY = {'PATCH', 'POST', 'PUT'} + class HTTPMessage(mimetools.Message): @@ -313,6 +346,11 @@ class HTTPMessage(mimetools.Message): hlist.append(line) self.addheader(headerseen, line[len(headerseen)+1:].strip()) continue + elif headerseen is not None: + # An empty header name. These aren't allowed in HTTP, but it's + # probably a benign mistake. Don't add the header, just keep + # going. + continue else: # It's not a header line; throw it back and stop here. if not self.dict: @@ -522,9 +560,10 @@ class HTTPResponse: return True def close(self): - if self.fp: - self.fp.close() + fp = self.fp + if fp: self.fp = None + fp.close() def isclosed(self): # NOTE: it is possible that we will not ever call self.close(). This @@ -723,7 +762,7 @@ class HTTPConnection: endpoint passed to set_tunnel. This is done by sending a HTTP CONNECT request to the proxy server when the connection is established. - This method must be called before the HTML connection has been + This method must be called before the HTTP connection has been established. The headers argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers @@ -797,13 +836,17 @@ class HTTPConnection: def close(self): """Close the connection to the HTTP server.""" - if self.sock: - self.sock.close() # close it manually... there may be other refs - self.sock = None - if self.__response: - self.__response.close() - self.__response = None self.__state = _CS_IDLE + try: + sock = self.sock + if sock: + self.sock = None + sock.close() # close it manually... there may be other refs + finally: + response = self.__response + if response: + self.__response = None + response.close() def send(self, data): """Send `data' to the server.""" @@ -978,7 +1021,16 @@ class HTTPConnection: if self.__state != _CS_REQ_STARTED: raise CannotSendHeader() - hdr = '%s: %s' % (header, '\r\n\t'.join([str(v) for v in values])) + header = '%s' % header + if not _is_legal_header_name(header): + raise ValueError('Invalid header name %r' % (header,)) + + values = [str(v) for v in values] + for one_value in values: + if _is_illegal_header_value(one_value): + raise ValueError('Invalid header value %r' % (one_value,)) + + hdr = '%s: %s' % (header, '\r\n\t'.join(values)) self._output(hdr) def endheaders(self, message_body=None): @@ -1000,19 +1052,25 @@ class HTTPConnection: """Send a complete request to the server.""" self._send_request(method, url, body, headers) - def _set_content_length(self, body): - # Set the content-length based on the body. + def _set_content_length(self, body, method): + # Set the content-length based on the body. If the body is "empty", we + # set Content-Length: 0 for methods that expect a body (RFC 7230, + # Section 3.3.2). If the body is set for other methods, we set the + # header provided we can figure out what the length is. thelen = None - try: - thelen = str(len(body)) - except TypeError, te: - # If this is a file-like object, try to - # fstat its file descriptor + if body is None and method.upper() in _METHODS_EXPECTING_BODY: + thelen = '0' + elif body is not None: try: - thelen = str(os.fstat(body.fileno()).st_size) - except (AttributeError, OSError): - # Don't send a length if this failed - if self.debuglevel > 0: print "Cannot stat!!" + thelen = str(len(body)) + except TypeError: + # If this is a file-like object, try to + # fstat its file descriptor + try: + thelen = str(os.fstat(body.fileno()).st_size) + except (AttributeError, OSError): + # Don't send a length if this failed + if self.debuglevel > 0: print "Cannot stat!!" if thelen is not None: self.putheader('Content-Length', thelen) @@ -1028,8 +1086,8 @@ class HTTPConnection: self.putrequest(method, url, **skips) - if body is not None and 'content-length' not in header_names: - self._set_content_length(body) + if 'content-length' not in header_names: + self._set_content_length(body, method) for hdr, value in headers.iteritems(): self.putheader(hdr, value) self.endheaders(body) @@ -1072,20 +1130,20 @@ class HTTPConnection: try: response.begin() + assert response.will_close != _UNKNOWN + self.__state = _CS_IDLE + + if response.will_close: + # this effectively passes the connection to the response + self.close() + else: + # remember this, so we can tell when it is complete + self.__response = response + + return response except: response.close() raise - assert response.will_close != _UNKNOWN - self.__state = _CS_IDLE - - if response.will_close: - # this effectively passes the connection to the response - self.close() - else: - # remember this, so we can tell when it is complete - self.__response = response - - return response class HTTP: @@ -1129,7 +1187,7 @@ class HTTP: "Accept arguments to set the host/port, since the superclass doesn't." if host is not None: - self._conn._set_hostport(host, port) + (self._conn.host, self._conn.port) = self._conn._get_hostport(host, port) self._conn.connect() def getfile(self): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/CodeContext.py b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/CodeContext.py index 2f6f737b67..bb0cc9c892 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/CodeContext.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/CodeContext.py @@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ import re from sys import maxint as INFINITY from idlelib.configHandler import idleConf -BLOCKOPENERS = set(["class", "def", "elif", "else", "except", "finally", "for", - "if", "try", "while", "with"]) +BLOCKOPENERS = {"class", "def", "elif", "else", "except", "finally", "for", + "if", "try", "while", "with"} UPDATEINTERVAL = 100 # millisec FONTUPDATEINTERVAL = 1000 # millisec diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/EditorWindow.py b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/EditorWindow.py index 8ec0f3294d..d34fc62aa4 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/EditorWindow.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/EditorWindow.py @@ -469,13 +469,10 @@ class EditorWindow(object): ("format", "F_ormat"), ("run", "_Run"), ("options", "_Options"), - ("windows", "_Windows"), + ("windows", "_Window"), ("help", "_Help"), ] - if sys.platform == "darwin": - menu_specs[-2] = ("windows", "_Window") - def createmenubar(self): mbar = self.menubar diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/FormatParagraph.py b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/FormatParagraph.py index 9b10c0a760..7a9d185042 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/FormatParagraph.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/FormatParagraph.py @@ -44,9 +44,11 @@ class FormatParagraph: The length limit parameter is for testing with a known value. """ - if limit == None: + if limit is None: + # The default length limit is that defined by pep8 limit = idleConf.GetOption( - 'main', 'FormatParagraph', 'paragraph', type='int') + 'extensions', 'FormatParagraph', 'max-width', + type='int', default=72) text = self.editwin.text first, last = self.editwin.get_selection_indices() if first and last: diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/PyShell.py b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/PyShell.py index 427d3ce72c..79db883e81 100755 --- a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/PyShell.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/PyShell.py @@ -871,13 +871,10 @@ class PyShell(OutputWindow): ("edit", "_Edit"), ("debug", "_Debug"), ("options", "_Options"), - ("windows", "_Windows"), + ("windows", "_Window"), ("help", "_Help"), ] - if sys.platform == "darwin": - menu_specs[-2] = ("windows", "_Window") - # New classes from idlelib.IdleHistory import History @@ -1350,7 +1347,7 @@ class PseudoOutputFile(PseudoFile): if type(s) not in (unicode, str, bytearray): # See issue #19481 if isinstance(s, unicode): - s = unicode.__getslice__(s, None, None) + s = unicode.__getitem__(s, slice(None)) elif isinstance(s, str): s = str.__str__(s) elif isinstance(s, bytearray): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/SearchEngine.py b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/SearchEngine.py index 2118cd33f6..963dfd39fe 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/SearchEngine.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/SearchEngine.py @@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ def search_reverse(prog, chars, col): This is done by searching forwards until there is no match. Prog: compiled re object with a search method returning a match. - Chars: line of text, without \n. + Chars: line of text, without \\n. Col: stop index for the search; the limit for match.end(). ''' m = prog.search(chars) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/config-extensions.def b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/config-extensions.def index 5edbd98cad..a24b8c9316 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/config-extensions.def +++ b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/config-extensions.def @@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ toggle-code-context= [FormatParagraph] enable=True +max-width=72 [FormatParagraph_cfgBindings] format-paragraph=<Alt-Key-q> diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/config-main.def b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/config-main.def index 132797ce32..d7ad59f49c 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/config-main.def +++ b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/config-main.def @@ -58,9 +58,6 @@ font-size= 10 font-bold= 0 encoding= none -[FormatParagraph] -paragraph=72 - [Indent] use-spaces= 1 num-spaces= 4 diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/configDialog.py b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/configDialog.py index 2187268fd4..c416151d9d 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/configDialog.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/configDialog.py @@ -371,7 +371,6 @@ class ConfigDialog(Toplevel): parent = self.parent self.winWidth = StringVar(parent) self.winHeight = StringVar(parent) - self.paraWidth = StringVar(parent) self.startupEdit = IntVar(parent) self.autoSave = IntVar(parent) self.encoding = StringVar(parent) @@ -387,7 +386,6 @@ class ConfigDialog(Toplevel): frameSave = LabelFrame(frame, borderwidth=2, relief=GROOVE, text=' Autosave Preferences ') frameWinSize = Frame(frame, borderwidth=2, relief=GROOVE) - frameParaSize = Frame(frame, borderwidth=2, relief=GROOVE) frameEncoding = Frame(frame, borderwidth=2, relief=GROOVE) frameHelp = LabelFrame(frame, borderwidth=2, relief=GROOVE, text=' Additional Help Sources ') @@ -416,11 +414,6 @@ class ConfigDialog(Toplevel): labelWinHeightTitle = Label(frameWinSize, text='Height') entryWinHeight = Entry( frameWinSize, textvariable=self.winHeight, width=3) - #paragraphFormatWidth - labelParaWidthTitle = Label( - frameParaSize, text='Paragraph reformat width (in characters)') - entryParaWidth = Entry( - frameParaSize, textvariable=self.paraWidth, width=3) #frameEncoding labelEncodingTitle = Label( frameEncoding, text="Default Source Encoding") @@ -458,7 +451,6 @@ class ConfigDialog(Toplevel): frameRun.pack(side=TOP, padx=5, pady=5, fill=X) frameSave.pack(side=TOP, padx=5, pady=5, fill=X) frameWinSize.pack(side=TOP, padx=5, pady=5, fill=X) - frameParaSize.pack(side=TOP, padx=5, pady=5, fill=X) frameEncoding.pack(side=TOP, padx=5, pady=5, fill=X) frameHelp.pack(side=TOP, padx=5, pady=5, expand=TRUE, fill=BOTH) #frameRun @@ -475,9 +467,6 @@ class ConfigDialog(Toplevel): labelWinHeightTitle.pack(side=RIGHT, anchor=E, pady=5) entryWinWidth.pack(side=RIGHT, anchor=E, padx=10, pady=5) labelWinWidthTitle.pack(side=RIGHT, anchor=E, pady=5) - #paragraphFormatWidth - labelParaWidthTitle.pack(side=LEFT, anchor=W, padx=5, pady=5) - entryParaWidth.pack(side=RIGHT, anchor=E, padx=10, pady=5) #frameEncoding labelEncodingTitle.pack(side=LEFT, anchor=W, padx=5, pady=5) radioEncNone.pack(side=RIGHT, anchor=E, pady=5) @@ -509,7 +498,6 @@ class ConfigDialog(Toplevel): self.keysAreBuiltin.trace_variable('w', self.VarChanged_keysAreBuiltin) self.winWidth.trace_variable('w', self.VarChanged_winWidth) self.winHeight.trace_variable('w', self.VarChanged_winHeight) - self.paraWidth.trace_variable('w', self.VarChanged_paraWidth) self.startupEdit.trace_variable('w', self.VarChanged_startupEdit) self.autoSave.trace_variable('w', self.VarChanged_autoSave) self.encoding.trace_variable('w', self.VarChanged_encoding) @@ -594,10 +582,6 @@ class ConfigDialog(Toplevel): value = self.winHeight.get() self.AddChangedItem('main', 'EditorWindow', 'height', value) - def VarChanged_paraWidth(self, *params): - value = self.paraWidth.get() - self.AddChangedItem('main', 'FormatParagraph', 'paragraph', value) - def VarChanged_startupEdit(self, *params): value = self.startupEdit.get() self.AddChangedItem('main', 'General', 'editor-on-startup', value) @@ -1094,9 +1078,6 @@ class ConfigDialog(Toplevel): 'main', 'EditorWindow', 'width', type='int')) self.winHeight.set(idleConf.GetOption( 'main', 'EditorWindow', 'height', type='int')) - #initial paragraph reformat size - self.paraWidth.set(idleConf.GetOption( - 'main', 'FormatParagraph', 'paragraph', type='int')) # default source encoding self.encoding.set(idleConf.GetOption( 'main', 'EditorWindow', 'encoding', default='none')) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/help.txt b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/help.txt index bd6822c423..6b1c0023ee 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/help.txt +++ b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/help.txt @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ Options Menu: which is scrolling off the top or the window. (Not present in Shell window.) -Windows Menu: +Window Menu: Zoom Height -- toggles the window between configured size and maximum height. diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/idle.bat b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/idle.bat index e77b96e9b5..3d619a37ee 100755 --- a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/idle.bat +++ b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/idle.bat @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -@echo off -rem Start IDLE using the appropriate Python interpreter -set CURRDIR=%~dp0 -start "IDLE" "%CURRDIR%..\..\pythonw.exe" "%CURRDIR%idle.pyw" %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9 +@echo off
+rem Start IDLE using the appropriate Python interpreter
+set CURRDIR=%~dp0
+start "IDLE" "%CURRDIR%..\..\pythonw.exe" "%CURRDIR%idle.pyw" %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/idle_test/test_calltips.py b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/idle_test/test_calltips.py index 58ac28bde4..147119ce37 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/idle_test/test_calltips.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/idle_test/test_calltips.py @@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ class Get_signatureTest(unittest.TestCase): def gtest(obj, out): self.assertEqual(signature(obj), out) - gtest(List, '()\n' + List.__doc__) + if List.__doc__ is not None: + gtest(List, '()\n' + List.__doc__) gtest(list.__new__, 'T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T') gtest(list.__init__, @@ -70,7 +71,8 @@ class Get_signatureTest(unittest.TestCase): def test_signature_wrap(self): # This is also a test of an old-style class - self.assertEqual(signature(textwrap.TextWrapper), '''\ + if textwrap.TextWrapper.__doc__ is not None: + self.assertEqual(signature(textwrap.TextWrapper), '''\ (width=70, initial_indent='', subsequent_indent='', expand_tabs=True, replace_whitespace=True, fix_sentence_endings=False, break_long_words=True, drop_whitespace=True, break_on_hyphens=True)''') @@ -106,20 +108,23 @@ class Get_signatureTest(unittest.TestCase): def t5(a, b=None, *args, **kwds): 'doc' t5.tip = "(a, b=None, *args, **kwargs)" + doc = '\ndoc' if t1.__doc__ is not None else '' for func in (t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, TC): - self.assertEqual(signature(func), func.tip + '\ndoc') + self.assertEqual(signature(func), func.tip + doc) def test_methods(self): + doc = '\ndoc' if TC.__doc__ is not None else '' for meth in (TC.t1, TC.t2, TC.t3, TC.t4, TC.t5, TC.t6, TC.__call__): - self.assertEqual(signature(meth), meth.tip + "\ndoc") - self.assertEqual(signature(TC.cm), "(a)\ndoc") - self.assertEqual(signature(TC.sm), "(b)\ndoc") + self.assertEqual(signature(meth), meth.tip + doc) + self.assertEqual(signature(TC.cm), "(a)" + doc) + self.assertEqual(signature(TC.sm), "(b)" + doc) def test_bound_methods(self): # test that first parameter is correctly removed from argspec + doc = '\ndoc' if TC.__doc__ is not None else '' for meth, mtip in ((tc.t1, "()"), (tc.t4, "(*args)"), (tc.t6, "(self)"), (tc.__call__, '(ci)'), (tc, '(ci)'), (TC.cm, "(a)"),): - self.assertEqual(signature(meth), mtip + "\ndoc") + self.assertEqual(signature(meth), mtip + doc) def test_starred_parameter(self): # test that starred first parameter is *not* removed from argspec diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/idle_test/test_io.py b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/idle_test/test_io.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ee017bb8c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/idle_test/test_io.py @@ -0,0 +1,267 @@ +import unittest +import io +from idlelib.PyShell import PseudoInputFile, PseudoOutputFile +from test import test_support as support + + +class Base(object): + def __str__(self): + return '%s:str' % type(self).__name__ + def __unicode__(self): + return '%s:unicode' % type(self).__name__ + def __len__(self): + return 3 + def __iter__(self): + return iter('abc') + def __getitem__(self, *args): + return '%s:item' % type(self).__name__ + def __getslice__(self, *args): + return '%s:slice' % type(self).__name__ + +class S(Base, str): + pass + +class U(Base, unicode): + pass + +class BA(Base, bytearray): + pass + +class MockShell: + def __init__(self): + self.reset() + + def write(self, *args): + self.written.append(args) + + def readline(self): + return self.lines.pop() + + def close(self): + pass + + def reset(self): + self.written = [] + + def push(self, lines): + self.lines = list(lines)[::-1] + + +class PseudeOutputFilesTest(unittest.TestCase): + def test_misc(self): + shell = MockShell() + f = PseudoOutputFile(shell, 'stdout', 'utf-8') + self.assertIsInstance(f, io.TextIOBase) + self.assertEqual(f.encoding, 'utf-8') + self.assertIsNone(f.errors) + self.assertIsNone(f.newlines) + self.assertEqual(f.name, '<stdout>') + self.assertFalse(f.closed) + self.assertTrue(f.isatty()) + self.assertFalse(f.readable()) + self.assertTrue(f.writable()) + self.assertFalse(f.seekable()) + + def test_unsupported(self): + shell = MockShell() + f = PseudoOutputFile(shell, 'stdout', 'utf-8') + self.assertRaises(IOError, f.fileno) + self.assertRaises(IOError, f.tell) + self.assertRaises(IOError, f.seek, 0) + self.assertRaises(IOError, f.read, 0) + self.assertRaises(IOError, f.readline, 0) + + def test_write(self): + shell = MockShell() + f = PseudoOutputFile(shell, 'stdout', 'utf-8') + f.write('test') + self.assertEqual(shell.written, [('test', 'stdout')]) + shell.reset() + f.write('t\xe8st') + self.assertEqual(shell.written, [('t\xe8st', 'stdout')]) + shell.reset() + f.write(u't\xe8st') + self.assertEqual(shell.written, [(u't\xe8st', 'stdout')]) + shell.reset() + + f.write(S('t\xe8st')) + self.assertEqual(shell.written, [('t\xe8st', 'stdout')]) + self.assertEqual(type(shell.written[0][0]), str) + shell.reset() + f.write(BA('t\xe8st')) + self.assertEqual(shell.written, [('t\xe8st', 'stdout')]) + self.assertEqual(type(shell.written[0][0]), str) + shell.reset() + f.write(U(u't\xe8st')) + self.assertEqual(shell.written, [(u't\xe8st', 'stdout')]) + self.assertEqual(type(shell.written[0][0]), unicode) + shell.reset() + + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.write) + self.assertEqual(shell.written, []) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.write, 123) + self.assertEqual(shell.written, []) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.write, 'test', 'spam') + self.assertEqual(shell.written, []) + + def test_writelines(self): + shell = MockShell() + f = PseudoOutputFile(shell, 'stdout', 'utf-8') + f.writelines([]) + self.assertEqual(shell.written, []) + shell.reset() + f.writelines(['one\n', 'two']) + self.assertEqual(shell.written, + [('one\n', 'stdout'), ('two', 'stdout')]) + shell.reset() + f.writelines(['on\xe8\n', 'tw\xf2']) + self.assertEqual(shell.written, + [('on\xe8\n', 'stdout'), ('tw\xf2', 'stdout')]) + shell.reset() + f.writelines([u'on\xe8\n', u'tw\xf2']) + self.assertEqual(shell.written, + [(u'on\xe8\n', 'stdout'), (u'tw\xf2', 'stdout')]) + shell.reset() + + f.writelines([S('t\xe8st')]) + self.assertEqual(shell.written, [('t\xe8st', 'stdout')]) + self.assertEqual(type(shell.written[0][0]), str) + shell.reset() + f.writelines([BA('t\xe8st')]) + self.assertEqual(shell.written, [('t\xe8st', 'stdout')]) + self.assertEqual(type(shell.written[0][0]), str) + shell.reset() + f.writelines([U(u't\xe8st')]) + self.assertEqual(shell.written, [(u't\xe8st', 'stdout')]) + self.assertEqual(type(shell.written[0][0]), unicode) + shell.reset() + + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.writelines) + self.assertEqual(shell.written, []) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.writelines, 123) + self.assertEqual(shell.written, []) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.writelines, [123]) + self.assertEqual(shell.written, []) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.writelines, [], []) + self.assertEqual(shell.written, []) + + def test_close(self): + shell = MockShell() + f = PseudoOutputFile(shell, 'stdout', 'utf-8') + self.assertFalse(f.closed) + f.write('test') + f.close() + self.assertTrue(f.closed) + self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.write, 'x') + self.assertEqual(shell.written, [('test', 'stdout')]) + f.close() + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.close, 1) + + +class PseudeInputFilesTest(unittest.TestCase): + def test_misc(self): + shell = MockShell() + f = PseudoInputFile(shell, 'stdin', 'utf-8') + self.assertIsInstance(f, io.TextIOBase) + self.assertEqual(f.encoding, 'utf-8') + self.assertIsNone(f.errors) + self.assertIsNone(f.newlines) + self.assertEqual(f.name, '<stdin>') + self.assertFalse(f.closed) + self.assertTrue(f.isatty()) + self.assertTrue(f.readable()) + self.assertFalse(f.writable()) + self.assertFalse(f.seekable()) + + def test_unsupported(self): + shell = MockShell() + f = PseudoInputFile(shell, 'stdin', 'utf-8') + self.assertRaises(IOError, f.fileno) + self.assertRaises(IOError, f.tell) + self.assertRaises(IOError, f.seek, 0) + self.assertRaises(IOError, f.write, 'x') + self.assertRaises(IOError, f.writelines, ['x']) + + def test_read(self): + shell = MockShell() + f = PseudoInputFile(shell, 'stdin', 'utf-8') + shell.push(['one\n', 'two\n', '']) + self.assertEqual(f.read(), 'one\ntwo\n') + shell.push(['one\n', 'two\n', '']) + self.assertEqual(f.read(-1), 'one\ntwo\n') + shell.push(['one\n', 'two\n', '']) + self.assertEqual(f.read(None), 'one\ntwo\n') + shell.push(['one\n', 'two\n', 'three\n', '']) + self.assertEqual(f.read(2), 'on') + self.assertEqual(f.read(3), 'e\nt') + self.assertEqual(f.read(10), 'wo\nthree\n') + + shell.push(['one\n', 'two\n']) + self.assertEqual(f.read(0), '') + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.read, 1.5) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.read, '1') + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.read, 1, 1) + + def test_readline(self): + shell = MockShell() + f = PseudoInputFile(shell, 'stdin', 'utf-8') + shell.push(['one\n', 'two\n', 'three\n', 'four\n']) + self.assertEqual(f.readline(), 'one\n') + self.assertEqual(f.readline(-1), 'two\n') + self.assertEqual(f.readline(None), 'three\n') + shell.push(['one\ntwo\n']) + self.assertEqual(f.readline(), 'one\n') + self.assertEqual(f.readline(), 'two\n') + shell.push(['one', 'two', 'three']) + self.assertEqual(f.readline(), 'one') + self.assertEqual(f.readline(), 'two') + shell.push(['one\n', 'two\n', 'three\n']) + self.assertEqual(f.readline(2), 'on') + self.assertEqual(f.readline(1), 'e') + self.assertEqual(f.readline(1), '\n') + self.assertEqual(f.readline(10), 'two\n') + + shell.push(['one\n', 'two\n']) + self.assertEqual(f.readline(0), '') + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.readlines, 1.5) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.readlines, '1') + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.readlines, 1, 1) + + def test_readlines(self): + shell = MockShell() + f = PseudoInputFile(shell, 'stdin', 'utf-8') + shell.push(['one\n', 'two\n', '']) + self.assertEqual(f.readlines(), ['one\n', 'two\n']) + shell.push(['one\n', 'two\n', '']) + self.assertEqual(f.readlines(-1), ['one\n', 'two\n']) + shell.push(['one\n', 'two\n', '']) + self.assertEqual(f.readlines(None), ['one\n', 'two\n']) + shell.push(['one\n', 'two\n', '']) + self.assertEqual(f.readlines(0), ['one\n', 'two\n']) + shell.push(['one\n', 'two\n', '']) + self.assertEqual(f.readlines(3), ['one\n']) + shell.push(['one\n', 'two\n', '']) + self.assertEqual(f.readlines(4), ['one\n', 'two\n']) + + shell.push(['one\n', 'two\n', '']) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.readlines, 1.5) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.readlines, '1') + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.readlines, 1, 1) + + def test_close(self): + shell = MockShell() + f = PseudoInputFile(shell, 'stdin', 'utf-8') + shell.push(['one\n', 'two\n', '']) + self.assertFalse(f.closed) + self.assertEqual(f.readline(), 'one\n') + f.close() + self.assertFalse(f.closed) + self.assertEqual(f.readline(), 'two\n') + self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.close, 1) + + +def test_main(): + support.run_unittest(PseudeOutputFilesTest, PseudeInputFilesTest) + +if __name__ == '__main__': + test_main() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/idlever.py b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/idlever.py index ba1b4d5ff4..563d933f3b 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/idlever.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/idlever.py @@ -1 +1,4 @@ -IDLE_VERSION = "2.7.9" +"""Unused by Idle: there is no separate Idle version anymore. +Kept only for possible existing extension use.""" +from sys import version +IDLE_VERSION = version[:version.index(' ')] diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/testcode.py b/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/testcode.py deleted file mode 100644 index 05eaa562cd..0000000000 --- a/lib-python/2.7/idlelib/testcode.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -import string - -def f(): - a = 0 - b = 1 - c = 2 - d = 3 - e = 4 - g() - -def g(): - h() - -def h(): - i() - -def i(): - j() - -def j(): - k() - -def k(): - l() - -l = lambda: test() - -def test(): - string.capwords(1) - -f() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/imaplib.py b/lib-python/2.7/imaplib.py index 10ff340ef9..826eea2524 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/imaplib.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/imaplib.py @@ -37,11 +37,12 @@ AllowedVersions = ('IMAP4REV1', 'IMAP4') # Most recent first # Maximal line length when calling readline(). This is to prevent # reading arbitrary length lines. RFC 3501 and 2060 (IMAP 4rev1) -# don't specify a line length. RFC 2683 however suggests limiting client -# command lines to 1000 octets and server command lines to 8000 octets. -# We have selected 10000 for some extra margin and since that is supposedly -# also what UW and Panda IMAP does. -_MAXLINE = 10000 +# don't specify a line length. RFC 2683 suggests limiting client +# command lines to 1000 octets and that servers should be prepared +# to accept command lines up to 8000 octets, so we used to use 10K here. +# In the modern world (eg: gmail) the response to, for example, a +# search command can be quite large, so we now use 1M. +_MAXLINE = 1000000 # Commands diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/Tkinter.py b/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/Tkinter.py index 8d21717b46..cb7edf0ed4 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/Tkinter.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/Tkinter.py @@ -401,6 +401,10 @@ class BooleanVar(Variable): """ Variable.__init__(self, master, value, name) + def set(self, value): + """Set the variable to VALUE.""" + return self._tk.globalsetvar(self._name, self._tk.getboolean(value)) + def get(self): """Return the value of the variable as a bool.""" return self._tk.getboolean(self._tk.globalgetvar(self._name)) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/test/test_tkinter/test_variables.py b/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/test/test_tkinter/test_variables.py index 807118c2a0..fb0cab7b61 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/test/test_tkinter/test_variables.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/test/test_tkinter/test_variables.py @@ -1,7 +1,8 @@ import unittest from test.test_support import gc_collect -from Tkinter import Variable, StringVar, IntVar, DoubleVar, BooleanVar, Tcl, TclError +from Tkinter import (Variable, StringVar, IntVar, DoubleVar, BooleanVar, Tcl, + TclError) class TestBase(unittest.TestCase): @@ -143,16 +144,57 @@ class TestBooleanVar(TestBase): def test_default(self): v = BooleanVar(self.root) - self.assertEqual(False, v.get()) + self.assertIs(v.get(), False) def test_get(self): v = BooleanVar(self.root, True, "name") - self.assertAlmostEqual(True, v.get()) + self.assertIs(v.get(), True) self.root.globalsetvar("name", "0") - self.assertAlmostEqual(False, v.get()) + self.assertIs(v.get(), False) + self.root.globalsetvar("name", 42 if self.root.wantobjects() else 1) + self.assertIs(v.get(), True) + self.root.globalsetvar("name", 0) + self.assertIs(v.get(), False) + self.root.globalsetvar("name", 42L if self.root.wantobjects() else 1L) + self.assertIs(v.get(), True) + self.root.globalsetvar("name", 0L) + self.assertIs(v.get(), False) + self.root.globalsetvar("name", "on") + self.assertIs(v.get(), True) + self.root.globalsetvar("name", u"0") + self.assertIs(v.get(), False) + self.root.globalsetvar("name", u"on") + self.assertIs(v.get(), True) + + def test_set(self): + true = 1 if self.root.wantobjects() else "1" + false = 0 if self.root.wantobjects() else "0" + v = BooleanVar(self.root, name="name") + v.set(True) + self.assertEqual(self.root.globalgetvar("name"), true) + v.set("0") + self.assertEqual(self.root.globalgetvar("name"), false) + v.set(42) + self.assertEqual(self.root.globalgetvar("name"), true) + v.set(0) + self.assertEqual(self.root.globalgetvar("name"), false) + v.set(42L) + self.assertEqual(self.root.globalgetvar("name"), true) + v.set(0L) + self.assertEqual(self.root.globalgetvar("name"), false) + v.set("on") + self.assertEqual(self.root.globalgetvar("name"), true) + v.set(u"0") + self.assertEqual(self.root.globalgetvar("name"), false) + v.set(u"on") + self.assertEqual(self.root.globalgetvar("name"), true) def test_invalid_value_domain(self): + false = 0 if self.root.wantobjects() else "0" v = BooleanVar(self.root, name="name") + with self.assertRaises(TclError): + v.set("value") + self.assertEqual(self.root.globalgetvar("name"), false) self.root.globalsetvar("name", "value") with self.assertRaises(TclError): v.get() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/test/test_tkinter/test_widgets.py b/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/test/test_tkinter/test_widgets.py index efb9a05f81..1916e349b2 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/test/test_tkinter/test_widgets.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/test/test_tkinter/test_widgets.py @@ -1037,7 +1037,7 @@ class PanedWindowTest(AbstractWidgetTest, unittest.TestCase): def test_paneconfigure_height(self): p, b, c = self.create2() self.check_paneconfigure(p, b, 'height', 10, 10, - stringify=tcl_version < (8, 5)) + stringify=get_tk_patchlevel() < (8, 5, 11)) self.check_paneconfigure_bad(p, b, 'height', 'bad screen distance "badValue"') @@ -1085,7 +1085,7 @@ class PanedWindowTest(AbstractWidgetTest, unittest.TestCase): def test_paneconfigure_width(self): p, b, c = self.create2() self.check_paneconfigure(p, b, 'width', 10, 10, - stringify=tcl_version < (8, 5)) + stringify=get_tk_patchlevel() < (8, 5, 11)) self.check_paneconfigure_bad(p, b, 'width', 'bad screen distance "badValue"') diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/test/test_ttk/support.py b/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/test/test_ttk/support.py index c335f2927b..91795d9c09 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/test/test_ttk/support.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/test/test_ttk/support.py @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +import re import unittest import Tkinter as tkinter @@ -61,14 +62,15 @@ def get_tk_patchlevel(): global _tk_patchlevel if _tk_patchlevel is None: tcl = tkinter.Tcl() - patchlevel = [] - for x in tcl.call('info', 'patchlevel').split('.'): - try: - x = int(x, 10) - except ValueError: - x = -1 - patchlevel.append(x) - _tk_patchlevel = tuple(patchlevel) + patchlevel = tcl.call('info', 'patchlevel') + m = re.match(r'(\d+)\.(\d+)([ab.])(\d+)$', patchlevel) + major, minor, releaselevel, serial = m.groups() + major, minor, serial = int(major), int(minor), int(serial) + releaselevel = {'a': 'alpha', 'b': 'beta', '.': 'final'}[releaselevel] + if releaselevel == 'final': + _tk_patchlevel = major, minor, serial, releaselevel, 0 + else: + _tk_patchlevel = major, minor, 0, releaselevel, serial return _tk_patchlevel units = { diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/test/test_ttk/test_widgets.py b/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/test/test_ttk/test_widgets.py index 22132a08e5..4496f989b1 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/test/test_ttk/test_widgets.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/test/test_ttk/test_widgets.py @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class StandardTtkOptionsTests(StandardOptionsTests): widget = self.create() self.assertEqual(widget['class'], '') errmsg='attempt to change read-only option' - if get_tk_patchlevel() < (8, 6, 0): # actually this was changed in 8.6b3 + if get_tk_patchlevel() < (8, 6, 0, 'beta', 3): errmsg='Attempt to change read-only option' self.checkInvalidParam(widget, 'class', 'Foo', errmsg=errmsg) widget2 = self.create(class_='Foo') @@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ class PanedWindowTest(AbstractWidgetTest, unittest.TestCase): widget = self.create() self.assertEqual(str(widget['orient']), 'vertical') errmsg='attempt to change read-only option' - if get_tk_patchlevel() < (8, 6, 0): # actually this was changed in 8.6b3 + if get_tk_patchlevel() < (8, 6, 0, 'beta', 3): errmsg='Attempt to change read-only option' self.checkInvalidParam(widget, 'orient', 'horizontal', errmsg=errmsg) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/ttk.py b/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/ttk.py index 58f769895d..08cb040bd9 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/ttk.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/ttk.py @@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ class Widget(Tkinter.Widget): if ret and callback: return callback(*args, **kw) - return bool(ret) + return ret def state(self, statespec=None): @@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ class Entry(Widget, Tkinter.Entry): """Force revalidation, independent of the conditions specified by the validate option. Returns False if validation fails, True if it succeeds. Sets or clears the invalid state accordingly.""" - return bool(self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(self._w, "validate"))) + return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(self._w, "validate")) class Combobox(Entry): @@ -1233,7 +1233,7 @@ class Treeview(Widget, Tkinter.XView, Tkinter.YView): def exists(self, item): """Returns True if the specified item is present in the tree, False otherwise.""" - return bool(self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(self._w, "exists", item))) + return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(self._w, "exists", item)) def focus(self, item=None): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/turtle.py b/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/turtle.py index 75673a4bcb..73a759075d 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/turtle.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/lib-tk/turtle.py @@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@ class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase): def _incrementudc(self): """Increment update counter.""" if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING: - TurtleScreen._RUNNNING = True + TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True raise Terminator if self._tracing > 0: self._updatecounter += 1 @@ -3644,7 +3644,7 @@ class _Screen(TurtleScreen): Turtle._screen = None _Screen._root = None _Screen._canvas = None - TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True + TurtleScreen._RUNNING = False root.destroy() def bye(self): @@ -3685,7 +3685,6 @@ class _Screen(TurtleScreen): except AttributeError: exit(0) - class Turtle(RawTurtle): """RawTurtle auto-creating (scrolled) canvas. @@ -3708,18 +3707,6 @@ class Turtle(RawTurtle): Pen = Turtle -def _getpen(): - """Create the 'anonymous' turtle if not already present.""" - if Turtle._pen is None: - Turtle._pen = Turtle() - return Turtle._pen - -def _getscreen(): - """Create a TurtleScreen if not already present.""" - if Turtle._screen is None: - Turtle._screen = Screen() - return Turtle._screen - def write_docstringdict(filename="turtle_docstringdict"): """Create and write docstring-dictionary to file. @@ -3847,30 +3834,41 @@ def _screen_docrevise(docstr): ## as functions. So we can enhance, change, add, delete methods to these ## classes and do not need to change anything here. +__func_body = """\ +def {name}{paramslist}: + if {obj} is None: + if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING: + TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True + raise Terminator + {obj} = {init} + try: + return {obj}.{name}{argslist} + except TK.TclError: + if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING: + TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True + raise Terminator + raise +""" -for methodname in _tg_screen_functions: - pl1, pl2 = getmethparlist(eval('_Screen.' + methodname)) - if pl1 == "": - print ">>>>>>", pl1, pl2 - continue - defstr = ("def %(key)s%(pl1)s: return _getscreen().%(key)s%(pl2)s" % - {'key':methodname, 'pl1':pl1, 'pl2':pl2}) - exec defstr - eval(methodname).__doc__ = _screen_docrevise(eval('_Screen.'+methodname).__doc__) +def _make_global_funcs(functions, cls, obj, init, docrevise): + for methodname in functions: + method = getattr(cls, methodname) + pl1, pl2 = getmethparlist(method) + if pl1 == "": + print ">>>>>>", pl1, pl2 + continue + defstr = __func_body.format(obj=obj, init=init, name=methodname, + paramslist=pl1, argslist=pl2) + exec defstr in globals() + globals()[methodname].__doc__ = docrevise(method.__doc__) -for methodname in _tg_turtle_functions: - pl1, pl2 = getmethparlist(eval('Turtle.' + methodname)) - if pl1 == "": - print ">>>>>>", pl1, pl2 - continue - defstr = ("def %(key)s%(pl1)s: return _getpen().%(key)s%(pl2)s" % - {'key':methodname, 'pl1':pl1, 'pl2':pl2}) - exec defstr - eval(methodname).__doc__ = _turtle_docrevise(eval('Turtle.'+methodname).__doc__) +_make_global_funcs(_tg_screen_functions, _Screen, + 'Turtle._screen', 'Screen()', _screen_docrevise) +_make_global_funcs(_tg_turtle_functions, Turtle, + 'Turtle._pen', 'Turtle()', _turtle_docrevise) done = mainloop = TK.mainloop -del pl1, pl2, defstr if __name__ == "__main__": def switchpen(): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/lib2to3/fixes/fix_exitfunc.py b/lib-python/2.7/lib2to3/fixes/fix_exitfunc.py index 89fb3db533..3f3fbbf1ce 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/lib2to3/fixes/fix_exitfunc.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/lib2to3/fixes/fix_exitfunc.py @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class FixExitfunc(fixer_base.BaseFix): self.sys_import = None def transform(self, node, results): - # First, find a the sys import. We'll just hope it's global scope. + # First, find the sys import. We'll just hope it's global scope. if "sys_import" in results: if self.sys_import is None: self.sys_import = results["sys_import"] diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/linecache.py b/lib-python/2.7/linecache.py index 811f27fe36..4b97be3f05 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/linecache.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/linecache.py @@ -36,8 +36,12 @@ def getlines(filename, module_globals=None): if filename in cache: return cache[filename][2] - else: + + try: return updatecache(filename, module_globals) + except MemoryError: + clearcache() + return [] def checkcache(filename=None): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/logging/__init__.py b/lib-python/2.7/logging/__init__.py index f6498d2444..91bdf023e1 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/logging/__init__.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/logging/__init__.py @@ -929,14 +929,19 @@ class FileHandler(StreamHandler): """ self.acquire() try: - if self.stream: - self.flush() - if hasattr(self.stream, "close"): - self.stream.close() - self.stream = None - # Issue #19523: call unconditionally to - # prevent a handler leak when delay is set - StreamHandler.close(self) + try: + if self.stream: + try: + self.flush() + finally: + stream = self.stream + self.stream = None + if hasattr(stream, "close"): + stream.close() + finally: + # Issue #19523: call unconditionally to + # prevent a handler leak when delay is set + StreamHandler.close(self) finally: self.release() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/logging/handlers.py b/lib-python/2.7/logging/handlers.py index a458529684..e430ab7b9b 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/logging/handlers.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/logging/handlers.py @@ -588,9 +588,10 @@ class SocketHandler(logging.Handler): """ self.acquire() try: - if self.sock: - self.sock.close() + sock = self.sock + if sock: self.sock = None + sock.close() finally: self.release() logging.Handler.close(self) @@ -1160,8 +1161,10 @@ class BufferingHandler(logging.Handler): This version just flushes and chains to the parent class' close(). """ - self.flush() - logging.Handler.close(self) + try: + self.flush() + finally: + logging.Handler.close(self) class MemoryHandler(BufferingHandler): """ @@ -1213,10 +1216,12 @@ class MemoryHandler(BufferingHandler): """ Flush, set the target to None and lose the buffer. """ - self.flush() - self.acquire() try: - self.target = None - BufferingHandler.close(self) + self.flush() finally: - self.release() + self.acquire() + try: + self.target = None + BufferingHandler.close(self) + finally: + self.release() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/macpath.py b/lib-python/2.7/macpath.py index c31bdaade1..9ebd83cf90 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/macpath.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/macpath.py @@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import warnings from stat import * import genericpath from genericpath import * +from genericpath import _unicode __all__ = ["normcase","isabs","join","splitdrive","split","splitext", "basename","dirname","commonprefix","getsize","getmtime", @@ -186,7 +187,7 @@ def walk(top, func, arg): def abspath(path): """Return an absolute path.""" if not isabs(path): - if isinstance(path, unicode): + if isinstance(path, _unicode): cwd = os.getcwdu() else: cwd = os.getcwd() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/mailbox.py b/lib-python/2.7/mailbox.py index ba49753087..3866953ec5 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/mailbox.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/mailbox.py @@ -719,10 +719,14 @@ class _singlefileMailbox(Mailbox): def close(self): """Flush and close the mailbox.""" - self.flush() - if self._locked: - self.unlock() - self._file.close() # Sync has been done by self.flush() above. + try: + self.flush() + finally: + try: + if self._locked: + self.unlock() + finally: + self._file.close() # Sync has been done by self.flush() above. def _lookup(self, key=None): """Return (start, stop) or raise KeyError.""" diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/mimetypes.py b/lib-python/2.7/mimetypes.py index ec8fd995ee..a39b543c4c 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/mimetypes.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/mimetypes.py @@ -242,9 +242,12 @@ class MimeTypes: i = 0 while True: try: - yield _winreg.EnumKey(mimedb, i) + ctype = _winreg.EnumKey(mimedb, i) except EnvironmentError: break + else: + if '\0' not in ctype: + yield ctype i += 1 default_encoding = sys.getdefaultencoding() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/multiprocessing/connection.py b/lib-python/2.7/multiprocessing/connection.py index e4d520f5a1..645a26f069 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/multiprocessing/connection.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/multiprocessing/connection.py @@ -285,9 +285,13 @@ class SocketListener(object): return conn def close(self): - self._socket.close() - if self._unlink is not None: - self._unlink() + try: + self._socket.close() + finally: + unlink = self._unlink + if unlink is not None: + self._unlink = None + unlink() def SocketClient(address): @@ -454,10 +458,10 @@ class ConnectionWrapper(object): return self._loads(s) def _xml_dumps(obj): - return xmlrpclib.dumps((obj,), None, None, None, 1).encode('utf8') + return xmlrpclib.dumps((obj,), None, None, None, 1) def _xml_loads(s): - (obj,), method = xmlrpclib.loads(s.decode('utf8')) + (obj,), method = xmlrpclib.loads(s) return obj class XmlListener(Listener): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/multiprocessing/pool.py b/lib-python/2.7/multiprocessing/pool.py index 04531b91bd..991f87f2f1 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/multiprocessing/pool.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/multiprocessing/pool.py @@ -334,25 +334,34 @@ class Pool(object): thread = threading.current_thread() for taskseq, set_length in iter(taskqueue.get, None): + task = None i = -1 - for i, task in enumerate(taskseq): - if thread._state: - debug('task handler found thread._state != RUN') - break - try: - put(task) - except Exception as e: - job, ind = task[:2] + try: + for i, task in enumerate(taskseq): + if thread._state: + debug('task handler found thread._state != RUN') + break try: - cache[job]._set(ind, (False, e)) - except KeyError: - pass - else: + put(task) + except Exception as e: + job, ind = task[:2] + try: + cache[job]._set(ind, (False, e)) + except KeyError: + pass + else: + if set_length: + debug('doing set_length()') + set_length(i+1) + continue + break + except Exception as ex: + job, ind = task[:2] if task else (0, 0) + if job in cache: + cache[job]._set(ind + 1, (False, ex)) if set_length: debug('doing set_length()') set_length(i+1) - continue - break else: debug('task handler got sentinel') diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/multiprocessing/queues.py b/lib-python/2.7/multiprocessing/queues.py index 433c7e29de..a88e298973 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/multiprocessing/queues.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/multiprocessing/queues.py @@ -44,10 +44,10 @@ import weakref from Queue import Empty, Full import _multiprocessing -from multiprocessing import Pipe -from multiprocessing.synchronize import Lock, BoundedSemaphore, Semaphore, Condition -from multiprocessing.util import debug, info, Finalize, register_after_fork -from multiprocessing.forking import assert_spawning +from . import Pipe +from .synchronize import Lock, BoundedSemaphore, Semaphore, Condition +from .util import debug, info, Finalize, register_after_fork, is_exiting +from .forking import assert_spawning # # Queue type using a pipe, buffer and thread @@ -156,9 +156,13 @@ class Queue(object): def close(self): self._closed = True - self._reader.close() - if self._close: - self._close() + try: + self._reader.close() + finally: + close = self._close + if close: + self._close = None + close() def join_thread(self): debug('Queue.join_thread()') @@ -229,8 +233,6 @@ class Queue(object): @staticmethod def _feed(buffer, notempty, send, writelock, close): debug('starting thread to feed data to pipe') - from .util import is_exiting - nacquire = notempty.acquire nrelease = notempty.release nwait = notempty.wait diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/multiprocessing/sharedctypes.py b/lib-python/2.7/multiprocessing/sharedctypes.py index 1eb044dd54..58415fc449 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/multiprocessing/sharedctypes.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/multiprocessing/sharedctypes.py @@ -46,13 +46,18 @@ __all__ = ['RawValue', 'RawArray', 'Value', 'Array', 'copy', 'synchronized'] # typecode_to_type = { - 'c': ctypes.c_char, 'u': ctypes.c_wchar, + 'c': ctypes.c_char, 'b': ctypes.c_byte, 'B': ctypes.c_ubyte, 'h': ctypes.c_short, 'H': ctypes.c_ushort, 'i': ctypes.c_int, 'I': ctypes.c_uint, 'l': ctypes.c_long, 'L': ctypes.c_ulong, 'f': ctypes.c_float, 'd': ctypes.c_double } +try: + typecode_to_type['u'] = ctypes.c_wchar +except AttributeError: + pass + # # diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/ntpath.py b/lib-python/2.7/ntpath.py index fcaf21b6b7..58951b9051 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/ntpath.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/ntpath.py @@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import genericpath import warnings from genericpath import * +from genericpath import _unicode __all__ = ["normcase","isabs","join","splitdrive","split","splitext", "basename","dirname","commonprefix","getsize","getmtime", @@ -331,7 +332,7 @@ def expandvars(path): return path import string varchars = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + '_-' - if isinstance(path, unicode): + if isinstance(path, _unicode): encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding() def getenv(var): return os.environ[var.encode(encoding)].decode(encoding) @@ -350,7 +351,7 @@ def expandvars(path): index = path.index('\'') res = res + '\'' + path[:index + 1] except ValueError: - res = res + path + res = res + c + path index = pathlen - 1 elif c == '%': # variable or '%' if path[index + 1:index + 2] == '%': @@ -414,7 +415,7 @@ def expandvars(path): def normpath(path): """Normalize path, eliminating double slashes, etc.""" # Preserve unicode (if path is unicode) - backslash, dot = (u'\\', u'.') if isinstance(path, unicode) else ('\\', '.') + backslash, dot = (u'\\', u'.') if isinstance(path, _unicode) else ('\\', '.') if path.startswith(('\\\\.\\', '\\\\?\\')): # in the case of paths with these prefixes: # \\.\ -> device names @@ -471,7 +472,7 @@ except ImportError: # not running on Windows - mock up something sensible def abspath(path): """Return the absolute version of a path.""" if not isabs(path): - if isinstance(path, unicode): + if isinstance(path, _unicode): cwd = os.getcwdu() else: cwd = os.getcwd() @@ -487,7 +488,7 @@ else: # use native Windows method on Windows path = _getfullpathname(path) except WindowsError: pass # Bad path - return unchanged. - elif isinstance(path, unicode): + elif isinstance(path, _unicode): path = os.getcwdu() else: path = os.getcwd() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/os.py b/lib-python/2.7/os.py index 53fad6b664..cfea71be91 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/os.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/os.py @@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ def renames(old, new): empty. Works like rename, except creation of any intermediate directories needed to make the new pathname good is attempted first. After the rename, directories corresponding to rightmost - path segments of the old name will be pruned way until either the + path segments of the old name will be pruned until either the whole path is consumed or a nonempty directory is found. Note: this function can fail with the new directory structure made diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/os2emxpath.py b/lib-python/2.7/os2emxpath.py index 1bed51d4fa..0b32d636ca 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/os2emxpath.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/os2emxpath.py @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ module as os.path. import os import stat from genericpath import * +from genericpath import _unicode from ntpath import (expanduser, expandvars, isabs, islink, splitdrive, splitext, split, walk) @@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ def normpath(path): def abspath(path): """Return the absolute version of a path""" if not isabs(path): - if isinstance(path, unicode): + if isinstance(path, _unicode): cwd = os.getcwdu() else: cwd = os.getcwd() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/posixpath.py b/lib-python/2.7/posixpath.py index 037800418d..6578481f7b 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/posixpath.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/posixpath.py @@ -16,14 +16,7 @@ import stat import genericpath import warnings from genericpath import * - -try: - _unicode = unicode -except NameError: - # If Python is built without Unicode support, the unicode type - # will not exist. Fake one. - class _unicode(object): - pass +from genericpath import _unicode __all__ = ["normcase","isabs","join","splitdrive","split","splitext", "basename","dirname","commonprefix","getsize","getmtime", @@ -294,16 +287,16 @@ def expandvars(path): if '$' not in path: return path if isinstance(path, _unicode): - if not _varprog: + if not _uvarprog: import re - _varprog = re.compile(r'\$(\w+|\{[^}]*\})') - varprog = _varprog + _uvarprog = re.compile(ur'\$(\w+|\{[^}]*\})', re.UNICODE) + varprog = _uvarprog encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding() else: - if not _uvarprog: + if not _varprog: import re - _uvarprog = re.compile(_unicode(r'\$(\w+|\{[^}]*\})'), re.UNICODE) - varprog = _uvarprog + _varprog = re.compile(r'\$(\w+|\{[^}]*\})') + varprog = _varprog encoding = None i = 0 while True: diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/py_compile.py b/lib-python/2.7/py_compile.py index c0bc1e4eb8..8334ed9643 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/py_compile.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/py_compile.py @@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ def main(args=None): except PyCompileError as error: # return value to indicate at least one failure rv = 1 - sys.stderr.write(error.msg) + sys.stderr.write("%s\n" % error.msg) return rv if __name__ == "__main__": diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/pydoc.py b/lib-python/2.7/pydoc.py index 109ce248b5..b6f432392d 100755 --- a/lib-python/2.7/pydoc.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/pydoc.py @@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ Run "pydoc -k <keyword>" to search for a keyword in the synopsis lines of all available modules. Run "pydoc -p <port>" to start an HTTP server on a given port on the -local machine to generate documentation web pages. +local machine to generate documentation web pages. Port number 0 can be +used to get an arbitrary unused port. For platforms without a command line, "pydoc -g" starts the HTTP server and also pops up a little window for controlling it. @@ -254,7 +255,7 @@ def synopsis(filename, cache={}): if info and 'b' in info[2]: # binary modules have to be imported try: module = imp.load_module('__temp__', file, filename, info[1:]) except: return None - result = (module.__doc__ or '').splitlines()[0] + result = module.__doc__.splitlines()[0] if module.__doc__ else None del sys.modules['__temp__'] else: # text modules can be directly examined result = source_synopsis(file) @@ -1447,7 +1448,13 @@ def ttypager(text): getchar = lambda: sys.stdin.readline()[:-1][:1] try: - r = inc = os.environ.get('LINES', 25) - 1 + try: + h = int(os.environ.get('LINES', 0)) + except ValueError: + h = 0 + if h <= 1: + h = 25 + r = inc = h - 1 sys.stdout.write(join(lines[:inc], '\n') + '\n') while lines[r:]: sys.stdout.write('-- more --') @@ -1535,7 +1542,7 @@ def resolve(thing, forceload=0): """Given an object or a path to an object, get the object and its name.""" if isinstance(thing, str): object = locate(thing, forceload) - if not object: + if object is None: raise ImportError, 'no Python documentation found for %r' % thing return object, thing else: @@ -2019,7 +2026,7 @@ class ModuleScanner: path = None else: module = loader.load_module(modname) - desc = (module.__doc__ or '').splitlines()[0] + desc = module.__doc__.splitlines()[0] if module.__doc__ else '' path = getattr(module,'__file__',None) if find(lower(modname + ' - ' + desc), key) >= 0: callback(path, modname, desc) @@ -2104,7 +2111,6 @@ pydoc</strong> by Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org></font>''' def __init__(self, port, callback): host = 'localhost' self.address = (host, port) - self.url = 'http://%s:%d/' % (host, port) self.callback = callback self.base.__init__(self, self.address, self.handler) @@ -2117,6 +2123,7 @@ pydoc</strong> by Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org></font>''' def server_activate(self): self.base.server_activate(self) + self.url = 'http://%s:%d/' % (self.address[0], self.server_port) if self.callback: self.callback(self) DocServer.base = BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer @@ -2390,7 +2397,8 @@ def cli(): Search for a keyword in the synopsis lines of all available modules. %s -p <port> - Start an HTTP server on the given port on the local machine. + Start an HTTP server on the given port on the local machine. Port + number 0 can be used to get an arbitrary unused port. %s -g Pop up a graphical interface for finding and serving documentation. diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/pydoc_data/topics.py b/lib-python/2.7/pydoc_data/topics.py index a77071df9b..30dc44b797 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/pydoc_data/topics.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/pydoc_data/topics.py @@ -1,80 +1,80 @@ # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- -# Autogenerated by Sphinx on Tue Nov 25 18:24:45 2014 +# Autogenerated by Sphinx on Sun May 10 13:12:18 2015 topics = {'assert': u'\nThe "assert" statement\n**********************\n\nAssert statements are a convenient way to insert debugging assertions\ninto a program:\n\n assert_stmt ::= "assert" expression ["," expression]\n\nThe simple form, "assert expression", is equivalent to\n\n if __debug__:\n if not expression: raise AssertionError\n\nThe extended form, "assert expression1, expression2", is equivalent to\n\n if __debug__:\n if not expression1: raise AssertionError(expression2)\n\nThese equivalences assume that "__debug__" and "AssertionError" refer\nto the built-in variables with those names. In the current\nimplementation, the built-in variable "__debug__" is "True" under\nnormal circumstances, "False" when optimization is requested (command\nline option -O). The current code generator emits no code for an\nassert statement when optimization is requested at compile time. Note\nthat it is unnecessary to include the source code for the expression\nthat failed in the error message; it will be displayed as part of the\nstack trace.\n\nAssignments to "__debug__" are illegal. The value for the built-in\nvariable is determined when the interpreter starts.\n', - 'assignment': u'\nAssignment statements\n*********************\n\nAssignment statements are used to (re)bind names to values and to\nmodify attributes or items of mutable objects:\n\n assignment_stmt ::= (target_list "=")+ (expression_list | yield_expression)\n target_list ::= target ("," target)* [","]\n target ::= identifier\n | "(" target_list ")"\n | "[" target_list "]"\n | attributeref\n | subscription\n | slicing\n\n(See section *Primaries* for the syntax definitions for the last three\nsymbols.)\n\nAn assignment statement evaluates the expression list (remember that\nthis can be a single expression or a comma-separated list, the latter\nyielding a tuple) and assigns the single resulting object to each of\nthe target lists, from left to right.\n\nAssignment is defined recursively depending on the form of the target\n(list). When a target is part of a mutable object (an attribute\nreference, subscription or slicing), the mutable object must\nultimately perform the assignment and decide about its validity, and\nmay raise an exception if the assignment is unacceptable. The rules\nobserved by various types and the exceptions raised are given with the\ndefinition of the object types (see section *The standard type\nhierarchy*).\n\nAssignment of an object to a target list is recursively defined as\nfollows.\n\n* If the target list is a single target: The object is assigned to\n that target.\n\n* If the target list is a comma-separated list of targets: The\n object must be an iterable with the same number of items as there\n are targets in the target list, and the items are assigned, from\n left to right, to the corresponding targets.\n\nAssignment of an object to a single target is recursively defined as\nfollows.\n\n* If the target is an identifier (name):\n\n * If the name does not occur in a "global" statement in the\n current code block: the name is bound to the object in the current\n local namespace.\n\n * Otherwise: the name is bound to the object in the current global\n namespace.\n\n The name is rebound if it was already bound. This may cause the\n reference count for the object previously bound to the name to reach\n zero, causing the object to be deallocated and its destructor (if it\n has one) to be called.\n\n* If the target is a target list enclosed in parentheses or in\n square brackets: The object must be an iterable with the same number\n of items as there are targets in the target list, and its items are\n assigned, from left to right, to the corresponding targets.\n\n* If the target is an attribute reference: The primary expression in\n the reference is evaluated. It should yield an object with\n assignable attributes; if this is not the case, "TypeError" is\n raised. That object is then asked to assign the assigned object to\n the given attribute; if it cannot perform the assignment, it raises\n an exception (usually but not necessarily "AttributeError").\n\n Note: If the object is a class instance and the attribute reference\n occurs on both sides of the assignment operator, the RHS expression,\n "a.x" can access either an instance attribute or (if no instance\n attribute exists) a class attribute. The LHS target "a.x" is always\n set as an instance attribute, creating it if necessary. Thus, the\n two occurrences of "a.x" do not necessarily refer to the same\n attribute: if the RHS expression refers to a class attribute, the\n LHS creates a new instance attribute as the target of the\n assignment:\n\n class Cls:\n x = 3 # class variable\n inst = Cls()\n inst.x = inst.x + 1 # writes inst.x as 4 leaving Cls.x as 3\n\n This description does not necessarily apply to descriptor\n attributes, such as properties created with "property()".\n\n* If the target is a subscription: The primary expression in the\n reference is evaluated. It should yield either a mutable sequence\n object (such as a list) or a mapping object (such as a dictionary).\n Next, the subscript expression is evaluated.\n\n If the primary is a mutable sequence object (such as a list), the\n subscript must yield a plain integer. If it is negative, the\n sequence\'s length is added to it. The resulting value must be a\n nonnegative integer less than the sequence\'s length, and the\n sequence is asked to assign the assigned object to its item with\n that index. If the index is out of range, "IndexError" is raised\n (assignment to a subscripted sequence cannot add new items to a\n list).\n\n If the primary is a mapping object (such as a dictionary), the\n subscript must have a type compatible with the mapping\'s key type,\n and the mapping is then asked to create a key/datum pair which maps\n the subscript to the assigned object. This can either replace an\n existing key/value pair with the same key value, or insert a new\n key/value pair (if no key with the same value existed).\n\n* If the target is a slicing: The primary expression in the\n reference is evaluated. It should yield a mutable sequence object\n (such as a list). The assigned object should be a sequence object\n of the same type. Next, the lower and upper bound expressions are\n evaluated, insofar they are present; defaults are zero and the\n sequence\'s length. The bounds should evaluate to (small) integers.\n If either bound is negative, the sequence\'s length is added to it.\n The resulting bounds are clipped to lie between zero and the\n sequence\'s length, inclusive. Finally, the sequence object is asked\n to replace the slice with the items of the assigned sequence. The\n length of the slice may be different from the length of the assigned\n sequence, thus changing the length of the target sequence, if the\n object allows it.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** In the current implementation, the\nsyntax for targets is taken to be the same as for expressions, and\ninvalid syntax is rejected during the code generation phase, causing\nless detailed error messages.\n\nWARNING: Although the definition of assignment implies that overlaps\nbetween the left-hand side and the right-hand side are \'safe\' (for\nexample "a, b = b, a" swaps two variables), overlaps *within* the\ncollection of assigned-to variables are not safe! For instance, the\nfollowing program prints "[0, 2]":\n\n x = [0, 1]\n i = 0\n i, x[i] = 1, 2\n print x\n\n\nAugmented assignment statements\n===============================\n\nAugmented assignment is the combination, in a single statement, of a\nbinary operation and an assignment statement:\n\n augmented_assignment_stmt ::= augtarget augop (expression_list | yield_expression)\n augtarget ::= identifier | attributeref | subscription | slicing\n augop ::= "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "/=" | "//=" | "%=" | "**="\n | ">>=" | "<<=" | "&=" | "^=" | "|="\n\n(See section *Primaries* for the syntax definitions for the last three\nsymbols.)\n\nAn augmented assignment evaluates the target (which, unlike normal\nassignment statements, cannot be an unpacking) and the expression\nlist, performs the binary operation specific to the type of assignment\non the two operands, and assigns the result to the original target.\nThe target is only evaluated once.\n\nAn augmented assignment expression like "x += 1" can be rewritten as\n"x = x + 1" to achieve a similar, but not exactly equal effect. In the\naugmented version, "x" is only evaluated once. Also, when possible,\nthe actual operation is performed *in-place*, meaning that rather than\ncreating a new object and assigning that to the target, the old object\nis modified instead.\n\nWith the exception of assigning to tuples and multiple targets in a\nsingle statement, the assignment done by augmented assignment\nstatements is handled the same way as normal assignments. Similarly,\nwith the exception of the possible *in-place* behavior, the binary\noperation performed by augmented assignment is the same as the normal\nbinary operations.\n\nFor targets which are attribute references, the same *caveat about\nclass and instance attributes* applies as for regular assignments.\n', - 'atom-identifiers': u'\nIdentifiers (Names)\n*******************\n\nAn identifier occurring as an atom is a name. See section\n*Identifiers and keywords* for lexical definition and section *Naming\nand binding* for documentation of naming and binding.\n\nWhen the name is bound to an object, evaluation of the atom yields\nthat object. When a name is not bound, an attempt to evaluate it\nraises a "NameError" exception.\n\n**Private name mangling:** When an identifier that textually occurs in\na class definition begins with two or more underscore characters and\ndoes not end in two or more underscores, it is considered a *private\nname* of that class. Private names are transformed to a longer form\nbefore code is generated for them. The transformation inserts the\nclass name, with leading underscores removed and a single underscore\ninserted, in front of the name. For example, the identifier "__spam"\noccurring in a class named "Ham" will be transformed to "_Ham__spam".\nThis transformation is independent of the syntactical context in which\nthe identifier is used. If the transformed name is extremely long\n(longer than 255 characters), implementation defined truncation may\nhappen. If the class name consists only of underscores, no\ntransformation is done.\n', - 'atom-literals': u"\nLiterals\n********\n\nPython supports string literals and various numeric literals:\n\n literal ::= stringliteral | integer | longinteger\n | floatnumber | imagnumber\n\nEvaluation of a literal yields an object of the given type (string,\ninteger, long integer, floating point number, complex number) with the\ngiven value. The value may be approximated in the case of floating\npoint and imaginary (complex) literals. See section *Literals* for\ndetails.\n\nAll literals correspond to immutable data types, and hence the\nobject's identity is less important than its value. Multiple\nevaluations of literals with the same value (either the same\noccurrence in the program text or a different occurrence) may obtain\nthe same object or a different object with the same value.\n", - 'attribute-access': u'\nCustomizing attribute access\n****************************\n\nThe following methods can be defined to customize the meaning of\nattribute access (use of, assignment to, or deletion of "x.name") for\nclass instances.\n\nobject.__getattr__(self, name)\n\n Called when an attribute lookup has not found the attribute in the\n usual places (i.e. it is not an instance attribute nor is it found\n in the class tree for "self"). "name" is the attribute name. This\n method should return the (computed) attribute value or raise an\n "AttributeError" exception.\n\n Note that if the attribute is found through the normal mechanism,\n "__getattr__()" is not called. (This is an intentional asymmetry\n between "__getattr__()" and "__setattr__()".) This is done both for\n efficiency reasons and because otherwise "__getattr__()" would have\n no way to access other attributes of the instance. Note that at\n least for instance variables, you can fake total control by not\n inserting any values in the instance attribute dictionary (but\n instead inserting them in another object). See the\n "__getattribute__()" method below for a way to actually get total\n control in new-style classes.\n\nobject.__setattr__(self, name, value)\n\n Called when an attribute assignment is attempted. This is called\n instead of the normal mechanism (i.e. store the value in the\n instance dictionary). *name* is the attribute name, *value* is the\n value to be assigned to it.\n\n If "__setattr__()" wants to assign to an instance attribute, it\n should not simply execute "self.name = value" --- this would cause\n a recursive call to itself. Instead, it should insert the value in\n the dictionary of instance attributes, e.g., "self.__dict__[name] =\n value". For new-style classes, rather than accessing the instance\n dictionary, it should call the base class method with the same\n name, for example, "object.__setattr__(self, name, value)".\n\nobject.__delattr__(self, name)\n\n Like "__setattr__()" but for attribute deletion instead of\n assignment. This should only be implemented if "del obj.name" is\n meaningful for the object.\n\n\nMore attribute access for new-style classes\n===========================================\n\nThe following methods only apply to new-style classes.\n\nobject.__getattribute__(self, name)\n\n Called unconditionally to implement attribute accesses for\n instances of the class. If the class also defines "__getattr__()",\n the latter will not be called unless "__getattribute__()" either\n calls it explicitly or raises an "AttributeError". This method\n should return the (computed) attribute value or raise an\n "AttributeError" exception. In order to avoid infinite recursion in\n this method, its implementation should always call the base class\n method with the same name to access any attributes it needs, for\n example, "object.__getattribute__(self, name)".\n\n Note: This method may still be bypassed when looking up special\n methods as the result of implicit invocation via language syntax\n or built-in functions. See *Special method lookup for new-style\n classes*.\n\n\nImplementing Descriptors\n========================\n\nThe following methods only apply when an instance of the class\ncontaining the method (a so-called *descriptor* class) appears in an\n*owner* class (the descriptor must be in either the owner\'s class\ndictionary or in the class dictionary for one of its parents). In the\nexamples below, "the attribute" refers to the attribute whose name is\nthe key of the property in the owner class\' "__dict__".\n\nobject.__get__(self, instance, owner)\n\n Called to get the attribute of the owner class (class attribute\n access) or of an instance of that class (instance attribute\n access). *owner* is always the owner class, while *instance* is the\n instance that the attribute was accessed through, or "None" when\n the attribute is accessed through the *owner*. This method should\n return the (computed) attribute value or raise an "AttributeError"\n exception.\n\nobject.__set__(self, instance, value)\n\n Called to set the attribute on an instance *instance* of the owner\n class to a new value, *value*.\n\nobject.__delete__(self, instance)\n\n Called to delete the attribute on an instance *instance* of the\n owner class.\n\n\nInvoking Descriptors\n====================\n\nIn general, a descriptor is an object attribute with "binding\nbehavior", one whose attribute access has been overridden by methods\nin the descriptor protocol: "__get__()", "__set__()", and\n"__delete__()". If any of those methods are defined for an object, it\nis said to be a descriptor.\n\nThe default behavior for attribute access is to get, set, or delete\nthe attribute from an object\'s dictionary. For instance, "a.x" has a\nlookup chain starting with "a.__dict__[\'x\']", then\n"type(a).__dict__[\'x\']", and continuing through the base classes of\n"type(a)" excluding metaclasses.\n\nHowever, if the looked-up value is an object defining one of the\ndescriptor methods, then Python may override the default behavior and\ninvoke the descriptor method instead. Where this occurs in the\nprecedence chain depends on which descriptor methods were defined and\nhow they were called. Note that descriptors are only invoked for new\nstyle objects or classes (ones that subclass "object()" or "type()").\n\nThe starting point for descriptor invocation is a binding, "a.x". How\nthe arguments are assembled depends on "a":\n\nDirect Call\n The simplest and least common call is when user code directly\n invokes a descriptor method: "x.__get__(a)".\n\nInstance Binding\n If binding to a new-style object instance, "a.x" is transformed\n into the call: "type(a).__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(a, type(a))".\n\nClass Binding\n If binding to a new-style class, "A.x" is transformed into the\n call: "A.__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(None, A)".\n\nSuper Binding\n If "a" is an instance of "super", then the binding "super(B,\n obj).m()" searches "obj.__class__.__mro__" for the base class "A"\n immediately preceding "B" and then invokes the descriptor with the\n call: "A.__dict__[\'m\'].__get__(obj, obj.__class__)".\n\nFor instance bindings, the precedence of descriptor invocation depends\non the which descriptor methods are defined. A descriptor can define\nany combination of "__get__()", "__set__()" and "__delete__()". If it\ndoes not define "__get__()", then accessing the attribute will return\nthe descriptor object itself unless there is a value in the object\'s\ninstance dictionary. If the descriptor defines "__set__()" and/or\n"__delete__()", it is a data descriptor; if it defines neither, it is\na non-data descriptor. Normally, data descriptors define both\n"__get__()" and "__set__()", while non-data descriptors have just the\n"__get__()" method. Data descriptors with "__set__()" and "__get__()"\ndefined always override a redefinition in an instance dictionary. In\ncontrast, non-data descriptors can be overridden by instances.\n\nPython methods (including "staticmethod()" and "classmethod()") are\nimplemented as non-data descriptors. Accordingly, instances can\nredefine and override methods. This allows individual instances to\nacquire behaviors that differ from other instances of the same class.\n\nThe "property()" function is implemented as a data descriptor.\nAccordingly, instances cannot override the behavior of a property.\n\n\n__slots__\n=========\n\nBy default, instances of both old and new-style classes have a\ndictionary for attribute storage. This wastes space for objects\nhaving very few instance variables. The space consumption can become\nacute when creating large numbers of instances.\n\nThe default can be overridden by defining *__slots__* in a new-style\nclass definition. The *__slots__* declaration takes a sequence of\ninstance variables and reserves just enough space in each instance to\nhold a value for each variable. Space is saved because *__dict__* is\nnot created for each instance.\n\n__slots__\n\n This class variable can be assigned a string, iterable, or sequence\n of strings with variable names used by instances. If defined in a\n new-style class, *__slots__* reserves space for the declared\n variables and prevents the automatic creation of *__dict__* and\n *__weakref__* for each instance.\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\nNotes on using *__slots__*\n\n* When inheriting from a class without *__slots__*, the *__dict__*\n attribute of that class will always be accessible, so a *__slots__*\n definition in the subclass is meaningless.\n\n* Without a *__dict__* variable, instances cannot be assigned new\n variables not listed in the *__slots__* definition. Attempts to\n assign to an unlisted variable name raises "AttributeError". If\n dynamic assignment of new variables is desired, then add\n "\'__dict__\'" to the sequence of strings in the *__slots__*\n declaration.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Previously, adding "\'__dict__\'" to the\n *__slots__* declaration would not enable the assignment of new\n attributes not specifically listed in the sequence of instance\n variable names.\n\n* Without a *__weakref__* variable for each instance, classes\n defining *__slots__* do not support weak references to its\n instances. If weak reference support is needed, then add\n "\'__weakref__\'" to the sequence of strings in the *__slots__*\n declaration.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Previously, adding "\'__weakref__\'" to the\n *__slots__* declaration would not enable support for weak\n references.\n\n* *__slots__* are implemented at the class level by creating\n descriptors (*Implementing Descriptors*) for each variable name. As\n a result, class attributes cannot be used to set default values for\n instance variables defined by *__slots__*; otherwise, the class\n attribute would overwrite the descriptor assignment.\n\n* The action of a *__slots__* declaration is limited to the class\n where it is defined. As a result, subclasses will have a *__dict__*\n unless they also define *__slots__* (which must only contain names\n of any *additional* slots).\n\n* If a class defines a slot also defined in a base class, the\n instance variable defined by the base class slot is inaccessible\n (except by retrieving its descriptor directly from the base class).\n This renders the meaning of the program undefined. In the future, a\n check may be added to prevent this.\n\n* Nonempty *__slots__* does not work for classes derived from\n "variable-length" built-in types such as "long", "str" and "tuple".\n\n* Any non-string iterable may be assigned to *__slots__*. Mappings\n may also be used; however, in the future, special meaning may be\n assigned to the values corresponding to each key.\n\n* *__class__* assignment works only if both classes have the same\n *__slots__*.\n\n Changed in version 2.6: Previously, *__class__* assignment raised an\n error if either new or old class had *__slots__*.\n', + 'assignment': u'\nAssignment statements\n*********************\n\nAssignment statements are used to (re)bind names to values and to\nmodify attributes or items of mutable objects:\n\n assignment_stmt ::= (target_list "=")+ (expression_list | yield_expression)\n target_list ::= target ("," target)* [","]\n target ::= identifier\n | "(" target_list ")"\n | "[" target_list "]"\n | attributeref\n | subscription\n | slicing\n\n(See section Primaries for the syntax definitions for the last three\nsymbols.)\n\nAn assignment statement evaluates the expression list (remember that\nthis can be a single expression or a comma-separated list, the latter\nyielding a tuple) and assigns the single resulting object to each of\nthe target lists, from left to right.\n\nAssignment is defined recursively depending on the form of the target\n(list). When a target is part of a mutable object (an attribute\nreference, subscription or slicing), the mutable object must\nultimately perform the assignment and decide about its validity, and\nmay raise an exception if the assignment is unacceptable. The rules\nobserved by various types and the exceptions raised are given with the\ndefinition of the object types (see section The standard type\nhierarchy).\n\nAssignment of an object to a target list is recursively defined as\nfollows.\n\n* If the target list is a single target: The object is assigned to\n that target.\n\n* If the target list is a comma-separated list of targets: The\n object must be an iterable with the same number of items as there\n are targets in the target list, and the items are assigned, from\n left to right, to the corresponding targets.\n\nAssignment of an object to a single target is recursively defined as\nfollows.\n\n* If the target is an identifier (name):\n\n * If the name does not occur in a "global" statement in the\n current code block: the name is bound to the object in the current\n local namespace.\n\n * Otherwise: the name is bound to the object in the current global\n namespace.\n\n The name is rebound if it was already bound. This may cause the\n reference count for the object previously bound to the name to reach\n zero, causing the object to be deallocated and its destructor (if it\n has one) to be called.\n\n* If the target is a target list enclosed in parentheses or in\n square brackets: The object must be an iterable with the same number\n of items as there are targets in the target list, and its items are\n assigned, from left to right, to the corresponding targets.\n\n* If the target is an attribute reference: The primary expression in\n the reference is evaluated. It should yield an object with\n assignable attributes; if this is not the case, "TypeError" is\n raised. That object is then asked to assign the assigned object to\n the given attribute; if it cannot perform the assignment, it raises\n an exception (usually but not necessarily "AttributeError").\n\n Note: If the object is a class instance and the attribute reference\n occurs on both sides of the assignment operator, the RHS expression,\n "a.x" can access either an instance attribute or (if no instance\n attribute exists) a class attribute. The LHS target "a.x" is always\n set as an instance attribute, creating it if necessary. Thus, the\n two occurrences of "a.x" do not necessarily refer to the same\n attribute: if the RHS expression refers to a class attribute, the\n LHS creates a new instance attribute as the target of the\n assignment:\n\n class Cls:\n x = 3 # class variable\n inst = Cls()\n inst.x = inst.x + 1 # writes inst.x as 4 leaving Cls.x as 3\n\n This description does not necessarily apply to descriptor\n attributes, such as properties created with "property()".\n\n* If the target is a subscription: The primary expression in the\n reference is evaluated. It should yield either a mutable sequence\n object (such as a list) or a mapping object (such as a dictionary).\n Next, the subscript expression is evaluated.\n\n If the primary is a mutable sequence object (such as a list), the\n subscript must yield a plain integer. If it is negative, the\n sequence\'s length is added to it. The resulting value must be a\n nonnegative integer less than the sequence\'s length, and the\n sequence is asked to assign the assigned object to its item with\n that index. If the index is out of range, "IndexError" is raised\n (assignment to a subscripted sequence cannot add new items to a\n list).\n\n If the primary is a mapping object (such as a dictionary), the\n subscript must have a type compatible with the mapping\'s key type,\n and the mapping is then asked to create a key/datum pair which maps\n the subscript to the assigned object. This can either replace an\n existing key/value pair with the same key value, or insert a new\n key/value pair (if no key with the same value existed).\n\n* If the target is a slicing: The primary expression in the\n reference is evaluated. It should yield a mutable sequence object\n (such as a list). The assigned object should be a sequence object\n of the same type. Next, the lower and upper bound expressions are\n evaluated, insofar they are present; defaults are zero and the\n sequence\'s length. The bounds should evaluate to (small) integers.\n If either bound is negative, the sequence\'s length is added to it.\n The resulting bounds are clipped to lie between zero and the\n sequence\'s length, inclusive. Finally, the sequence object is asked\n to replace the slice with the items of the assigned sequence. The\n length of the slice may be different from the length of the assigned\n sequence, thus changing the length of the target sequence, if the\n object allows it.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** In the current implementation, the\nsyntax for targets is taken to be the same as for expressions, and\ninvalid syntax is rejected during the code generation phase, causing\nless detailed error messages.\n\nWARNING: Although the definition of assignment implies that overlaps\nbetween the left-hand side and the right-hand side are \'safe\' (for\nexample "a, b = b, a" swaps two variables), overlaps *within* the\ncollection of assigned-to variables are not safe! For instance, the\nfollowing program prints "[0, 2]":\n\n x = [0, 1]\n i = 0\n i, x[i] = 1, 2\n print x\n\n\nAugmented assignment statements\n===============================\n\nAugmented assignment is the combination, in a single statement, of a\nbinary operation and an assignment statement:\n\n augmented_assignment_stmt ::= augtarget augop (expression_list | yield_expression)\n augtarget ::= identifier | attributeref | subscription | slicing\n augop ::= "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "/=" | "//=" | "%=" | "**="\n | ">>=" | "<<=" | "&=" | "^=" | "|="\n\n(See section Primaries for the syntax definitions for the last three\nsymbols.)\n\nAn augmented assignment evaluates the target (which, unlike normal\nassignment statements, cannot be an unpacking) and the expression\nlist, performs the binary operation specific to the type of assignment\non the two operands, and assigns the result to the original target.\nThe target is only evaluated once.\n\nAn augmented assignment expression like "x += 1" can be rewritten as\n"x = x + 1" to achieve a similar, but not exactly equal effect. In the\naugmented version, "x" is only evaluated once. Also, when possible,\nthe actual operation is performed *in-place*, meaning that rather than\ncreating a new object and assigning that to the target, the old object\nis modified instead.\n\nWith the exception of assigning to tuples and multiple targets in a\nsingle statement, the assignment done by augmented assignment\nstatements is handled the same way as normal assignments. Similarly,\nwith the exception of the possible *in-place* behavior, the binary\noperation performed by augmented assignment is the same as the normal\nbinary operations.\n\nFor targets which are attribute references, the same caveat about\nclass and instance attributes applies as for regular assignments.\n', + 'atom-identifiers': u'\nIdentifiers (Names)\n*******************\n\nAn identifier occurring as an atom is a name. See section Identifiers\nand keywords for lexical definition and section Naming and binding for\ndocumentation of naming and binding.\n\nWhen the name is bound to an object, evaluation of the atom yields\nthat object. When a name is not bound, an attempt to evaluate it\nraises a "NameError" exception.\n\n**Private name mangling:** When an identifier that textually occurs in\na class definition begins with two or more underscore characters and\ndoes not end in two or more underscores, it is considered a *private\nname* of that class. Private names are transformed to a longer form\nbefore code is generated for them. The transformation inserts the\nclass name, with leading underscores removed and a single underscore\ninserted, in front of the name. For example, the identifier "__spam"\noccurring in a class named "Ham" will be transformed to "_Ham__spam".\nThis transformation is independent of the syntactical context in which\nthe identifier is used. If the transformed name is extremely long\n(longer than 255 characters), implementation defined truncation may\nhappen. If the class name consists only of underscores, no\ntransformation is done.\n', + 'atom-literals': u"\nLiterals\n********\n\nPython supports string literals and various numeric literals:\n\n literal ::= stringliteral | integer | longinteger\n | floatnumber | imagnumber\n\nEvaluation of a literal yields an object of the given type (string,\ninteger, long integer, floating point number, complex number) with the\ngiven value. The value may be approximated in the case of floating\npoint and imaginary (complex) literals. See section Literals for\ndetails.\n\nAll literals correspond to immutable data types, and hence the\nobject's identity is less important than its value. Multiple\nevaluations of literals with the same value (either the same\noccurrence in the program text or a different occurrence) may obtain\nthe same object or a different object with the same value.\n", + 'attribute-access': u'\nCustomizing attribute access\n****************************\n\nThe following methods can be defined to customize the meaning of\nattribute access (use of, assignment to, or deletion of "x.name") for\nclass instances.\n\nobject.__getattr__(self, name)\n\n Called when an attribute lookup has not found the attribute in the\n usual places (i.e. it is not an instance attribute nor is it found\n in the class tree for "self"). "name" is the attribute name. This\n method should return the (computed) attribute value or raise an\n "AttributeError" exception.\n\n Note that if the attribute is found through the normal mechanism,\n "__getattr__()" is not called. (This is an intentional asymmetry\n between "__getattr__()" and "__setattr__()".) This is done both for\n efficiency reasons and because otherwise "__getattr__()" would have\n no way to access other attributes of the instance. Note that at\n least for instance variables, you can fake total control by not\n inserting any values in the instance attribute dictionary (but\n instead inserting them in another object). See the\n "__getattribute__()" method below for a way to actually get total\n control in new-style classes.\n\nobject.__setattr__(self, name, value)\n\n Called when an attribute assignment is attempted. This is called\n instead of the normal mechanism (i.e. store the value in the\n instance dictionary). *name* is the attribute name, *value* is the\n value to be assigned to it.\n\n If "__setattr__()" wants to assign to an instance attribute, it\n should not simply execute "self.name = value" --- this would cause\n a recursive call to itself. Instead, it should insert the value in\n the dictionary of instance attributes, e.g., "self.__dict__[name] =\n value". For new-style classes, rather than accessing the instance\n dictionary, it should call the base class method with the same\n name, for example, "object.__setattr__(self, name, value)".\n\nobject.__delattr__(self, name)\n\n Like "__setattr__()" but for attribute deletion instead of\n assignment. This should only be implemented if "del obj.name" is\n meaningful for the object.\n\n\nMore attribute access for new-style classes\n===========================================\n\nThe following methods only apply to new-style classes.\n\nobject.__getattribute__(self, name)\n\n Called unconditionally to implement attribute accesses for\n instances of the class. If the class also defines "__getattr__()",\n the latter will not be called unless "__getattribute__()" either\n calls it explicitly or raises an "AttributeError". This method\n should return the (computed) attribute value or raise an\n "AttributeError" exception. In order to avoid infinite recursion in\n this method, its implementation should always call the base class\n method with the same name to access any attributes it needs, for\n example, "object.__getattribute__(self, name)".\n\n Note: This method may still be bypassed when looking up special\n methods as the result of implicit invocation via language syntax\n or built-in functions. See Special method lookup for new-style\n classes.\n\n\nImplementing Descriptors\n========================\n\nThe following methods only apply when an instance of the class\ncontaining the method (a so-called *descriptor* class) appears in an\n*owner* class (the descriptor must be in either the owner\'s class\ndictionary or in the class dictionary for one of its parents). In the\nexamples below, "the attribute" refers to the attribute whose name is\nthe key of the property in the owner class\' "__dict__".\n\nobject.__get__(self, instance, owner)\n\n Called to get the attribute of the owner class (class attribute\n access) or of an instance of that class (instance attribute\n access). *owner* is always the owner class, while *instance* is the\n instance that the attribute was accessed through, or "None" when\n the attribute is accessed through the *owner*. This method should\n return the (computed) attribute value or raise an "AttributeError"\n exception.\n\nobject.__set__(self, instance, value)\n\n Called to set the attribute on an instance *instance* of the owner\n class to a new value, *value*.\n\nobject.__delete__(self, instance)\n\n Called to delete the attribute on an instance *instance* of the\n owner class.\n\n\nInvoking Descriptors\n====================\n\nIn general, a descriptor is an object attribute with "binding\nbehavior", one whose attribute access has been overridden by methods\nin the descriptor protocol: "__get__()", "__set__()", and\n"__delete__()". If any of those methods are defined for an object, it\nis said to be a descriptor.\n\nThe default behavior for attribute access is to get, set, or delete\nthe attribute from an object\'s dictionary. For instance, "a.x" has a\nlookup chain starting with "a.__dict__[\'x\']", then\n"type(a).__dict__[\'x\']", and continuing through the base classes of\n"type(a)" excluding metaclasses.\n\nHowever, if the looked-up value is an object defining one of the\ndescriptor methods, then Python may override the default behavior and\ninvoke the descriptor method instead. Where this occurs in the\nprecedence chain depends on which descriptor methods were defined and\nhow they were called. Note that descriptors are only invoked for new\nstyle objects or classes (ones that subclass "object()" or "type()").\n\nThe starting point for descriptor invocation is a binding, "a.x". How\nthe arguments are assembled depends on "a":\n\nDirect Call\n The simplest and least common call is when user code directly\n invokes a descriptor method: "x.__get__(a)".\n\nInstance Binding\n If binding to a new-style object instance, "a.x" is transformed\n into the call: "type(a).__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(a, type(a))".\n\nClass Binding\n If binding to a new-style class, "A.x" is transformed into the\n call: "A.__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(None, A)".\n\nSuper Binding\n If "a" is an instance of "super", then the binding "super(B,\n obj).m()" searches "obj.__class__.__mro__" for the base class "A"\n immediately preceding "B" and then invokes the descriptor with the\n call: "A.__dict__[\'m\'].__get__(obj, obj.__class__)".\n\nFor instance bindings, the precedence of descriptor invocation depends\non the which descriptor methods are defined. A descriptor can define\nany combination of "__get__()", "__set__()" and "__delete__()". If it\ndoes not define "__get__()", then accessing the attribute will return\nthe descriptor object itself unless there is a value in the object\'s\ninstance dictionary. If the descriptor defines "__set__()" and/or\n"__delete__()", it is a data descriptor; if it defines neither, it is\na non-data descriptor. Normally, data descriptors define both\n"__get__()" and "__set__()", while non-data descriptors have just the\n"__get__()" method. Data descriptors with "__set__()" and "__get__()"\ndefined always override a redefinition in an instance dictionary. In\ncontrast, non-data descriptors can be overridden by instances.\n\nPython methods (including "staticmethod()" and "classmethod()") are\nimplemented as non-data descriptors. Accordingly, instances can\nredefine and override methods. This allows individual instances to\nacquire behaviors that differ from other instances of the same class.\n\nThe "property()" function is implemented as a data descriptor.\nAccordingly, instances cannot override the behavior of a property.\n\n\n__slots__\n=========\n\nBy default, instances of both old and new-style classes have a\ndictionary for attribute storage. This wastes space for objects\nhaving very few instance variables. The space consumption can become\nacute when creating large numbers of instances.\n\nThe default can be overridden by defining *__slots__* in a new-style\nclass definition. The *__slots__* declaration takes a sequence of\ninstance variables and reserves just enough space in each instance to\nhold a value for each variable. Space is saved because *__dict__* is\nnot created for each instance.\n\n__slots__\n\n This class variable can be assigned a string, iterable, or sequence\n of strings with variable names used by instances. If defined in a\n new-style class, *__slots__* reserves space for the declared\n variables and prevents the automatic creation of *__dict__* and\n *__weakref__* for each instance.\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\nNotes on using *__slots__*\n\n* When inheriting from a class without *__slots__*, the *__dict__*\n attribute of that class will always be accessible, so a *__slots__*\n definition in the subclass is meaningless.\n\n* Without a *__dict__* variable, instances cannot be assigned new\n variables not listed in the *__slots__* definition. Attempts to\n assign to an unlisted variable name raises "AttributeError". If\n dynamic assignment of new variables is desired, then add\n "\'__dict__\'" to the sequence of strings in the *__slots__*\n declaration.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Previously, adding "\'__dict__\'" to the\n *__slots__* declaration would not enable the assignment of new\n attributes not specifically listed in the sequence of instance\n variable names.\n\n* Without a *__weakref__* variable for each instance, classes\n defining *__slots__* do not support weak references to its\n instances. If weak reference support is needed, then add\n "\'__weakref__\'" to the sequence of strings in the *__slots__*\n declaration.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Previously, adding "\'__weakref__\'" to the\n *__slots__* declaration would not enable support for weak\n references.\n\n* *__slots__* are implemented at the class level by creating\n descriptors (Implementing Descriptors) for each variable name. As a\n result, class attributes cannot be used to set default values for\n instance variables defined by *__slots__*; otherwise, the class\n attribute would overwrite the descriptor assignment.\n\n* The action of a *__slots__* declaration is limited to the class\n where it is defined. As a result, subclasses will have a *__dict__*\n unless they also define *__slots__* (which must only contain names\n of any *additional* slots).\n\n* If a class defines a slot also defined in a base class, the\n instance variable defined by the base class slot is inaccessible\n (except by retrieving its descriptor directly from the base class).\n This renders the meaning of the program undefined. In the future, a\n check may be added to prevent this.\n\n* Nonempty *__slots__* does not work for classes derived from\n "variable-length" built-in types such as "long", "str" and "tuple".\n\n* Any non-string iterable may be assigned to *__slots__*. Mappings\n may also be used; however, in the future, special meaning may be\n assigned to the values corresponding to each key.\n\n* *__class__* assignment works only if both classes have the same\n *__slots__*.\n\n Changed in version 2.6: Previously, *__class__* assignment raised an\n error if either new or old class had *__slots__*.\n', 'attribute-references': u'\nAttribute references\n********************\n\nAn attribute reference is a primary followed by a period and a name:\n\n attributeref ::= primary "." identifier\n\nThe primary must evaluate to an object of a type that supports\nattribute references, e.g., a module, list, or an instance. This\nobject is then asked to produce the attribute whose name is the\nidentifier. If this attribute is not available, the exception\n"AttributeError" is raised. Otherwise, the type and value of the\nobject produced is determined by the object. Multiple evaluations of\nthe same attribute reference may yield different objects.\n', - 'augassign': u'\nAugmented assignment statements\n*******************************\n\nAugmented assignment is the combination, in a single statement, of a\nbinary operation and an assignment statement:\n\n augmented_assignment_stmt ::= augtarget augop (expression_list | yield_expression)\n augtarget ::= identifier | attributeref | subscription | slicing\n augop ::= "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "/=" | "//=" | "%=" | "**="\n | ">>=" | "<<=" | "&=" | "^=" | "|="\n\n(See section *Primaries* for the syntax definitions for the last three\nsymbols.)\n\nAn augmented assignment evaluates the target (which, unlike normal\nassignment statements, cannot be an unpacking) and the expression\nlist, performs the binary operation specific to the type of assignment\non the two operands, and assigns the result to the original target.\nThe target is only evaluated once.\n\nAn augmented assignment expression like "x += 1" can be rewritten as\n"x = x + 1" to achieve a similar, but not exactly equal effect. In the\naugmented version, "x" is only evaluated once. Also, when possible,\nthe actual operation is performed *in-place*, meaning that rather than\ncreating a new object and assigning that to the target, the old object\nis modified instead.\n\nWith the exception of assigning to tuples and multiple targets in a\nsingle statement, the assignment done by augmented assignment\nstatements is handled the same way as normal assignments. Similarly,\nwith the exception of the possible *in-place* behavior, the binary\noperation performed by augmented assignment is the same as the normal\nbinary operations.\n\nFor targets which are attribute references, the same *caveat about\nclass and instance attributes* applies as for regular assignments.\n', - 'binary': u'\nBinary arithmetic operations\n****************************\n\nThe binary arithmetic operations have the conventional priority\nlevels. Note that some of these operations also apply to certain non-\nnumeric types. Apart from the power operator, there are only two\nlevels, one for multiplicative operators and one for additive\noperators:\n\n m_expr ::= u_expr | m_expr "*" u_expr | m_expr "//" u_expr | m_expr "/" u_expr\n | m_expr "%" u_expr\n a_expr ::= m_expr | a_expr "+" m_expr | a_expr "-" m_expr\n\nThe "*" (multiplication) operator yields the product of its arguments.\nThe arguments must either both be numbers, or one argument must be an\ninteger (plain or long) and the other must be a sequence. In the\nformer case, the numbers are converted to a common type and then\nmultiplied together. In the latter case, sequence repetition is\nperformed; a negative repetition factor yields an empty sequence.\n\nThe "/" (division) and "//" (floor division) operators yield the\nquotient of their arguments. The numeric arguments are first\nconverted to a common type. Plain or long integer division yields an\ninteger of the same type; the result is that of mathematical division\nwith the \'floor\' function applied to the result. Division by zero\nraises the "ZeroDivisionError" exception.\n\nThe "%" (modulo) operator yields the remainder from the division of\nthe first argument by the second. The numeric arguments are first\nconverted to a common type. A zero right argument raises the\n"ZeroDivisionError" exception. The arguments may be floating point\nnumbers, e.g., "3.14%0.7" equals "0.34" (since "3.14" equals "4*0.7 +\n0.34".) The modulo operator always yields a result with the same sign\nas its second operand (or zero); the absolute value of the result is\nstrictly smaller than the absolute value of the second operand [2].\n\nThe integer division and modulo operators are connected by the\nfollowing identity: "x == (x/y)*y + (x%y)". Integer division and\nmodulo are also connected with the built-in function "divmod()":\n"divmod(x, y) == (x/y, x%y)". These identities don\'t hold for\nfloating point numbers; there similar identities hold approximately\nwhere "x/y" is replaced by "floor(x/y)" or "floor(x/y) - 1" [3].\n\nIn addition to performing the modulo operation on numbers, the "%"\noperator is also overloaded by string and unicode objects to perform\nstring formatting (also known as interpolation). The syntax for string\nformatting is described in the Python Library Reference, section\n*String Formatting Operations*.\n\nDeprecated since version 2.3: The floor division operator, the modulo\noperator, and the "divmod()" function are no longer defined for\ncomplex numbers. Instead, convert to a floating point number using\nthe "abs()" function if appropriate.\n\nThe "+" (addition) operator yields the sum of its arguments. The\narguments must either both be numbers or both sequences of the same\ntype. In the former case, the numbers are converted to a common type\nand then added together. In the latter case, the sequences are\nconcatenated.\n\nThe "-" (subtraction) operator yields the difference of its arguments.\nThe numeric arguments are first converted to a common type.\n', + 'augassign': u'\nAugmented assignment statements\n*******************************\n\nAugmented assignment is the combination, in a single statement, of a\nbinary operation and an assignment statement:\n\n augmented_assignment_stmt ::= augtarget augop (expression_list | yield_expression)\n augtarget ::= identifier | attributeref | subscription | slicing\n augop ::= "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "/=" | "//=" | "%=" | "**="\n | ">>=" | "<<=" | "&=" | "^=" | "|="\n\n(See section Primaries for the syntax definitions for the last three\nsymbols.)\n\nAn augmented assignment evaluates the target (which, unlike normal\nassignment statements, cannot be an unpacking) and the expression\nlist, performs the binary operation specific to the type of assignment\non the two operands, and assigns the result to the original target.\nThe target is only evaluated once.\n\nAn augmented assignment expression like "x += 1" can be rewritten as\n"x = x + 1" to achieve a similar, but not exactly equal effect. In the\naugmented version, "x" is only evaluated once. Also, when possible,\nthe actual operation is performed *in-place*, meaning that rather than\ncreating a new object and assigning that to the target, the old object\nis modified instead.\n\nWith the exception of assigning to tuples and multiple targets in a\nsingle statement, the assignment done by augmented assignment\nstatements is handled the same way as normal assignments. Similarly,\nwith the exception of the possible *in-place* behavior, the binary\noperation performed by augmented assignment is the same as the normal\nbinary operations.\n\nFor targets which are attribute references, the same caveat about\nclass and instance attributes applies as for regular assignments.\n', + 'binary': u'\nBinary arithmetic operations\n****************************\n\nThe binary arithmetic operations have the conventional priority\nlevels. Note that some of these operations also apply to certain non-\nnumeric types. Apart from the power operator, there are only two\nlevels, one for multiplicative operators and one for additive\noperators:\n\n m_expr ::= u_expr | m_expr "*" u_expr | m_expr "//" u_expr | m_expr "/" u_expr\n | m_expr "%" u_expr\n a_expr ::= m_expr | a_expr "+" m_expr | a_expr "-" m_expr\n\nThe "*" (multiplication) operator yields the product of its arguments.\nThe arguments must either both be numbers, or one argument must be an\ninteger (plain or long) and the other must be a sequence. In the\nformer case, the numbers are converted to a common type and then\nmultiplied together. In the latter case, sequence repetition is\nperformed; a negative repetition factor yields an empty sequence.\n\nThe "/" (division) and "//" (floor division) operators yield the\nquotient of their arguments. The numeric arguments are first\nconverted to a common type. Plain or long integer division yields an\ninteger of the same type; the result is that of mathematical division\nwith the \'floor\' function applied to the result. Division by zero\nraises the "ZeroDivisionError" exception.\n\nThe "%" (modulo) operator yields the remainder from the division of\nthe first argument by the second. The numeric arguments are first\nconverted to a common type. A zero right argument raises the\n"ZeroDivisionError" exception. The arguments may be floating point\nnumbers, e.g., "3.14%0.7" equals "0.34" (since "3.14" equals "4*0.7 +\n0.34".) The modulo operator always yields a result with the same sign\nas its second operand (or zero); the absolute value of the result is\nstrictly smaller than the absolute value of the second operand [2].\n\nThe integer division and modulo operators are connected by the\nfollowing identity: "x == (x/y)*y + (x%y)". Integer division and\nmodulo are also connected with the built-in function "divmod()":\n"divmod(x, y) == (x/y, x%y)". These identities don\'t hold for\nfloating point numbers; there similar identities hold approximately\nwhere "x/y" is replaced by "floor(x/y)" or "floor(x/y) - 1" [3].\n\nIn addition to performing the modulo operation on numbers, the "%"\noperator is also overloaded by string and unicode objects to perform\nstring formatting (also known as interpolation). The syntax for string\nformatting is described in the Python Library Reference, section\nString Formatting Operations.\n\nDeprecated since version 2.3: The floor division operator, the modulo\noperator, and the "divmod()" function are no longer defined for\ncomplex numbers. Instead, convert to a floating point number using\nthe "abs()" function if appropriate.\n\nThe "+" (addition) operator yields the sum of its arguments. The\narguments must either both be numbers or both sequences of the same\ntype. In the former case, the numbers are converted to a common type\nand then added together. In the latter case, the sequences are\nconcatenated.\n\nThe "-" (subtraction) operator yields the difference of its arguments.\nThe numeric arguments are first converted to a common type.\n', 'bitwise': u'\nBinary bitwise operations\n*************************\n\nEach of the three bitwise operations has a different priority level:\n\n and_expr ::= shift_expr | and_expr "&" shift_expr\n xor_expr ::= and_expr | xor_expr "^" and_expr\n or_expr ::= xor_expr | or_expr "|" xor_expr\n\nThe "&" operator yields the bitwise AND of its arguments, which must\nbe plain or long integers. The arguments are converted to a common\ntype.\n\nThe "^" operator yields the bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) of its\narguments, which must be plain or long integers. The arguments are\nconverted to a common type.\n\nThe "|" operator yields the bitwise (inclusive) OR of its arguments,\nwhich must be plain or long integers. The arguments are converted to\na common type.\n', - 'bltin-code-objects': u'\nCode Objects\n************\n\nCode objects are used by the implementation to represent "pseudo-\ncompiled" executable Python code such as a function body. They differ\nfrom function objects because they don\'t contain a reference to their\nglobal execution environment. Code objects are returned by the built-\nin "compile()" function and can be extracted from function objects\nthrough their "func_code" attribute. See also the "code" module.\n\nA code object can be executed or evaluated by passing it (instead of a\nsource string) to the "exec" statement or the built-in "eval()"\nfunction.\n\nSee *The standard type hierarchy* for more information.\n', - 'bltin-ellipsis-object': u'\nThe Ellipsis Object\n*******************\n\nThis object is used by extended slice notation (see *Slicings*). It\nsupports no special operations. There is exactly one ellipsis object,\nnamed "Ellipsis" (a built-in name).\n\nIt is written as "Ellipsis". When in a subscript, it can also be\nwritten as "...", for example "seq[...]".\n', + 'bltin-code-objects': u'\nCode Objects\n************\n\nCode objects are used by the implementation to represent "pseudo-\ncompiled" executable Python code such as a function body. They differ\nfrom function objects because they don\'t contain a reference to their\nglobal execution environment. Code objects are returned by the built-\nin "compile()" function and can be extracted from function objects\nthrough their "func_code" attribute. See also the "code" module.\n\nA code object can be executed or evaluated by passing it (instead of a\nsource string) to the "exec" statement or the built-in "eval()"\nfunction.\n\nSee The standard type hierarchy for more information.\n', + 'bltin-ellipsis-object': u'\nThe Ellipsis Object\n*******************\n\nThis object is used by extended slice notation (see Slicings). It\nsupports no special operations. There is exactly one ellipsis object,\nnamed "Ellipsis" (a built-in name).\n\nIt is written as "Ellipsis". When in a subscript, it can also be\nwritten as "...", for example "seq[...]".\n', 'bltin-null-object': u'\nThe Null Object\n***************\n\nThis object is returned by functions that don\'t explicitly return a\nvalue. It supports no special operations. There is exactly one null\nobject, named "None" (a built-in name).\n\nIt is written as "None".\n', 'bltin-type-objects': u'\nType Objects\n************\n\nType objects represent the various object types. An object\'s type is\naccessed by the built-in function "type()". There are no special\noperations on types. The standard module "types" defines names for\nall standard built-in types.\n\nTypes are written like this: "<type \'int\'>".\n', 'booleans': u'\nBoolean operations\n******************\n\n or_test ::= and_test | or_test "or" and_test\n and_test ::= not_test | and_test "and" not_test\n not_test ::= comparison | "not" not_test\n\nIn the context of Boolean operations, and also when expressions are\nused by control flow statements, the following values are interpreted\nas false: "False", "None", numeric zero of all types, and empty\nstrings and containers (including strings, tuples, lists,\ndictionaries, sets and frozensets). All other values are interpreted\nas true. (See the "__nonzero__()" special method for a way to change\nthis.)\n\nThe operator "not" yields "True" if its argument is false, "False"\notherwise.\n\nThe expression "x and y" first evaluates *x*; if *x* is false, its\nvalue is returned; otherwise, *y* is evaluated and the resulting value\nis returned.\n\nThe expression "x or y" first evaluates *x*; if *x* is true, its value\nis returned; otherwise, *y* is evaluated and the resulting value is\nreturned.\n\n(Note that neither "and" nor "or" restrict the value and type they\nreturn to "False" and "True", but rather return the last evaluated\nargument. This is sometimes useful, e.g., if "s" is a string that\nshould be replaced by a default value if it is empty, the expression\n"s or \'foo\'" yields the desired value. Because "not" has to invent a\nvalue anyway, it does not bother to return a value of the same type as\nits argument, so e.g., "not \'foo\'" yields "False", not "\'\'".)\n', 'break': u'\nThe "break" statement\n*********************\n\n break_stmt ::= "break"\n\n"break" may only occur syntactically nested in a "for" or "while"\nloop, but not nested in a function or class definition within that\nloop.\n\nIt terminates the nearest enclosing loop, skipping the optional "else"\nclause if the loop has one.\n\nIf a "for" loop is terminated by "break", the loop control target\nkeeps its current value.\n\nWhen "break" passes control out of a "try" statement with a "finally"\nclause, that "finally" clause is executed before really leaving the\nloop.\n', 'callable-types': u'\nEmulating callable objects\n**************************\n\nobject.__call__(self[, args...])\n\n Called when the instance is "called" as a function; if this method\n is defined, "x(arg1, arg2, ...)" is a shorthand for\n "x.__call__(arg1, arg2, ...)".\n', - 'calls': u'\nCalls\n*****\n\nA call calls a callable object (e.g., a *function*) with a possibly\nempty series of *arguments*:\n\n call ::= primary "(" [argument_list [","]\n | expression genexpr_for] ")"\n argument_list ::= positional_arguments ["," keyword_arguments]\n ["," "*" expression] ["," keyword_arguments]\n ["," "**" expression]\n | keyword_arguments ["," "*" expression]\n ["," "**" expression]\n | "*" expression ["," keyword_arguments] ["," "**" expression]\n | "**" expression\n positional_arguments ::= expression ("," expression)*\n keyword_arguments ::= keyword_item ("," keyword_item)*\n keyword_item ::= identifier "=" expression\n\nA trailing comma may be present after the positional and keyword\narguments but does not affect the semantics.\n\nThe primary must evaluate to a callable object (user-defined\nfunctions, built-in functions, methods of built-in objects, class\nobjects, methods of class instances, and certain class instances\nthemselves are callable; extensions may define additional callable\nobject types). All argument expressions are evaluated before the call\nis attempted. Please refer to section *Function definitions* for the\nsyntax of formal *parameter* lists.\n\nIf keyword arguments are present, they are first converted to\npositional arguments, as follows. First, a list of unfilled slots is\ncreated for the formal parameters. If there are N positional\narguments, they are placed in the first N slots. Next, for each\nkeyword argument, the identifier is used to determine the\ncorresponding slot (if the identifier is the same as the first formal\nparameter name, the first slot is used, and so on). If the slot is\nalready filled, a "TypeError" exception is raised. Otherwise, the\nvalue of the argument is placed in the slot, filling it (even if the\nexpression is "None", it fills the slot). When all arguments have\nbeen processed, the slots that are still unfilled are filled with the\ncorresponding default value from the function definition. (Default\nvalues are calculated, once, when the function is defined; thus, a\nmutable object such as a list or dictionary used as default value will\nbe shared by all calls that don\'t specify an argument value for the\ncorresponding slot; this should usually be avoided.) If there are any\nunfilled slots for which no default value is specified, a "TypeError"\nexception is raised. Otherwise, the list of filled slots is used as\nthe argument list for the call.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** An implementation may provide\nbuilt-in functions whose positional parameters do not have names, even\nif they are \'named\' for the purpose of documentation, and which\ntherefore cannot be supplied by keyword. In CPython, this is the case\nfor functions implemented in C that use "PyArg_ParseTuple()" to parse\ntheir arguments.\n\nIf there are more positional arguments than there are formal parameter\nslots, a "TypeError" exception is raised, unless a formal parameter\nusing the syntax "*identifier" is present; in this case, that formal\nparameter receives a tuple containing the excess positional arguments\n(or an empty tuple if there were no excess positional arguments).\n\nIf any keyword argument does not correspond to a formal parameter\nname, a "TypeError" exception is raised, unless a formal parameter\nusing the syntax "**identifier" is present; in this case, that formal\nparameter receives a dictionary containing the excess keyword\narguments (using the keywords as keys and the argument values as\ncorresponding values), or a (new) empty dictionary if there were no\nexcess keyword arguments.\n\nIf the syntax "*expression" appears in the function call, "expression"\nmust evaluate to an iterable. Elements from this iterable are treated\nas if they were additional positional arguments; if there are\npositional arguments *x1*, ..., *xN*, and "expression" evaluates to a\nsequence *y1*, ..., *yM*, this is equivalent to a call with M+N\npositional arguments *x1*, ..., *xN*, *y1*, ..., *yM*.\n\nA consequence of this is that although the "*expression" syntax may\nappear *after* some keyword arguments, it is processed *before* the\nkeyword arguments (and the "**expression" argument, if any -- see\nbelow). So:\n\n >>> def f(a, b):\n ... print a, b\n ...\n >>> f(b=1, *(2,))\n 2 1\n >>> f(a=1, *(2,))\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?\n TypeError: f() got multiple values for keyword argument \'a\'\n >>> f(1, *(2,))\n 1 2\n\nIt is unusual for both keyword arguments and the "*expression" syntax\nto be used in the same call, so in practice this confusion does not\narise.\n\nIf the syntax "**expression" appears in the function call,\n"expression" must evaluate to a mapping, the contents of which are\ntreated as additional keyword arguments. In the case of a keyword\nappearing in both "expression" and as an explicit keyword argument, a\n"TypeError" exception is raised.\n\nFormal parameters using the syntax "*identifier" or "**identifier"\ncannot be used as positional argument slots or as keyword argument\nnames. Formal parameters using the syntax "(sublist)" cannot be used\nas keyword argument names; the outermost sublist corresponds to a\nsingle unnamed argument slot, and the argument value is assigned to\nthe sublist using the usual tuple assignment rules after all other\nparameter processing is done.\n\nA call always returns some value, possibly "None", unless it raises an\nexception. How this value is computed depends on the type of the\ncallable object.\n\nIf it is---\n\na user-defined function:\n The code block for the function is executed, passing it the\n argument list. The first thing the code block will do is bind the\n formal parameters to the arguments; this is described in section\n *Function definitions*. When the code block executes a "return"\n statement, this specifies the return value of the function call.\n\na built-in function or method:\n The result is up to the interpreter; see *Built-in Functions* for\n the descriptions of built-in functions and methods.\n\na class object:\n A new instance of that class is returned.\n\na class instance method:\n The corresponding user-defined function is called, with an argument\n list that is one longer than the argument list of the call: the\n instance becomes the first argument.\n\na class instance:\n The class must define a "__call__()" method; the effect is then the\n same as if that method was called.\n', - 'class': u'\nClass definitions\n*****************\n\nA class definition defines a class object (see section *The standard\ntype hierarchy*):\n\n classdef ::= "class" classname [inheritance] ":" suite\n inheritance ::= "(" [expression_list] ")"\n classname ::= identifier\n\nA class definition is an executable statement. It first evaluates the\ninheritance list, if present. Each item in the inheritance list\nshould evaluate to a class object or class type which allows\nsubclassing. The class\'s suite is then executed in a new execution\nframe (see section *Naming and binding*), using a newly created local\nnamespace and the original global namespace. (Usually, the suite\ncontains only function definitions.) When the class\'s suite finishes\nexecution, its execution frame is discarded but its local namespace is\nsaved. [4] A class object is then created using the inheritance list\nfor the base classes and the saved local namespace for the attribute\ndictionary. The class name is bound to this class object in the\noriginal local namespace.\n\n**Programmer\'s note:** Variables defined in the class definition are\nclass variables; they are shared by all instances. To create instance\nvariables, they can be set in a method with "self.name = value". Both\nclass and instance variables are accessible through the notation\n""self.name"", and an instance variable hides a class variable with\nthe same name when accessed in this way. Class variables can be used\nas defaults for instance variables, but using mutable values there can\nlead to unexpected results. For *new-style class*es, descriptors can\nbe used to create instance variables with different implementation\ndetails.\n\nClass definitions, like function definitions, may be wrapped by one or\nmore *decorator* expressions. The evaluation rules for the decorator\nexpressions are the same as for functions. The result must be a class\nobject, which is then bound to the class name.\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] The exception is propagated to the invocation stack unless\n there is a "finally" clause which happens to raise another\n exception. That new exception causes the old one to be lost.\n\n[2] Currently, control "flows off the end" except in the case of\n an exception or the execution of a "return", "continue", or\n "break" statement.\n\n[3] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the\n function body is transformed into the function\'s "__doc__"\n attribute and therefore the function\'s *docstring*.\n\n[4] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the class\n body is transformed into the namespace\'s "__doc__" item and\n therefore the class\'s *docstring*.\n', - 'comparisons': u'\nComparisons\n***********\n\nUnlike C, all comparison operations in Python have the same priority,\nwhich is lower than that of any arithmetic, shifting or bitwise\noperation. Also unlike C, expressions like "a < b < c" have the\ninterpretation that is conventional in mathematics:\n\n comparison ::= or_expr ( comp_operator or_expr )*\n comp_operator ::= "<" | ">" | "==" | ">=" | "<=" | "<>" | "!="\n | "is" ["not"] | ["not"] "in"\n\nComparisons yield boolean values: "True" or "False".\n\nComparisons can be chained arbitrarily, e.g., "x < y <= z" is\nequivalent to "x < y and y <= z", except that "y" is evaluated only\nonce (but in both cases "z" is not evaluated at all when "x < y" is\nfound to be false).\n\nFormally, if *a*, *b*, *c*, ..., *y*, *z* are expressions and *op1*,\n*op2*, ..., *opN* are comparison operators, then "a op1 b op2 c ... y\nopN z" is equivalent to "a op1 b and b op2 c and ... y opN z", except\nthat each expression is evaluated at most once.\n\nNote that "a op1 b op2 c" doesn\'t imply any kind of comparison between\n*a* and *c*, so that, e.g., "x < y > z" is perfectly legal (though\nperhaps not pretty).\n\nThe forms "<>" and "!=" are equivalent; for consistency with C, "!="\nis preferred; where "!=" is mentioned below "<>" is also accepted.\nThe "<>" spelling is considered obsolescent.\n\nThe operators "<", ">", "==", ">=", "<=", and "!=" compare the values\nof two objects. The objects need not have the same type. If both are\nnumbers, they are converted to a common type. Otherwise, objects of\ndifferent types *always* compare unequal, and are ordered consistently\nbut arbitrarily. You can control comparison behavior of objects of\nnon-built-in types by defining a "__cmp__" method or rich comparison\nmethods like "__gt__", described in section *Special method names*.\n\n(This unusual definition of comparison was used to simplify the\ndefinition of operations like sorting and the "in" and "not in"\noperators. In the future, the comparison rules for objects of\ndifferent types are likely to change.)\n\nComparison of objects of the same type depends on the type:\n\n* Numbers are compared arithmetically.\n\n* Strings are compared lexicographically using the numeric\n equivalents (the result of the built-in function "ord()") of their\n characters. Unicode and 8-bit strings are fully interoperable in\n this behavior. [4]\n\n* Tuples and lists are compared lexicographically using comparison\n of corresponding elements. This means that to compare equal, each\n element must compare equal and the two sequences must be of the same\n type and have the same length.\n\n If not equal, the sequences are ordered the same as their first\n differing elements. For example, "cmp([1,2,x], [1,2,y])" returns\n the same as "cmp(x,y)". If the corresponding element does not\n exist, the shorter sequence is ordered first (for example, "[1,2] <\n [1,2,3]").\n\n* Mappings (dictionaries) compare equal if and only if their sorted\n (key, value) lists compare equal. [5] Outcomes other than equality\n are resolved consistently, but are not otherwise defined. [6]\n\n* Most other objects of built-in types compare unequal unless they\n are the same object; the choice whether one object is considered\n smaller or larger than another one is made arbitrarily but\n consistently within one execution of a program.\n\nThe operators "in" and "not in" test for collection membership. "x in\ns" evaluates to true if *x* is a member of the collection *s*, and\nfalse otherwise. "x not in s" returns the negation of "x in s". The\ncollection membership test has traditionally been bound to sequences;\nan object is a member of a collection if the collection is a sequence\nand contains an element equal to that object. However, it make sense\nfor many other object types to support membership tests without being\na sequence. In particular, dictionaries (for keys) and sets support\nmembership testing.\n\nFor the list and tuple types, "x in y" is true if and only if there\nexists an index *i* such that "x == y[i]" is true.\n\nFor the Unicode and string types, "x in y" is true if and only if *x*\nis a substring of *y*. An equivalent test is "y.find(x) != -1".\nNote, *x* and *y* need not be the same type; consequently, "u\'ab\' in\n\'abc\'" will return "True". Empty strings are always considered to be a\nsubstring of any other string, so """ in "abc"" will return "True".\n\nChanged in version 2.3: Previously, *x* was required to be a string of\nlength "1".\n\nFor user-defined classes which define the "__contains__()" method, "x\nin y" is true if and only if "y.__contains__(x)" is true.\n\nFor user-defined classes which do not define "__contains__()" but do\ndefine "__iter__()", "x in y" is true if some value "z" with "x == z"\nis produced while iterating over "y". If an exception is raised\nduring the iteration, it is as if "in" raised that exception.\n\nLastly, the old-style iteration protocol is tried: if a class defines\n"__getitem__()", "x in y" is true if and only if there is a non-\nnegative integer index *i* such that "x == y[i]", and all lower\ninteger indices do not raise "IndexError" exception. (If any other\nexception is raised, it is as if "in" raised that exception).\n\nThe operator "not in" is defined to have the inverse true value of\n"in".\n\nThe operators "is" and "is not" test for object identity: "x is y" is\ntrue if and only if *x* and *y* are the same object. "x is not y"\nyields the inverse truth value. [7]\n', - 'compound': u'\nCompound statements\n*******************\n\nCompound statements contain (groups of) other statements; they affect\nor control the execution of those other statements in some way. In\ngeneral, compound statements span multiple lines, although in simple\nincarnations a whole compound statement may be contained in one line.\n\nThe "if", "while" and "for" statements implement traditional control\nflow constructs. "try" specifies exception handlers and/or cleanup\ncode for a group of statements. Function and class definitions are\nalso syntactically compound statements.\n\nCompound statements consist of one or more \'clauses.\' A clause\nconsists of a header and a \'suite.\' The clause headers of a\nparticular compound statement are all at the same indentation level.\nEach clause header begins with a uniquely identifying keyword and ends\nwith a colon. A suite is a group of statements controlled by a\nclause. A suite can be one or more semicolon-separated simple\nstatements on the same line as the header, following the header\'s\ncolon, or it can be one or more indented statements on subsequent\nlines. Only the latter form of suite can contain nested compound\nstatements; the following is illegal, mostly because it wouldn\'t be\nclear to which "if" clause a following "else" clause would belong:\n\n if test1: if test2: print x\n\nAlso note that the semicolon binds tighter than the colon in this\ncontext, so that in the following example, either all or none of the\n"print" statements are executed:\n\n if x < y < z: print x; print y; print z\n\nSummarizing:\n\n compound_stmt ::= if_stmt\n | while_stmt\n | for_stmt\n | try_stmt\n | with_stmt\n | funcdef\n | classdef\n | decorated\n suite ::= stmt_list NEWLINE | NEWLINE INDENT statement+ DEDENT\n statement ::= stmt_list NEWLINE | compound_stmt\n stmt_list ::= simple_stmt (";" simple_stmt)* [";"]\n\nNote that statements always end in a "NEWLINE" possibly followed by a\n"DEDENT". Also note that optional continuation clauses always begin\nwith a keyword that cannot start a statement, thus there are no\nambiguities (the \'dangling "else"\' problem is solved in Python by\nrequiring nested "if" statements to be indented).\n\nThe formatting of the grammar rules in the following sections places\neach clause on a separate line for clarity.\n\n\nThe "if" statement\n==================\n\nThe "if" statement is used for conditional execution:\n\n if_stmt ::= "if" expression ":" suite\n ( "elif" expression ":" suite )*\n ["else" ":" suite]\n\nIt selects exactly one of the suites by evaluating the expressions one\nby one until one is found to be true (see section *Boolean operations*\nfor the definition of true and false); then that suite is executed\n(and no other part of the "if" statement is executed or evaluated).\nIf all expressions are false, the suite of the "else" clause, if\npresent, is executed.\n\n\nThe "while" statement\n=====================\n\nThe "while" statement is used for repeated execution as long as an\nexpression is true:\n\n while_stmt ::= "while" expression ":" suite\n ["else" ":" suite]\n\nThis repeatedly tests the expression and, if it is true, executes the\nfirst suite; if the expression is false (which may be the first time\nit is tested) the suite of the "else" clause, if present, is executed\nand the loop terminates.\n\nA "break" statement executed in the first suite terminates the loop\nwithout executing the "else" clause\'s suite. A "continue" statement\nexecuted in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and goes back\nto testing the expression.\n\n\nThe "for" statement\n===================\n\nThe "for" statement is used to iterate over the elements of a sequence\n(such as a string, tuple or list) or other iterable object:\n\n for_stmt ::= "for" target_list "in" expression_list ":" suite\n ["else" ":" suite]\n\nThe expression list is evaluated once; it should yield an iterable\nobject. An iterator is created for the result of the\n"expression_list". The suite is then executed once for each item\nprovided by the iterator, in the order of ascending indices. Each\nitem in turn is assigned to the target list using the standard rules\nfor assignments, and then the suite is executed. When the items are\nexhausted (which is immediately when the sequence is empty), the suite\nin the "else" clause, if present, is executed, and the loop\nterminates.\n\nA "break" statement executed in the first suite terminates the loop\nwithout executing the "else" clause\'s suite. A "continue" statement\nexecuted in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and continues\nwith the next item, or with the "else" clause if there was no next\nitem.\n\nThe suite may assign to the variable(s) in the target list; this does\nnot affect the next item assigned to it.\n\nThe target list is not deleted when the loop is finished, but if the\nsequence is empty, it will not have been assigned to at all by the\nloop. Hint: the built-in function "range()" returns a sequence of\nintegers suitable to emulate the effect of Pascal\'s "for i := a to b\ndo"; e.g., "range(3)" returns the list "[0, 1, 2]".\n\nNote: There is a subtlety when the sequence is being modified by the\n loop (this can only occur for mutable sequences, i.e. lists). An\n internal counter is used to keep track of which item is used next,\n and this is incremented on each iteration. When this counter has\n reached the length of the sequence the loop terminates. This means\n that if the suite deletes the current (or a previous) item from the\n sequence, the next item will be skipped (since it gets the index of\n the current item which has already been treated). Likewise, if the\n suite inserts an item in the sequence before the current item, the\n current item will be treated again the next time through the loop.\n This can lead to nasty bugs that can be avoided by making a\n temporary copy using a slice of the whole sequence, e.g.,\n\n for x in a[:]:\n if x < 0: a.remove(x)\n\n\nThe "try" statement\n===================\n\nThe "try" statement specifies exception handlers and/or cleanup code\nfor a group of statements:\n\n try_stmt ::= try1_stmt | try2_stmt\n try1_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n ("except" [expression [("as" | ",") identifier]] ":" suite)+\n ["else" ":" suite]\n ["finally" ":" suite]\n try2_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n "finally" ":" suite\n\nChanged in version 2.5: In previous versions of Python,\n"try"..."except"..."finally" did not work. "try"..."except" had to be\nnested in "try"..."finally".\n\nThe "except" clause(s) specify one or more exception handlers. When no\nexception occurs in the "try" clause, no exception handler is\nexecuted. When an exception occurs in the "try" suite, a search for an\nexception handler is started. This search inspects the except clauses\nin turn until one is found that matches the exception. An expression-\nless except clause, if present, must be last; it matches any\nexception. For an except clause with an expression, that expression\nis evaluated, and the clause matches the exception if the resulting\nobject is "compatible" with the exception. An object is compatible\nwith an exception if it is the class or a base class of the exception\nobject, or a tuple containing an item compatible with the exception.\n\nIf no except clause matches the exception, the search for an exception\nhandler continues in the surrounding code and on the invocation stack.\n[1]\n\nIf the evaluation of an expression in the header of an except clause\nraises an exception, the original search for a handler is canceled and\na search starts for the new exception in the surrounding code and on\nthe call stack (it is treated as if the entire "try" statement raised\nthe exception).\n\nWhen a matching except clause is found, the exception is assigned to\nthe target specified in that except clause, if present, and the except\nclause\'s suite is executed. All except clauses must have an\nexecutable block. When the end of this block is reached, execution\ncontinues normally after the entire try statement. (This means that\nif two nested handlers exist for the same exception, and the exception\noccurs in the try clause of the inner handler, the outer handler will\nnot handle the exception.)\n\nBefore an except clause\'s suite is executed, details about the\nexception are assigned to three variables in the "sys" module:\n"sys.exc_type" receives the object identifying the exception;\n"sys.exc_value" receives the exception\'s parameter;\n"sys.exc_traceback" receives a traceback object (see section *The\nstandard type hierarchy*) identifying the point in the program where\nthe exception occurred. These details are also available through the\n"sys.exc_info()" function, which returns a tuple "(exc_type,\nexc_value, exc_traceback)". Use of the corresponding variables is\ndeprecated in favor of this function, since their use is unsafe in a\nthreaded program. As of Python 1.5, the variables are restored to\ntheir previous values (before the call) when returning from a function\nthat handled an exception.\n\nThe optional "else" clause is executed if and when control flows off\nthe end of the "try" clause. [2] Exceptions in the "else" clause are\nnot handled by the preceding "except" clauses.\n\nIf "finally" is present, it specifies a \'cleanup\' handler. The "try"\nclause is executed, including any "except" and "else" clauses. If an\nexception occurs in any of the clauses and is not handled, the\nexception is temporarily saved. The "finally" clause is executed. If\nthere is a saved exception, it is re-raised at the end of the\n"finally" clause. If the "finally" clause raises another exception or\nexecutes a "return" or "break" statement, the saved exception is\ndiscarded:\n\n >>> def f():\n ... try:\n ... 1/0\n ... finally:\n ... return 42\n ...\n >>> f()\n 42\n\nThe exception information is not available to the program during\nexecution of the "finally" clause.\n\nWhen a "return", "break" or "continue" statement is executed in the\n"try" suite of a "try"..."finally" statement, the "finally" clause is\nalso executed \'on the way out.\' A "continue" statement is illegal in\nthe "finally" clause. (The reason is a problem with the current\nimplementation --- this restriction may be lifted in the future).\n\nThe return value of a function is determined by the last "return"\nstatement executed. Since the "finally" clause always executes, a\n"return" statement executed in the "finally" clause will always be the\nlast one executed:\n\n >>> def foo():\n ... try:\n ... return \'try\'\n ... finally:\n ... return \'finally\'\n ...\n >>> foo()\n \'finally\'\n\nAdditional information on exceptions can be found in section\n*Exceptions*, and information on using the "raise" statement to\ngenerate exceptions may be found in section *The raise statement*.\n\n\nThe "with" statement\n====================\n\nNew in version 2.5.\n\nThe "with" statement is used to wrap the execution of a block with\nmethods defined by a context manager (see section *With Statement\nContext Managers*). This allows common "try"..."except"..."finally"\nusage patterns to be encapsulated for convenient reuse.\n\n with_stmt ::= "with" with_item ("," with_item)* ":" suite\n with_item ::= expression ["as" target]\n\nThe execution of the "with" statement with one "item" proceeds as\nfollows:\n\n1. The context expression (the expression given in the "with_item")\n is evaluated to obtain a context manager.\n\n2. The context manager\'s "__exit__()" is loaded for later use.\n\n3. The context manager\'s "__enter__()" method is invoked.\n\n4. If a target was included in the "with" statement, the return\n value from "__enter__()" is assigned to it.\n\n Note: The "with" statement guarantees that if the "__enter__()"\n method returns without an error, then "__exit__()" will always be\n called. Thus, if an error occurs during the assignment to the\n target list, it will be treated the same as an error occurring\n within the suite would be. See step 6 below.\n\n5. The suite is executed.\n\n6. The context manager\'s "__exit__()" method is invoked. If an\n exception caused the suite to be exited, its type, value, and\n traceback are passed as arguments to "__exit__()". Otherwise, three\n "None" arguments are supplied.\n\n If the suite was exited due to an exception, and the return value\n from the "__exit__()" method was false, the exception is reraised.\n If the return value was true, the exception is suppressed, and\n execution continues with the statement following the "with"\n statement.\n\n If the suite was exited for any reason other than an exception, the\n return value from "__exit__()" is ignored, and execution proceeds\n at the normal location for the kind of exit that was taken.\n\nWith more than one item, the context managers are processed as if\nmultiple "with" statements were nested:\n\n with A() as a, B() as b:\n suite\n\nis equivalent to\n\n with A() as a:\n with B() as b:\n suite\n\nNote: In Python 2.5, the "with" statement is only allowed when the\n "with_statement" feature has been enabled. It is always enabled in\n Python 2.6.\n\nChanged in version 2.7: Support for multiple context expressions.\n\nSee also: **PEP 0343** - The "with" statement\n\n The specification, background, and examples for the Python "with"\n statement.\n\n\nFunction definitions\n====================\n\nA function definition defines a user-defined function object (see\nsection *The standard type hierarchy*):\n\n decorated ::= decorators (classdef | funcdef)\n decorators ::= decorator+\n decorator ::= "@" dotted_name ["(" [argument_list [","]] ")"] NEWLINE\n funcdef ::= "def" funcname "(" [parameter_list] ")" ":" suite\n dotted_name ::= identifier ("." identifier)*\n parameter_list ::= (defparameter ",")*\n ( "*" identifier ["," "**" identifier]\n | "**" identifier\n | defparameter [","] )\n defparameter ::= parameter ["=" expression]\n sublist ::= parameter ("," parameter)* [","]\n parameter ::= identifier | "(" sublist ")"\n funcname ::= identifier\n\nA function definition is an executable statement. Its execution binds\nthe function name in the current local namespace to a function object\n(a wrapper around the executable code for the function). This\nfunction object contains a reference to the current global namespace\nas the global namespace to be used when the function is called.\n\nThe function definition does not execute the function body; this gets\nexecuted only when the function is called. [3]\n\nA function definition may be wrapped by one or more *decorator*\nexpressions. Decorator expressions are evaluated when the function is\ndefined, in the scope that contains the function definition. The\nresult must be a callable, which is invoked with the function object\nas the only argument. The returned value is bound to the function name\ninstead of the function object. Multiple decorators are applied in\nnested fashion. For example, the following code:\n\n @f1(arg)\n @f2\n def func(): pass\n\nis equivalent to:\n\n def func(): pass\n func = f1(arg)(f2(func))\n\nWhen one or more top-level *parameters* have the form *parameter* "="\n*expression*, the function is said to have "default parameter values."\nFor a parameter with a default value, the corresponding *argument* may\nbe omitted from a call, in which case the parameter\'s default value is\nsubstituted. If a parameter has a default value, all following\nparameters must also have a default value --- this is a syntactic\nrestriction that is not expressed by the grammar.\n\n**Default parameter values are evaluated when the function definition\nis executed.** This means that the expression is evaluated once, when\nthe function is defined, and that the same "pre-computed" value is\nused for each call. This is especially important to understand when a\ndefault parameter is a mutable object, such as a list or a dictionary:\nif the function modifies the object (e.g. by appending an item to a\nlist), the default value is in effect modified. This is generally not\nwhat was intended. A way around this is to use "None" as the\ndefault, and explicitly test for it in the body of the function, e.g.:\n\n def whats_on_the_telly(penguin=None):\n if penguin is None:\n penguin = []\n penguin.append("property of the zoo")\n return penguin\n\nFunction call semantics are described in more detail in section\n*Calls*. A function call always assigns values to all parameters\nmentioned in the parameter list, either from position arguments, from\nkeyword arguments, or from default values. If the form\n""*identifier"" is present, it is initialized to a tuple receiving any\nexcess positional parameters, defaulting to the empty tuple. If the\nform ""**identifier"" is present, it is initialized to a new\ndictionary receiving any excess keyword arguments, defaulting to a new\nempty dictionary.\n\nIt is also possible to create anonymous functions (functions not bound\nto a name), for immediate use in expressions. This uses lambda\nexpressions, described in section *Lambdas*. Note that the lambda\nexpression is merely a shorthand for a simplified function definition;\na function defined in a ""def"" statement can be passed around or\nassigned to another name just like a function defined by a lambda\nexpression. The ""def"" form is actually more powerful since it\nallows the execution of multiple statements.\n\n**Programmer\'s note:** Functions are first-class objects. A ""def""\nform executed inside a function definition defines a local function\nthat can be returned or passed around. Free variables used in the\nnested function can access the local variables of the function\ncontaining the def. See section *Naming and binding* for details.\n\n\nClass definitions\n=================\n\nA class definition defines a class object (see section *The standard\ntype hierarchy*):\n\n classdef ::= "class" classname [inheritance] ":" suite\n inheritance ::= "(" [expression_list] ")"\n classname ::= identifier\n\nA class definition is an executable statement. It first evaluates the\ninheritance list, if present. Each item in the inheritance list\nshould evaluate to a class object or class type which allows\nsubclassing. The class\'s suite is then executed in a new execution\nframe (see section *Naming and binding*), using a newly created local\nnamespace and the original global namespace. (Usually, the suite\ncontains only function definitions.) When the class\'s suite finishes\nexecution, its execution frame is discarded but its local namespace is\nsaved. [4] A class object is then created using the inheritance list\nfor the base classes and the saved local namespace for the attribute\ndictionary. The class name is bound to this class object in the\noriginal local namespace.\n\n**Programmer\'s note:** Variables defined in the class definition are\nclass variables; they are shared by all instances. To create instance\nvariables, they can be set in a method with "self.name = value". Both\nclass and instance variables are accessible through the notation\n""self.name"", and an instance variable hides a class variable with\nthe same name when accessed in this way. Class variables can be used\nas defaults for instance variables, but using mutable values there can\nlead to unexpected results. For *new-style class*es, descriptors can\nbe used to create instance variables with different implementation\ndetails.\n\nClass definitions, like function definitions, may be wrapped by one or\nmore *decorator* expressions. The evaluation rules for the decorator\nexpressions are the same as for functions. The result must be a class\nobject, which is then bound to the class name.\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] The exception is propagated to the invocation stack unless\n there is a "finally" clause which happens to raise another\n exception. That new exception causes the old one to be lost.\n\n[2] Currently, control "flows off the end" except in the case of\n an exception or the execution of a "return", "continue", or\n "break" statement.\n\n[3] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the\n function body is transformed into the function\'s "__doc__"\n attribute and therefore the function\'s *docstring*.\n\n[4] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the class\n body is transformed into the namespace\'s "__doc__" item and\n therefore the class\'s *docstring*.\n', - 'context-managers': u'\nWith Statement Context Managers\n*******************************\n\nNew in version 2.5.\n\nA *context manager* is an object that defines the runtime context to\nbe established when executing a "with" statement. The context manager\nhandles the entry into, and the exit from, the desired runtime context\nfor the execution of the block of code. Context managers are normally\ninvoked using the "with" statement (described in section *The with\nstatement*), but can also be used by directly invoking their methods.\n\nTypical uses of context managers include saving and restoring various\nkinds of global state, locking and unlocking resources, closing opened\nfiles, etc.\n\nFor more information on context managers, see *Context Manager Types*.\n\nobject.__enter__(self)\n\n Enter the runtime context related to this object. The "with"\n statement will bind this method\'s return value to the target(s)\n specified in the "as" clause of the statement, if any.\n\nobject.__exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback)\n\n Exit the runtime context related to this object. The parameters\n describe the exception that caused the context to be exited. If the\n context was exited without an exception, all three arguments will\n be "None".\n\n If an exception is supplied, and the method wishes to suppress the\n exception (i.e., prevent it from being propagated), it should\n return a true value. Otherwise, the exception will be processed\n normally upon exit from this method.\n\n Note that "__exit__()" methods should not reraise the passed-in\n exception; this is the caller\'s responsibility.\n\nSee also: **PEP 0343** - The "with" statement\n\n The specification, background, and examples for the Python "with"\n statement.\n', + 'calls': u'\nCalls\n*****\n\nA call calls a callable object (e.g., a *function*) with a possibly\nempty series of *arguments*:\n\n call ::= primary "(" [argument_list [","]\n | expression genexpr_for] ")"\n argument_list ::= positional_arguments ["," keyword_arguments]\n ["," "*" expression] ["," keyword_arguments]\n ["," "**" expression]\n | keyword_arguments ["," "*" expression]\n ["," "**" expression]\n | "*" expression ["," keyword_arguments] ["," "**" expression]\n | "**" expression\n positional_arguments ::= expression ("," expression)*\n keyword_arguments ::= keyword_item ("," keyword_item)*\n keyword_item ::= identifier "=" expression\n\nA trailing comma may be present after the positional and keyword\narguments but does not affect the semantics.\n\nThe primary must evaluate to a callable object (user-defined\nfunctions, built-in functions, methods of built-in objects, class\nobjects, methods of class instances, and certain class instances\nthemselves are callable; extensions may define additional callable\nobject types). All argument expressions are evaluated before the call\nis attempted. Please refer to section Function definitions for the\nsyntax of formal *parameter* lists.\n\nIf keyword arguments are present, they are first converted to\npositional arguments, as follows. First, a list of unfilled slots is\ncreated for the formal parameters. If there are N positional\narguments, they are placed in the first N slots. Next, for each\nkeyword argument, the identifier is used to determine the\ncorresponding slot (if the identifier is the same as the first formal\nparameter name, the first slot is used, and so on). If the slot is\nalready filled, a "TypeError" exception is raised. Otherwise, the\nvalue of the argument is placed in the slot, filling it (even if the\nexpression is "None", it fills the slot). When all arguments have\nbeen processed, the slots that are still unfilled are filled with the\ncorresponding default value from the function definition. (Default\nvalues are calculated, once, when the function is defined; thus, a\nmutable object such as a list or dictionary used as default value will\nbe shared by all calls that don\'t specify an argument value for the\ncorresponding slot; this should usually be avoided.) If there are any\nunfilled slots for which no default value is specified, a "TypeError"\nexception is raised. Otherwise, the list of filled slots is used as\nthe argument list for the call.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** An implementation may provide\nbuilt-in functions whose positional parameters do not have names, even\nif they are \'named\' for the purpose of documentation, and which\ntherefore cannot be supplied by keyword. In CPython, this is the case\nfor functions implemented in C that use "PyArg_ParseTuple()" to parse\ntheir arguments.\n\nIf there are more positional arguments than there are formal parameter\nslots, a "TypeError" exception is raised, unless a formal parameter\nusing the syntax "*identifier" is present; in this case, that formal\nparameter receives a tuple containing the excess positional arguments\n(or an empty tuple if there were no excess positional arguments).\n\nIf any keyword argument does not correspond to a formal parameter\nname, a "TypeError" exception is raised, unless a formal parameter\nusing the syntax "**identifier" is present; in this case, that formal\nparameter receives a dictionary containing the excess keyword\narguments (using the keywords as keys and the argument values as\ncorresponding values), or a (new) empty dictionary if there were no\nexcess keyword arguments.\n\nIf the syntax "*expression" appears in the function call, "expression"\nmust evaluate to an iterable. Elements from this iterable are treated\nas if they were additional positional arguments; if there are\npositional arguments *x1*, ..., *xN*, and "expression" evaluates to a\nsequence *y1*, ..., *yM*, this is equivalent to a call with M+N\npositional arguments *x1*, ..., *xN*, *y1*, ..., *yM*.\n\nA consequence of this is that although the "*expression" syntax may\nappear *after* some keyword arguments, it is processed *before* the\nkeyword arguments (and the "**expression" argument, if any -- see\nbelow). So:\n\n >>> def f(a, b):\n ... print a, b\n ...\n >>> f(b=1, *(2,))\n 2 1\n >>> f(a=1, *(2,))\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?\n TypeError: f() got multiple values for keyword argument \'a\'\n >>> f(1, *(2,))\n 1 2\n\nIt is unusual for both keyword arguments and the "*expression" syntax\nto be used in the same call, so in practice this confusion does not\narise.\n\nIf the syntax "**expression" appears in the function call,\n"expression" must evaluate to a mapping, the contents of which are\ntreated as additional keyword arguments. In the case of a keyword\nappearing in both "expression" and as an explicit keyword argument, a\n"TypeError" exception is raised.\n\nFormal parameters using the syntax "*identifier" or "**identifier"\ncannot be used as positional argument slots or as keyword argument\nnames. Formal parameters using the syntax "(sublist)" cannot be used\nas keyword argument names; the outermost sublist corresponds to a\nsingle unnamed argument slot, and the argument value is assigned to\nthe sublist using the usual tuple assignment rules after all other\nparameter processing is done.\n\nA call always returns some value, possibly "None", unless it raises an\nexception. How this value is computed depends on the type of the\ncallable object.\n\nIf it is---\n\na user-defined function:\n The code block for the function is executed, passing it the\n argument list. The first thing the code block will do is bind the\n formal parameters to the arguments; this is described in section\n Function definitions. When the code block executes a "return"\n statement, this specifies the return value of the function call.\n\na built-in function or method:\n The result is up to the interpreter; see Built-in Functions for the\n descriptions of built-in functions and methods.\n\na class object:\n A new instance of that class is returned.\n\na class instance method:\n The corresponding user-defined function is called, with an argument\n list that is one longer than the argument list of the call: the\n instance becomes the first argument.\n\na class instance:\n The class must define a "__call__()" method; the effect is then the\n same as if that method was called.\n', + 'class': u'\nClass definitions\n*****************\n\nA class definition defines a class object (see section The standard\ntype hierarchy):\n\n classdef ::= "class" classname [inheritance] ":" suite\n inheritance ::= "(" [expression_list] ")"\n classname ::= identifier\n\nA class definition is an executable statement. It first evaluates the\ninheritance list, if present. Each item in the inheritance list\nshould evaluate to a class object or class type which allows\nsubclassing. The class\'s suite is then executed in a new execution\nframe (see section Naming and binding), using a newly created local\nnamespace and the original global namespace. (Usually, the suite\ncontains only function definitions.) When the class\'s suite finishes\nexecution, its execution frame is discarded but its local namespace is\nsaved. [4] A class object is then created using the inheritance list\nfor the base classes and the saved local namespace for the attribute\ndictionary. The class name is bound to this class object in the\noriginal local namespace.\n\n**Programmer\'s note:** Variables defined in the class definition are\nclass variables; they are shared by all instances. To create instance\nvariables, they can be set in a method with "self.name = value". Both\nclass and instance variables are accessible through the notation\n""self.name"", and an instance variable hides a class variable with\nthe same name when accessed in this way. Class variables can be used\nas defaults for instance variables, but using mutable values there can\nlead to unexpected results. For *new-style class*es, descriptors can\nbe used to create instance variables with different implementation\ndetails.\n\nClass definitions, like function definitions, may be wrapped by one or\nmore *decorator* expressions. The evaluation rules for the decorator\nexpressions are the same as for functions. The result must be a class\nobject, which is then bound to the class name.\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] The exception is propagated to the invocation stack unless\n there is a "finally" clause which happens to raise another\n exception. That new exception causes the old one to be lost.\n\n[2] Currently, control "flows off the end" except in the case of\n an exception or the execution of a "return", "continue", or\n "break" statement.\n\n[3] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the\n function body is transformed into the function\'s "__doc__"\n attribute and therefore the function\'s *docstring*.\n\n[4] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the class\n body is transformed into the namespace\'s "__doc__" item and\n therefore the class\'s *docstring*.\n', + 'comparisons': u'\nComparisons\n***********\n\nUnlike C, all comparison operations in Python have the same priority,\nwhich is lower than that of any arithmetic, shifting or bitwise\noperation. Also unlike C, expressions like "a < b < c" have the\ninterpretation that is conventional in mathematics:\n\n comparison ::= or_expr ( comp_operator or_expr )*\n comp_operator ::= "<" | ">" | "==" | ">=" | "<=" | "<>" | "!="\n | "is" ["not"] | ["not"] "in"\n\nComparisons yield boolean values: "True" or "False".\n\nComparisons can be chained arbitrarily, e.g., "x < y <= z" is\nequivalent to "x < y and y <= z", except that "y" is evaluated only\nonce (but in both cases "z" is not evaluated at all when "x < y" is\nfound to be false).\n\nFormally, if *a*, *b*, *c*, ..., *y*, *z* are expressions and *op1*,\n*op2*, ..., *opN* are comparison operators, then "a op1 b op2 c ... y\nopN z" is equivalent to "a op1 b and b op2 c and ... y opN z", except\nthat each expression is evaluated at most once.\n\nNote that "a op1 b op2 c" doesn\'t imply any kind of comparison between\n*a* and *c*, so that, e.g., "x < y > z" is perfectly legal (though\nperhaps not pretty).\n\nThe forms "<>" and "!=" are equivalent; for consistency with C, "!="\nis preferred; where "!=" is mentioned below "<>" is also accepted.\nThe "<>" spelling is considered obsolescent.\n\nThe operators "<", ">", "==", ">=", "<=", and "!=" compare the values\nof two objects. The objects need not have the same type. If both are\nnumbers, they are converted to a common type. Otherwise, objects of\ndifferent types *always* compare unequal, and are ordered consistently\nbut arbitrarily. You can control comparison behavior of objects of\nnon-built-in types by defining a "__cmp__" method or rich comparison\nmethods like "__gt__", described in section Special method names.\n\n(This unusual definition of comparison was used to simplify the\ndefinition of operations like sorting and the "in" and "not in"\noperators. In the future, the comparison rules for objects of\ndifferent types are likely to change.)\n\nComparison of objects of the same type depends on the type:\n\n* Numbers are compared arithmetically.\n\n* Strings are compared lexicographically using the numeric\n equivalents (the result of the built-in function "ord()") of their\n characters. Unicode and 8-bit strings are fully interoperable in\n this behavior. [4]\n\n* Tuples and lists are compared lexicographically using comparison\n of corresponding elements. This means that to compare equal, each\n element must compare equal and the two sequences must be of the same\n type and have the same length.\n\n If not equal, the sequences are ordered the same as their first\n differing elements. For example, "cmp([1,2,x], [1,2,y])" returns\n the same as "cmp(x,y)". If the corresponding element does not\n exist, the shorter sequence is ordered first (for example, "[1,2] <\n [1,2,3]").\n\n* Mappings (dictionaries) compare equal if and only if their sorted\n (key, value) lists compare equal. [5] Outcomes other than equality\n are resolved consistently, but are not otherwise defined. [6]\n\n* Most other objects of built-in types compare unequal unless they\n are the same object; the choice whether one object is considered\n smaller or larger than another one is made arbitrarily but\n consistently within one execution of a program.\n\nThe operators "in" and "not in" test for collection membership. "x in\ns" evaluates to true if *x* is a member of the collection *s*, and\nfalse otherwise. "x not in s" returns the negation of "x in s". The\ncollection membership test has traditionally been bound to sequences;\nan object is a member of a collection if the collection is a sequence\nand contains an element equal to that object. However, it make sense\nfor many other object types to support membership tests without being\na sequence. In particular, dictionaries (for keys) and sets support\nmembership testing.\n\nFor the list and tuple types, "x in y" is true if and only if there\nexists an index *i* such that "x == y[i]" is true.\n\nFor the Unicode and string types, "x in y" is true if and only if *x*\nis a substring of *y*. An equivalent test is "y.find(x) != -1".\nNote, *x* and *y* need not be the same type; consequently, "u\'ab\' in\n\'abc\'" will return "True". Empty strings are always considered to be a\nsubstring of any other string, so """ in "abc"" will return "True".\n\nChanged in version 2.3: Previously, *x* was required to be a string of\nlength "1".\n\nFor user-defined classes which define the "__contains__()" method, "x\nin y" is true if and only if "y.__contains__(x)" is true.\n\nFor user-defined classes which do not define "__contains__()" but do\ndefine "__iter__()", "x in y" is true if some value "z" with "x == z"\nis produced while iterating over "y". If an exception is raised\nduring the iteration, it is as if "in" raised that exception.\n\nLastly, the old-style iteration protocol is tried: if a class defines\n"__getitem__()", "x in y" is true if and only if there is a non-\nnegative integer index *i* such that "x == y[i]", and all lower\ninteger indices do not raise "IndexError" exception. (If any other\nexception is raised, it is as if "in" raised that exception).\n\nThe operator "not in" is defined to have the inverse true value of\n"in".\n\nThe operators "is" and "is not" test for object identity: "x is y" is\ntrue if and only if *x* and *y* are the same object. "x is not y"\nyields the inverse truth value. [7]\n', + 'compound': u'\nCompound statements\n*******************\n\nCompound statements contain (groups of) other statements; they affect\nor control the execution of those other statements in some way. In\ngeneral, compound statements span multiple lines, although in simple\nincarnations a whole compound statement may be contained in one line.\n\nThe "if", "while" and "for" statements implement traditional control\nflow constructs. "try" specifies exception handlers and/or cleanup\ncode for a group of statements. Function and class definitions are\nalso syntactically compound statements.\n\nCompound statements consist of one or more \'clauses.\' A clause\nconsists of a header and a \'suite.\' The clause headers of a\nparticular compound statement are all at the same indentation level.\nEach clause header begins with a uniquely identifying keyword and ends\nwith a colon. A suite is a group of statements controlled by a\nclause. A suite can be one or more semicolon-separated simple\nstatements on the same line as the header, following the header\'s\ncolon, or it can be one or more indented statements on subsequent\nlines. Only the latter form of suite can contain nested compound\nstatements; the following is illegal, mostly because it wouldn\'t be\nclear to which "if" clause a following "else" clause would belong:\n\n if test1: if test2: print x\n\nAlso note that the semicolon binds tighter than the colon in this\ncontext, so that in the following example, either all or none of the\n"print" statements are executed:\n\n if x < y < z: print x; print y; print z\n\nSummarizing:\n\n compound_stmt ::= if_stmt\n | while_stmt\n | for_stmt\n | try_stmt\n | with_stmt\n | funcdef\n | classdef\n | decorated\n suite ::= stmt_list NEWLINE | NEWLINE INDENT statement+ DEDENT\n statement ::= stmt_list NEWLINE | compound_stmt\n stmt_list ::= simple_stmt (";" simple_stmt)* [";"]\n\nNote that statements always end in a "NEWLINE" possibly followed by a\n"DEDENT". Also note that optional continuation clauses always begin\nwith a keyword that cannot start a statement, thus there are no\nambiguities (the \'dangling "else"\' problem is solved in Python by\nrequiring nested "if" statements to be indented).\n\nThe formatting of the grammar rules in the following sections places\neach clause on a separate line for clarity.\n\n\nThe "if" statement\n==================\n\nThe "if" statement is used for conditional execution:\n\n if_stmt ::= "if" expression ":" suite\n ( "elif" expression ":" suite )*\n ["else" ":" suite]\n\nIt selects exactly one of the suites by evaluating the expressions one\nby one until one is found to be true (see section Boolean operations\nfor the definition of true and false); then that suite is executed\n(and no other part of the "if" statement is executed or evaluated).\nIf all expressions are false, the suite of the "else" clause, if\npresent, is executed.\n\n\nThe "while" statement\n=====================\n\nThe "while" statement is used for repeated execution as long as an\nexpression is true:\n\n while_stmt ::= "while" expression ":" suite\n ["else" ":" suite]\n\nThis repeatedly tests the expression and, if it is true, executes the\nfirst suite; if the expression is false (which may be the first time\nit is tested) the suite of the "else" clause, if present, is executed\nand the loop terminates.\n\nA "break" statement executed in the first suite terminates the loop\nwithout executing the "else" clause\'s suite. A "continue" statement\nexecuted in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and goes back\nto testing the expression.\n\n\nThe "for" statement\n===================\n\nThe "for" statement is used to iterate over the elements of a sequence\n(such as a string, tuple or list) or other iterable object:\n\n for_stmt ::= "for" target_list "in" expression_list ":" suite\n ["else" ":" suite]\n\nThe expression list is evaluated once; it should yield an iterable\nobject. An iterator is created for the result of the\n"expression_list". The suite is then executed once for each item\nprovided by the iterator, in the order of ascending indices. Each\nitem in turn is assigned to the target list using the standard rules\nfor assignments, and then the suite is executed. When the items are\nexhausted (which is immediately when the sequence is empty), the suite\nin the "else" clause, if present, is executed, and the loop\nterminates.\n\nA "break" statement executed in the first suite terminates the loop\nwithout executing the "else" clause\'s suite. A "continue" statement\nexecuted in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and continues\nwith the next item, or with the "else" clause if there was no next\nitem.\n\nThe suite may assign to the variable(s) in the target list; this does\nnot affect the next item assigned to it.\n\nThe target list is not deleted when the loop is finished, but if the\nsequence is empty, it will not have been assigned to at all by the\nloop. Hint: the built-in function "range()" returns a sequence of\nintegers suitable to emulate the effect of Pascal\'s "for i := a to b\ndo"; e.g., "range(3)" returns the list "[0, 1, 2]".\n\nNote: There is a subtlety when the sequence is being modified by the\n loop (this can only occur for mutable sequences, i.e. lists). An\n internal counter is used to keep track of which item is used next,\n and this is incremented on each iteration. When this counter has\n reached the length of the sequence the loop terminates. This means\n that if the suite deletes the current (or a previous) item from the\n sequence, the next item will be skipped (since it gets the index of\n the current item which has already been treated). Likewise, if the\n suite inserts an item in the sequence before the current item, the\n current item will be treated again the next time through the loop.\n This can lead to nasty bugs that can be avoided by making a\n temporary copy using a slice of the whole sequence, e.g.,\n\n for x in a[:]:\n if x < 0: a.remove(x)\n\n\nThe "try" statement\n===================\n\nThe "try" statement specifies exception handlers and/or cleanup code\nfor a group of statements:\n\n try_stmt ::= try1_stmt | try2_stmt\n try1_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n ("except" [expression [("as" | ",") identifier]] ":" suite)+\n ["else" ":" suite]\n ["finally" ":" suite]\n try2_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n "finally" ":" suite\n\nChanged in version 2.5: In previous versions of Python,\n"try"..."except"..."finally" did not work. "try"..."except" had to be\nnested in "try"..."finally".\n\nThe "except" clause(s) specify one or more exception handlers. When no\nexception occurs in the "try" clause, no exception handler is\nexecuted. When an exception occurs in the "try" suite, a search for an\nexception handler is started. This search inspects the except clauses\nin turn until one is found that matches the exception. An expression-\nless except clause, if present, must be last; it matches any\nexception. For an except clause with an expression, that expression\nis evaluated, and the clause matches the exception if the resulting\nobject is "compatible" with the exception. An object is compatible\nwith an exception if it is the class or a base class of the exception\nobject, or a tuple containing an item compatible with the exception.\n\nIf no except clause matches the exception, the search for an exception\nhandler continues in the surrounding code and on the invocation stack.\n[1]\n\nIf the evaluation of an expression in the header of an except clause\nraises an exception, the original search for a handler is canceled and\na search starts for the new exception in the surrounding code and on\nthe call stack (it is treated as if the entire "try" statement raised\nthe exception).\n\nWhen a matching except clause is found, the exception is assigned to\nthe target specified in that except clause, if present, and the except\nclause\'s suite is executed. All except clauses must have an\nexecutable block. When the end of this block is reached, execution\ncontinues normally after the entire try statement. (This means that\nif two nested handlers exist for the same exception, and the exception\noccurs in the try clause of the inner handler, the outer handler will\nnot handle the exception.)\n\nBefore an except clause\'s suite is executed, details about the\nexception are assigned to three variables in the "sys" module:\n"sys.exc_type" receives the object identifying the exception;\n"sys.exc_value" receives the exception\'s parameter;\n"sys.exc_traceback" receives a traceback object (see section The\nstandard type hierarchy) identifying the point in the program where\nthe exception occurred. These details are also available through the\n"sys.exc_info()" function, which returns a tuple "(exc_type,\nexc_value, exc_traceback)". Use of the corresponding variables is\ndeprecated in favor of this function, since their use is unsafe in a\nthreaded program. As of Python 1.5, the variables are restored to\ntheir previous values (before the call) when returning from a function\nthat handled an exception.\n\nThe optional "else" clause is executed if and when control flows off\nthe end of the "try" clause. [2] Exceptions in the "else" clause are\nnot handled by the preceding "except" clauses.\n\nIf "finally" is present, it specifies a \'cleanup\' handler. The "try"\nclause is executed, including any "except" and "else" clauses. If an\nexception occurs in any of the clauses and is not handled, the\nexception is temporarily saved. The "finally" clause is executed. If\nthere is a saved exception, it is re-raised at the end of the\n"finally" clause. If the "finally" clause raises another exception or\nexecutes a "return" or "break" statement, the saved exception is\ndiscarded:\n\n >>> def f():\n ... try:\n ... 1/0\n ... finally:\n ... return 42\n ...\n >>> f()\n 42\n\nThe exception information is not available to the program during\nexecution of the "finally" clause.\n\nWhen a "return", "break" or "continue" statement is executed in the\n"try" suite of a "try"..."finally" statement, the "finally" clause is\nalso executed \'on the way out.\' A "continue" statement is illegal in\nthe "finally" clause. (The reason is a problem with the current\nimplementation --- this restriction may be lifted in the future).\n\nThe return value of a function is determined by the last "return"\nstatement executed. Since the "finally" clause always executes, a\n"return" statement executed in the "finally" clause will always be the\nlast one executed:\n\n >>> def foo():\n ... try:\n ... return \'try\'\n ... finally:\n ... return \'finally\'\n ...\n >>> foo()\n \'finally\'\n\nAdditional information on exceptions can be found in section\nExceptions, and information on using the "raise" statement to generate\nexceptions may be found in section The raise statement.\n\n\nThe "with" statement\n====================\n\nNew in version 2.5.\n\nThe "with" statement is used to wrap the execution of a block with\nmethods defined by a context manager (see section With Statement\nContext Managers). This allows common "try"..."except"..."finally"\nusage patterns to be encapsulated for convenient reuse.\n\n with_stmt ::= "with" with_item ("," with_item)* ":" suite\n with_item ::= expression ["as" target]\n\nThe execution of the "with" statement with one "item" proceeds as\nfollows:\n\n1. The context expression (the expression given in the "with_item")\n is evaluated to obtain a context manager.\n\n2. The context manager\'s "__exit__()" is loaded for later use.\n\n3. The context manager\'s "__enter__()" method is invoked.\n\n4. If a target was included in the "with" statement, the return\n value from "__enter__()" is assigned to it.\n\n Note: The "with" statement guarantees that if the "__enter__()"\n method returns without an error, then "__exit__()" will always be\n called. Thus, if an error occurs during the assignment to the\n target list, it will be treated the same as an error occurring\n within the suite would be. See step 6 below.\n\n5. The suite is executed.\n\n6. The context manager\'s "__exit__()" method is invoked. If an\n exception caused the suite to be exited, its type, value, and\n traceback are passed as arguments to "__exit__()". Otherwise, three\n "None" arguments are supplied.\n\n If the suite was exited due to an exception, and the return value\n from the "__exit__()" method was false, the exception is reraised.\n If the return value was true, the exception is suppressed, and\n execution continues with the statement following the "with"\n statement.\n\n If the suite was exited for any reason other than an exception, the\n return value from "__exit__()" is ignored, and execution proceeds\n at the normal location for the kind of exit that was taken.\n\nWith more than one item, the context managers are processed as if\nmultiple "with" statements were nested:\n\n with A() as a, B() as b:\n suite\n\nis equivalent to\n\n with A() as a:\n with B() as b:\n suite\n\nNote: In Python 2.5, the "with" statement is only allowed when the\n "with_statement" feature has been enabled. It is always enabled in\n Python 2.6.\n\nChanged in version 2.7: Support for multiple context expressions.\n\nSee also: **PEP 0343** - The "with" statement\n\n The specification, background, and examples for the Python "with"\n statement.\n\n\nFunction definitions\n====================\n\nA function definition defines a user-defined function object (see\nsection The standard type hierarchy):\n\n decorated ::= decorators (classdef | funcdef)\n decorators ::= decorator+\n decorator ::= "@" dotted_name ["(" [argument_list [","]] ")"] NEWLINE\n funcdef ::= "def" funcname "(" [parameter_list] ")" ":" suite\n dotted_name ::= identifier ("." identifier)*\n parameter_list ::= (defparameter ",")*\n ( "*" identifier ["," "**" identifier]\n | "**" identifier\n | defparameter [","] )\n defparameter ::= parameter ["=" expression]\n sublist ::= parameter ("," parameter)* [","]\n parameter ::= identifier | "(" sublist ")"\n funcname ::= identifier\n\nA function definition is an executable statement. Its execution binds\nthe function name in the current local namespace to a function object\n(a wrapper around the executable code for the function). This\nfunction object contains a reference to the current global namespace\nas the global namespace to be used when the function is called.\n\nThe function definition does not execute the function body; this gets\nexecuted only when the function is called. [3]\n\nA function definition may be wrapped by one or more *decorator*\nexpressions. Decorator expressions are evaluated when the function is\ndefined, in the scope that contains the function definition. The\nresult must be a callable, which is invoked with the function object\nas the only argument. The returned value is bound to the function name\ninstead of the function object. Multiple decorators are applied in\nnested fashion. For example, the following code:\n\n @f1(arg)\n @f2\n def func(): pass\n\nis equivalent to:\n\n def func(): pass\n func = f1(arg)(f2(func))\n\nWhen one or more top-level *parameters* have the form *parameter* "="\n*expression*, the function is said to have "default parameter values."\nFor a parameter with a default value, the corresponding *argument* may\nbe omitted from a call, in which case the parameter\'s default value is\nsubstituted. If a parameter has a default value, all following\nparameters must also have a default value --- this is a syntactic\nrestriction that is not expressed by the grammar.\n\n**Default parameter values are evaluated when the function definition\nis executed.** This means that the expression is evaluated once, when\nthe function is defined, and that the same "pre-computed" value is\nused for each call. This is especially important to understand when a\ndefault parameter is a mutable object, such as a list or a dictionary:\nif the function modifies the object (e.g. by appending an item to a\nlist), the default value is in effect modified. This is generally not\nwhat was intended. A way around this is to use "None" as the\ndefault, and explicitly test for it in the body of the function, e.g.:\n\n def whats_on_the_telly(penguin=None):\n if penguin is None:\n penguin = []\n penguin.append("property of the zoo")\n return penguin\n\nFunction call semantics are described in more detail in section Calls.\nA function call always assigns values to all parameters mentioned in\nthe parameter list, either from position arguments, from keyword\narguments, or from default values. If the form ""*identifier"" is\npresent, it is initialized to a tuple receiving any excess positional\nparameters, defaulting to the empty tuple. If the form\n""**identifier"" is present, it is initialized to a new dictionary\nreceiving any excess keyword arguments, defaulting to a new empty\ndictionary.\n\nIt is also possible to create anonymous functions (functions not bound\nto a name), for immediate use in expressions. This uses lambda\nexpressions, described in section Lambdas. Note that the lambda\nexpression is merely a shorthand for a simplified function definition;\na function defined in a ""def"" statement can be passed around or\nassigned to another name just like a function defined by a lambda\nexpression. The ""def"" form is actually more powerful since it\nallows the execution of multiple statements.\n\n**Programmer\'s note:** Functions are first-class objects. A ""def""\nform executed inside a function definition defines a local function\nthat can be returned or passed around. Free variables used in the\nnested function can access the local variables of the function\ncontaining the def. See section Naming and binding for details.\n\n\nClass definitions\n=================\n\nA class definition defines a class object (see section The standard\ntype hierarchy):\n\n classdef ::= "class" classname [inheritance] ":" suite\n inheritance ::= "(" [expression_list] ")"\n classname ::= identifier\n\nA class definition is an executable statement. It first evaluates the\ninheritance list, if present. Each item in the inheritance list\nshould evaluate to a class object or class type which allows\nsubclassing. The class\'s suite is then executed in a new execution\nframe (see section Naming and binding), using a newly created local\nnamespace and the original global namespace. (Usually, the suite\ncontains only function definitions.) When the class\'s suite finishes\nexecution, its execution frame is discarded but its local namespace is\nsaved. [4] A class object is then created using the inheritance list\nfor the base classes and the saved local namespace for the attribute\ndictionary. The class name is bound to this class object in the\noriginal local namespace.\n\n**Programmer\'s note:** Variables defined in the class definition are\nclass variables; they are shared by all instances. To create instance\nvariables, they can be set in a method with "self.name = value". Both\nclass and instance variables are accessible through the notation\n""self.name"", and an instance variable hides a class variable with\nthe same name when accessed in this way. Class variables can be used\nas defaults for instance variables, but using mutable values there can\nlead to unexpected results. For *new-style class*es, descriptors can\nbe used to create instance variables with different implementation\ndetails.\n\nClass definitions, like function definitions, may be wrapped by one or\nmore *decorator* expressions. The evaluation rules for the decorator\nexpressions are the same as for functions. The result must be a class\nobject, which is then bound to the class name.\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] The exception is propagated to the invocation stack unless\n there is a "finally" clause which happens to raise another\n exception. That new exception causes the old one to be lost.\n\n[2] Currently, control "flows off the end" except in the case of\n an exception or the execution of a "return", "continue", or\n "break" statement.\n\n[3] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the\n function body is transformed into the function\'s "__doc__"\n attribute and therefore the function\'s *docstring*.\n\n[4] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the class\n body is transformed into the namespace\'s "__doc__" item and\n therefore the class\'s *docstring*.\n', + 'context-managers': u'\nWith Statement Context Managers\n*******************************\n\nNew in version 2.5.\n\nA *context manager* is an object that defines the runtime context to\nbe established when executing a "with" statement. The context manager\nhandles the entry into, and the exit from, the desired runtime context\nfor the execution of the block of code. Context managers are normally\ninvoked using the "with" statement (described in section The with\nstatement), but can also be used by directly invoking their methods.\n\nTypical uses of context managers include saving and restoring various\nkinds of global state, locking and unlocking resources, closing opened\nfiles, etc.\n\nFor more information on context managers, see Context Manager Types.\n\nobject.__enter__(self)\n\n Enter the runtime context related to this object. The "with"\n statement will bind this method\'s return value to the target(s)\n specified in the "as" clause of the statement, if any.\n\nobject.__exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback)\n\n Exit the runtime context related to this object. The parameters\n describe the exception that caused the context to be exited. If the\n context was exited without an exception, all three arguments will\n be "None".\n\n If an exception is supplied, and the method wishes to suppress the\n exception (i.e., prevent it from being propagated), it should\n return a true value. Otherwise, the exception will be processed\n normally upon exit from this method.\n\n Note that "__exit__()" methods should not reraise the passed-in\n exception; this is the caller\'s responsibility.\n\nSee also: **PEP 0343** - The "with" statement\n\n The specification, background, and examples for the Python "with"\n statement.\n', 'continue': u'\nThe "continue" statement\n************************\n\n continue_stmt ::= "continue"\n\n"continue" may only occur syntactically nested in a "for" or "while"\nloop, but not nested in a function or class definition or "finally"\nclause within that loop. It continues with the next cycle of the\nnearest enclosing loop.\n\nWhen "continue" passes control out of a "try" statement with a\n"finally" clause, that "finally" clause is executed before really\nstarting the next loop cycle.\n', - 'conversions': u'\nArithmetic conversions\n**********************\n\nWhen a description of an arithmetic operator below uses the phrase\n"the numeric arguments are converted to a common type," the arguments\nare coerced using the coercion rules listed at *Coercion rules*. If\nboth arguments are standard numeric types, the following coercions are\napplied:\n\n* If either argument is a complex number, the other is converted to\n complex;\n\n* otherwise, if either argument is a floating point number, the\n other is converted to floating point;\n\n* otherwise, if either argument is a long integer, the other is\n converted to long integer;\n\n* otherwise, both must be plain integers and no conversion is\n necessary.\n\nSome additional rules apply for certain operators (e.g., a string left\nargument to the \'%\' operator). Extensions can define their own\ncoercions.\n', - 'customization': u'\nBasic customization\n*******************\n\nobject.__new__(cls[, ...])\n\n Called to create a new instance of class *cls*. "__new__()" is a\n static method (special-cased so you need not declare it as such)\n that takes the class of which an instance was requested as its\n first argument. The remaining arguments are those passed to the\n object constructor expression (the call to the class). The return\n value of "__new__()" should be the new object instance (usually an\n instance of *cls*).\n\n Typical implementations create a new instance of the class by\n invoking the superclass\'s "__new__()" method using\n "super(currentclass, cls).__new__(cls[, ...])" with appropriate\n arguments and then modifying the newly-created instance as\n necessary before returning it.\n\n If "__new__()" returns an instance of *cls*, then the new\n instance\'s "__init__()" method will be invoked like\n "__init__(self[, ...])", where *self* is the new instance and the\n remaining arguments are the same as were passed to "__new__()".\n\n If "__new__()" does not return an instance of *cls*, then the new\n instance\'s "__init__()" method will not be invoked.\n\n "__new__()" is intended mainly to allow subclasses of immutable\n types (like int, str, or tuple) to customize instance creation. It\n is also commonly overridden in custom metaclasses in order to\n customize class creation.\n\nobject.__init__(self[, ...])\n\n Called when the instance is created. The arguments are those\n passed to the class constructor expression. If a base class has an\n "__init__()" method, the derived class\'s "__init__()" method, if\n any, must explicitly call it to ensure proper initialization of the\n base class part of the instance; for example:\n "BaseClass.__init__(self, [args...])". As a special constraint on\n constructors, no value may be returned; doing so will cause a\n "TypeError" to be raised at runtime.\n\nobject.__del__(self)\n\n Called when the instance is about to be destroyed. This is also\n called a destructor. If a base class has a "__del__()" method, the\n derived class\'s "__del__()" method, if any, must explicitly call it\n to ensure proper deletion of the base class part of the instance.\n Note that it is possible (though not recommended!) for the\n "__del__()" method to postpone destruction of the instance by\n creating a new reference to it. It may then be called at a later\n time when this new reference is deleted. It is not guaranteed that\n "__del__()" methods are called for objects that still exist when\n the interpreter exits.\n\n Note: "del x" doesn\'t directly call "x.__del__()" --- the former\n decrements the reference count for "x" by one, and the latter is\n only called when "x"\'s reference count reaches zero. Some common\n situations that may prevent the reference count of an object from\n going to zero include: circular references between objects (e.g.,\n a doubly-linked list or a tree data structure with parent and\n child pointers); a reference to the object on the stack frame of\n a function that caught an exception (the traceback stored in\n "sys.exc_traceback" keeps the stack frame alive); or a reference\n to the object on the stack frame that raised an unhandled\n exception in interactive mode (the traceback stored in\n "sys.last_traceback" keeps the stack frame alive). The first\n situation can only be remedied by explicitly breaking the cycles;\n the latter two situations can be resolved by storing "None" in\n "sys.exc_traceback" or "sys.last_traceback". Circular references\n which are garbage are detected when the option cycle detector is\n enabled (it\'s on by default), but can only be cleaned up if there\n are no Python-level "__del__()" methods involved. Refer to the\n documentation for the "gc" module for more information about how\n "__del__()" methods are handled by the cycle detector,\n particularly the description of the "garbage" value.\n\n Warning: Due to the precarious circumstances under which\n "__del__()" methods are invoked, exceptions that occur during\n their execution are ignored, and a warning is printed to\n "sys.stderr" instead. Also, when "__del__()" is invoked in\n response to a module being deleted (e.g., when execution of the\n program is done), other globals referenced by the "__del__()"\n method may already have been deleted or in the process of being\n torn down (e.g. the import machinery shutting down). For this\n reason, "__del__()" methods should do the absolute minimum needed\n to maintain external invariants. Starting with version 1.5,\n Python guarantees that globals whose name begins with a single\n underscore are deleted from their module before other globals are\n deleted; if no other references to such globals exist, this may\n help in assuring that imported modules are still available at the\n time when the "__del__()" method is called.\n\n See also the *-R* command-line option.\n\nobject.__repr__(self)\n\n Called by the "repr()" built-in function and by string conversions\n (reverse quotes) to compute the "official" string representation of\n an object. If at all possible, this should look like a valid\n Python expression that could be used to recreate an object with the\n same value (given an appropriate environment). If this is not\n possible, a string of the form "<...some useful description...>"\n should be returned. The return value must be a string object. If a\n class defines "__repr__()" but not "__str__()", then "__repr__()"\n is also used when an "informal" string representation of instances\n of that class is required.\n\n This is typically used for debugging, so it is important that the\n representation is information-rich and unambiguous.\n\nobject.__str__(self)\n\n Called by the "str()" built-in function and by the "print"\n statement to compute the "informal" string representation of an\n object. This differs from "__repr__()" in that it does not have to\n be a valid Python expression: a more convenient or concise\n representation may be used instead. The return value must be a\n string object.\n\nobject.__lt__(self, other)\nobject.__le__(self, other)\nobject.__eq__(self, other)\nobject.__ne__(self, other)\nobject.__gt__(self, other)\nobject.__ge__(self, other)\n\n New in version 2.1.\n\n These are the so-called "rich comparison" methods, and are called\n for comparison operators in preference to "__cmp__()" below. The\n correspondence between operator symbols and method names is as\n follows: "x<y" calls "x.__lt__(y)", "x<=y" calls "x.__le__(y)",\n "x==y" calls "x.__eq__(y)", "x!=y" and "x<>y" call "x.__ne__(y)",\n "x>y" calls "x.__gt__(y)", and "x>=y" calls "x.__ge__(y)".\n\n A rich comparison method may return the singleton "NotImplemented"\n if it does not implement the operation for a given pair of\n arguments. By convention, "False" and "True" are returned for a\n successful comparison. However, these methods can return any value,\n so if the comparison operator is used in a Boolean context (e.g.,\n in the condition of an "if" statement), Python will call "bool()"\n on the value to determine if the result is true or false.\n\n There are no implied relationships among the comparison operators.\n The truth of "x==y" does not imply that "x!=y" is false.\n Accordingly, when defining "__eq__()", one should also define\n "__ne__()" so that the operators will behave as expected. See the\n paragraph on "__hash__()" for some important notes on creating\n *hashable* objects which support custom comparison operations and\n are usable as dictionary keys.\n\n There are no swapped-argument versions of these methods (to be used\n when the left argument does not support the operation but the right\n argument does); rather, "__lt__()" and "__gt__()" are each other\'s\n reflection, "__le__()" and "__ge__()" are each other\'s reflection,\n and "__eq__()" and "__ne__()" are their own reflection.\n\n Arguments to rich comparison methods are never coerced.\n\n To automatically generate ordering operations from a single root\n operation, see "functools.total_ordering()".\n\nobject.__cmp__(self, other)\n\n Called by comparison operations if rich comparison (see above) is\n not defined. Should return a negative integer if "self < other",\n zero if "self == other", a positive integer if "self > other". If\n no "__cmp__()", "__eq__()" or "__ne__()" operation is defined,\n class instances are compared by object identity ("address"). See\n also the description of "__hash__()" for some important notes on\n creating *hashable* objects which support custom comparison\n operations and are usable as dictionary keys. (Note: the\n restriction that exceptions are not propagated by "__cmp__()" has\n been removed since Python 1.5.)\n\nobject.__rcmp__(self, other)\n\n Changed in version 2.1: No longer supported.\n\nobject.__hash__(self)\n\n Called by built-in function "hash()" and for operations on members\n of hashed collections including "set", "frozenset", and "dict".\n "__hash__()" should return an integer. The only required property\n is that objects which compare equal have the same hash value; it is\n advised to somehow mix together (e.g. using exclusive or) the hash\n values for the components of the object that also play a part in\n comparison of objects.\n\n If a class does not define a "__cmp__()" or "__eq__()" method it\n should not define a "__hash__()" operation either; if it defines\n "__cmp__()" or "__eq__()" but not "__hash__()", its instances will\n not be usable in hashed collections. If a class defines mutable\n objects and implements a "__cmp__()" or "__eq__()" method, it\n should not implement "__hash__()", since hashable collection\n implementations require that a object\'s hash value is immutable (if\n the object\'s hash value changes, it will be in the wrong hash\n bucket).\n\n User-defined classes have "__cmp__()" and "__hash__()" methods by\n default; with them, all objects compare unequal (except with\n themselves) and "x.__hash__()" returns a result derived from\n "id(x)".\n\n Classes which inherit a "__hash__()" method from a parent class but\n change the meaning of "__cmp__()" or "__eq__()" such that the hash\n value returned is no longer appropriate (e.g. by switching to a\n value-based concept of equality instead of the default identity\n based equality) can explicitly flag themselves as being unhashable\n by setting "__hash__ = None" in the class definition. Doing so\n means that not only will instances of the class raise an\n appropriate "TypeError" when a program attempts to retrieve their\n hash value, but they will also be correctly identified as\n unhashable when checking "isinstance(obj, collections.Hashable)"\n (unlike classes which define their own "__hash__()" to explicitly\n raise "TypeError").\n\n Changed in version 2.5: "__hash__()" may now also return a long\n integer object; the 32-bit integer is then derived from the hash of\n that object.\n\n Changed in version 2.6: "__hash__" may now be set to "None" to\n explicitly flag instances of a class as unhashable.\n\nobject.__nonzero__(self)\n\n Called to implement truth value testing and the built-in operation\n "bool()"; should return "False" or "True", or their integer\n equivalents "0" or "1". When this method is not defined,\n "__len__()" is called, if it is defined, and the object is\n considered true if its result is nonzero. If a class defines\n neither "__len__()" nor "__nonzero__()", all its instances are\n considered true.\n\nobject.__unicode__(self)\n\n Called to implement "unicode()" built-in; should return a Unicode\n object. When this method is not defined, string conversion is\n attempted, and the result of string conversion is converted to\n Unicode using the system default encoding.\n', + 'conversions': u'\nArithmetic conversions\n**********************\n\nWhen a description of an arithmetic operator below uses the phrase\n"the numeric arguments are converted to a common type," the arguments\nare coerced using the coercion rules listed at Coercion rules. If\nboth arguments are standard numeric types, the following coercions are\napplied:\n\n* If either argument is a complex number, the other is converted to\n complex;\n\n* otherwise, if either argument is a floating point number, the\n other is converted to floating point;\n\n* otherwise, if either argument is a long integer, the other is\n converted to long integer;\n\n* otherwise, both must be plain integers and no conversion is\n necessary.\n\nSome additional rules apply for certain operators (e.g., a string left\nargument to the \'%\' operator). Extensions can define their own\ncoercions.\n', + 'customization': u'\nBasic customization\n*******************\n\nobject.__new__(cls[, ...])\n\n Called to create a new instance of class *cls*. "__new__()" is a\n static method (special-cased so you need not declare it as such)\n that takes the class of which an instance was requested as its\n first argument. The remaining arguments are those passed to the\n object constructor expression (the call to the class). The return\n value of "__new__()" should be the new object instance (usually an\n instance of *cls*).\n\n Typical implementations create a new instance of the class by\n invoking the superclass\'s "__new__()" method using\n "super(currentclass, cls).__new__(cls[, ...])" with appropriate\n arguments and then modifying the newly-created instance as\n necessary before returning it.\n\n If "__new__()" returns an instance of *cls*, then the new\n instance\'s "__init__()" method will be invoked like\n "__init__(self[, ...])", where *self* is the new instance and the\n remaining arguments are the same as were passed to "__new__()".\n\n If "__new__()" does not return an instance of *cls*, then the new\n instance\'s "__init__()" method will not be invoked.\n\n "__new__()" is intended mainly to allow subclasses of immutable\n types (like int, str, or tuple) to customize instance creation. It\n is also commonly overridden in custom metaclasses in order to\n customize class creation.\n\nobject.__init__(self[, ...])\n\n Called after the instance has been created (by "__new__()"), but\n before it is returned to the caller. The arguments are those\n passed to the class constructor expression. If a base class has an\n "__init__()" method, the derived class\'s "__init__()" method, if\n any, must explicitly call it to ensure proper initialization of the\n base class part of the instance; for example:\n "BaseClass.__init__(self, [args...])".\n\n Because "__new__()" and "__init__()" work together in constructing\n objects ("__new__()" to create it, and "__init__()" to customise\n it), no non-"None" value may be returned by "__init__()"; doing so\n will cause a "TypeError" to be raised at runtime.\n\nobject.__del__(self)\n\n Called when the instance is about to be destroyed. This is also\n called a destructor. If a base class has a "__del__()" method, the\n derived class\'s "__del__()" method, if any, must explicitly call it\n to ensure proper deletion of the base class part of the instance.\n Note that it is possible (though not recommended!) for the\n "__del__()" method to postpone destruction of the instance by\n creating a new reference to it. It may then be called at a later\n time when this new reference is deleted. It is not guaranteed that\n "__del__()" methods are called for objects that still exist when\n the interpreter exits.\n\n Note: "del x" doesn\'t directly call "x.__del__()" --- the former\n decrements the reference count for "x" by one, and the latter is\n only called when "x"\'s reference count reaches zero. Some common\n situations that may prevent the reference count of an object from\n going to zero include: circular references between objects (e.g.,\n a doubly-linked list or a tree data structure with parent and\n child pointers); a reference to the object on the stack frame of\n a function that caught an exception (the traceback stored in\n "sys.exc_traceback" keeps the stack frame alive); or a reference\n to the object on the stack frame that raised an unhandled\n exception in interactive mode (the traceback stored in\n "sys.last_traceback" keeps the stack frame alive). The first\n situation can only be remedied by explicitly breaking the cycles;\n the latter two situations can be resolved by storing "None" in\n "sys.exc_traceback" or "sys.last_traceback". Circular references\n which are garbage are detected when the option cycle detector is\n enabled (it\'s on by default), but can only be cleaned up if there\n are no Python-level "__del__()" methods involved. Refer to the\n documentation for the "gc" module for more information about how\n "__del__()" methods are handled by the cycle detector,\n particularly the description of the "garbage" value.\n\n Warning: Due to the precarious circumstances under which\n "__del__()" methods are invoked, exceptions that occur during\n their execution are ignored, and a warning is printed to\n "sys.stderr" instead. Also, when "__del__()" is invoked in\n response to a module being deleted (e.g., when execution of the\n program is done), other globals referenced by the "__del__()"\n method may already have been deleted or in the process of being\n torn down (e.g. the import machinery shutting down). For this\n reason, "__del__()" methods should do the absolute minimum needed\n to maintain external invariants. Starting with version 1.5,\n Python guarantees that globals whose name begins with a single\n underscore are deleted from their module before other globals are\n deleted; if no other references to such globals exist, this may\n help in assuring that imported modules are still available at the\n time when the "__del__()" method is called.\n\n See also the "-R" command-line option.\n\nobject.__repr__(self)\n\n Called by the "repr()" built-in function and by string conversions\n (reverse quotes) to compute the "official" string representation of\n an object. If at all possible, this should look like a valid\n Python expression that could be used to recreate an object with the\n same value (given an appropriate environment). If this is not\n possible, a string of the form "<...some useful description...>"\n should be returned. The return value must be a string object. If a\n class defines "__repr__()" but not "__str__()", then "__repr__()"\n is also used when an "informal" string representation of instances\n of that class is required.\n\n This is typically used for debugging, so it is important that the\n representation is information-rich and unambiguous.\n\nobject.__str__(self)\n\n Called by the "str()" built-in function and by the "print"\n statement to compute the "informal" string representation of an\n object. This differs from "__repr__()" in that it does not have to\n be a valid Python expression: a more convenient or concise\n representation may be used instead. The return value must be a\n string object.\n\nobject.__lt__(self, other)\nobject.__le__(self, other)\nobject.__eq__(self, other)\nobject.__ne__(self, other)\nobject.__gt__(self, other)\nobject.__ge__(self, other)\n\n New in version 2.1.\n\n These are the so-called "rich comparison" methods, and are called\n for comparison operators in preference to "__cmp__()" below. The\n correspondence between operator symbols and method names is as\n follows: "x<y" calls "x.__lt__(y)", "x<=y" calls "x.__le__(y)",\n "x==y" calls "x.__eq__(y)", "x!=y" and "x<>y" call "x.__ne__(y)",\n "x>y" calls "x.__gt__(y)", and "x>=y" calls "x.__ge__(y)".\n\n A rich comparison method may return the singleton "NotImplemented"\n if it does not implement the operation for a given pair of\n arguments. By convention, "False" and "True" are returned for a\n successful comparison. However, these methods can return any value,\n so if the comparison operator is used in a Boolean context (e.g.,\n in the condition of an "if" statement), Python will call "bool()"\n on the value to determine if the result is true or false.\n\n There are no implied relationships among the comparison operators.\n The truth of "x==y" does not imply that "x!=y" is false.\n Accordingly, when defining "__eq__()", one should also define\n "__ne__()" so that the operators will behave as expected. See the\n paragraph on "__hash__()" for some important notes on creating\n *hashable* objects which support custom comparison operations and\n are usable as dictionary keys.\n\n There are no swapped-argument versions of these methods (to be used\n when the left argument does not support the operation but the right\n argument does); rather, "__lt__()" and "__gt__()" are each other\'s\n reflection, "__le__()" and "__ge__()" are each other\'s reflection,\n and "__eq__()" and "__ne__()" are their own reflection.\n\n Arguments to rich comparison methods are never coerced.\n\n To automatically generate ordering operations from a single root\n operation, see "functools.total_ordering()".\n\nobject.__cmp__(self, other)\n\n Called by comparison operations if rich comparison (see above) is\n not defined. Should return a negative integer if "self < other",\n zero if "self == other", a positive integer if "self > other". If\n no "__cmp__()", "__eq__()" or "__ne__()" operation is defined,\n class instances are compared by object identity ("address"). See\n also the description of "__hash__()" for some important notes on\n creating *hashable* objects which support custom comparison\n operations and are usable as dictionary keys. (Note: the\n restriction that exceptions are not propagated by "__cmp__()" has\n been removed since Python 1.5.)\n\nobject.__rcmp__(self, other)\n\n Changed in version 2.1: No longer supported.\n\nobject.__hash__(self)\n\n Called by built-in function "hash()" and for operations on members\n of hashed collections including "set", "frozenset", and "dict".\n "__hash__()" should return an integer. The only required property\n is that objects which compare equal have the same hash value; it is\n advised to somehow mix together (e.g. using exclusive or) the hash\n values for the components of the object that also play a part in\n comparison of objects.\n\n If a class does not define a "__cmp__()" or "__eq__()" method it\n should not define a "__hash__()" operation either; if it defines\n "__cmp__()" or "__eq__()" but not "__hash__()", its instances will\n not be usable in hashed collections. If a class defines mutable\n objects and implements a "__cmp__()" or "__eq__()" method, it\n should not implement "__hash__()", since hashable collection\n implementations require that a object\'s hash value is immutable (if\n the object\'s hash value changes, it will be in the wrong hash\n bucket).\n\n User-defined classes have "__cmp__()" and "__hash__()" methods by\n default; with them, all objects compare unequal (except with\n themselves) and "x.__hash__()" returns a result derived from\n "id(x)".\n\n Classes which inherit a "__hash__()" method from a parent class but\n change the meaning of "__cmp__()" or "__eq__()" such that the hash\n value returned is no longer appropriate (e.g. by switching to a\n value-based concept of equality instead of the default identity\n based equality) can explicitly flag themselves as being unhashable\n by setting "__hash__ = None" in the class definition. Doing so\n means that not only will instances of the class raise an\n appropriate "TypeError" when a program attempts to retrieve their\n hash value, but they will also be correctly identified as\n unhashable when checking "isinstance(obj, collections.Hashable)"\n (unlike classes which define their own "__hash__()" to explicitly\n raise "TypeError").\n\n Changed in version 2.5: "__hash__()" may now also return a long\n integer object; the 32-bit integer is then derived from the hash of\n that object.\n\n Changed in version 2.6: "__hash__" may now be set to "None" to\n explicitly flag instances of a class as unhashable.\n\nobject.__nonzero__(self)\n\n Called to implement truth value testing and the built-in operation\n "bool()"; should return "False" or "True", or their integer\n equivalents "0" or "1". When this method is not defined,\n "__len__()" is called, if it is defined, and the object is\n considered true if its result is nonzero. If a class defines\n neither "__len__()" nor "__nonzero__()", all its instances are\n considered true.\n\nobject.__unicode__(self)\n\n Called to implement "unicode()" built-in; should return a Unicode\n object. When this method is not defined, string conversion is\n attempted, and the result of string conversion is converted to\n Unicode using the system default encoding.\n', 'debugger': u'\n"pdb" --- The Python Debugger\n*****************************\n\n**Source code:** Lib/pdb.py\n\n======================================================================\n\nThe module "pdb" defines an interactive source code debugger for\nPython programs. It supports setting (conditional) breakpoints and\nsingle stepping at the source line level, inspection of stack frames,\nsource code listing, and evaluation of arbitrary Python code in the\ncontext of any stack frame. It also supports post-mortem debugging\nand can be called under program control.\n\nThe debugger is extensible --- it is actually defined as the class\n"Pdb". This is currently undocumented but easily understood by reading\nthe source. The extension interface uses the modules "bdb" and "cmd".\n\nThe debugger\'s prompt is "(Pdb)". Typical usage to run a program under\ncontrol of the debugger is:\n\n >>> import pdb\n >>> import mymodule\n >>> pdb.run(\'mymodule.test()\')\n > <string>(0)?()\n (Pdb) continue\n > <string>(1)?()\n (Pdb) continue\n NameError: \'spam\'\n > <string>(1)?()\n (Pdb)\n\n"pdb.py" can also be invoked as a script to debug other scripts. For\nexample:\n\n python -m pdb myscript.py\n\nWhen invoked as a script, pdb will automatically enter post-mortem\ndebugging if the program being debugged exits abnormally. After post-\nmortem debugging (or after normal exit of the program), pdb will\nrestart the program. Automatic restarting preserves pdb\'s state (such\nas breakpoints) and in most cases is more useful than quitting the\ndebugger upon program\'s exit.\n\nNew in version 2.4: Restarting post-mortem behavior added.\n\nThe typical usage to break into the debugger from a running program is\nto insert\n\n import pdb; pdb.set_trace()\n\nat the location you want to break into the debugger. You can then\nstep through the code following this statement, and continue running\nwithout the debugger using the "c" command.\n\nThe typical usage to inspect a crashed program is:\n\n >>> import pdb\n >>> import mymodule\n >>> mymodule.test()\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?\n File "./mymodule.py", line 4, in test\n test2()\n File "./mymodule.py", line 3, in test2\n print spam\n NameError: spam\n >>> pdb.pm()\n > ./mymodule.py(3)test2()\n -> print spam\n (Pdb)\n\nThe module defines the following functions; each enters the debugger\nin a slightly different way:\n\npdb.run(statement[, globals[, locals]])\n\n Execute the *statement* (given as a string) under debugger control.\n The debugger prompt appears before any code is executed; you can\n set breakpoints and type "continue", or you can step through the\n statement using "step" or "next" (all these commands are explained\n below). The optional *globals* and *locals* arguments specify the\n environment in which the code is executed; by default the\n dictionary of the module "__main__" is used. (See the explanation\n of the "exec" statement or the "eval()" built-in function.)\n\npdb.runeval(expression[, globals[, locals]])\n\n Evaluate the *expression* (given as a string) under debugger\n control. When "runeval()" returns, it returns the value of the\n expression. Otherwise this function is similar to "run()".\n\npdb.runcall(function[, argument, ...])\n\n Call the *function* (a function or method object, not a string)\n with the given arguments. When "runcall()" returns, it returns\n whatever the function call returned. The debugger prompt appears\n as soon as the function is entered.\n\npdb.set_trace()\n\n Enter the debugger at the calling stack frame. This is useful to\n hard-code a breakpoint at a given point in a program, even if the\n code is not otherwise being debugged (e.g. when an assertion\n fails).\n\npdb.post_mortem([traceback])\n\n Enter post-mortem debugging of the given *traceback* object. If no\n *traceback* is given, it uses the one of the exception that is\n currently being handled (an exception must be being handled if the\n default is to be used).\n\npdb.pm()\n\n Enter post-mortem debugging of the traceback found in\n "sys.last_traceback".\n\nThe "run*" functions and "set_trace()" are aliases for instantiating\nthe "Pdb" class and calling the method of the same name. If you want\nto access further features, you have to do this yourself:\n\nclass class pdb.Pdb(completekey=\'tab\', stdin=None, stdout=None, skip=None)\n\n "Pdb" is the debugger class.\n\n The *completekey*, *stdin* and *stdout* arguments are passed to the\n underlying "cmd.Cmd" class; see the description there.\n\n The *skip* argument, if given, must be an iterable of glob-style\n module name patterns. The debugger will not step into frames that\n originate in a module that matches one of these patterns. [1]\n\n Example call to enable tracing with *skip*:\n\n import pdb; pdb.Pdb(skip=[\'django.*\']).set_trace()\n\n New in version 2.7: The *skip* argument.\n\n run(statement[, globals[, locals]])\n runeval(expression[, globals[, locals]])\n runcall(function[, argument, ...])\n set_trace()\n\n See the documentation for the functions explained above.\n', 'del': u'\nThe "del" statement\n*******************\n\n del_stmt ::= "del" target_list\n\nDeletion is recursively defined very similar to the way assignment is\ndefined. Rather than spelling it out in full details, here are some\nhints.\n\nDeletion of a target list recursively deletes each target, from left\nto right.\n\nDeletion of a name removes the binding of that name from the local or\nglobal namespace, depending on whether the name occurs in a "global"\nstatement in the same code block. If the name is unbound, a\n"NameError" exception will be raised.\n\nIt is illegal to delete a name from the local namespace if it occurs\nas a free variable in a nested block.\n\nDeletion of attribute references, subscriptions and slicings is passed\nto the primary object involved; deletion of a slicing is in general\nequivalent to assignment of an empty slice of the right type (but even\nthis is determined by the sliced object).\n', - 'dict': u'\nDictionary displays\n*******************\n\nA dictionary display is a possibly empty series of key/datum pairs\nenclosed in curly braces:\n\n dict_display ::= "{" [key_datum_list | dict_comprehension] "}"\n key_datum_list ::= key_datum ("," key_datum)* [","]\n key_datum ::= expression ":" expression\n dict_comprehension ::= expression ":" expression comp_for\n\nA dictionary display yields a new dictionary object.\n\nIf a comma-separated sequence of key/datum pairs is given, they are\nevaluated from left to right to define the entries of the dictionary:\neach key object is used as a key into the dictionary to store the\ncorresponding datum. This means that you can specify the same key\nmultiple times in the key/datum list, and the final dictionary\'s value\nfor that key will be the last one given.\n\nA dict comprehension, in contrast to list and set comprehensions,\nneeds two expressions separated with a colon followed by the usual\n"for" and "if" clauses. When the comprehension is run, the resulting\nkey and value elements are inserted in the new dictionary in the order\nthey are produced.\n\nRestrictions on the types of the key values are listed earlier in\nsection *The standard type hierarchy*. (To summarize, the key type\nshould be *hashable*, which excludes all mutable objects.) Clashes\nbetween duplicate keys are not detected; the last datum (textually\nrightmost in the display) stored for a given key value prevails.\n', + 'dict': u'\nDictionary displays\n*******************\n\nA dictionary display is a possibly empty series of key/datum pairs\nenclosed in curly braces:\n\n dict_display ::= "{" [key_datum_list | dict_comprehension] "}"\n key_datum_list ::= key_datum ("," key_datum)* [","]\n key_datum ::= expression ":" expression\n dict_comprehension ::= expression ":" expression comp_for\n\nA dictionary display yields a new dictionary object.\n\nIf a comma-separated sequence of key/datum pairs is given, they are\nevaluated from left to right to define the entries of the dictionary:\neach key object is used as a key into the dictionary to store the\ncorresponding datum. This means that you can specify the same key\nmultiple times in the key/datum list, and the final dictionary\'s value\nfor that key will be the last one given.\n\nA dict comprehension, in contrast to list and set comprehensions,\nneeds two expressions separated with a colon followed by the usual\n"for" and "if" clauses. When the comprehension is run, the resulting\nkey and value elements are inserted in the new dictionary in the order\nthey are produced.\n\nRestrictions on the types of the key values are listed earlier in\nsection The standard type hierarchy. (To summarize, the key type\nshould be *hashable*, which excludes all mutable objects.) Clashes\nbetween duplicate keys are not detected; the last datum (textually\nrightmost in the display) stored for a given key value prevails.\n', 'dynamic-features': u'\nInteraction with dynamic features\n*********************************\n\nThere are several cases where Python statements are illegal when used\nin conjunction with nested scopes that contain free variables.\n\nIf a variable is referenced in an enclosing scope, it is illegal to\ndelete the name. An error will be reported at compile time.\n\nIf the wild card form of import --- "import *" --- is used in a\nfunction and the function contains or is a nested block with free\nvariables, the compiler will raise a "SyntaxError".\n\nIf "exec" is used in a function and the function contains or is a\nnested block with free variables, the compiler will raise a\n"SyntaxError" unless the exec explicitly specifies the local namespace\nfor the "exec". (In other words, "exec obj" would be illegal, but\n"exec obj in ns" would be legal.)\n\nThe "eval()", "execfile()", and "input()" functions and the "exec"\nstatement do not have access to the full environment for resolving\nnames. Names may be resolved in the local and global namespaces of\nthe caller. Free variables are not resolved in the nearest enclosing\nnamespace, but in the global namespace. [1] The "exec" statement and\nthe "eval()" and "execfile()" functions have optional arguments to\noverride the global and local namespace. If only one namespace is\nspecified, it is used for both.\n', - 'else': u'\nThe "if" statement\n******************\n\nThe "if" statement is used for conditional execution:\n\n if_stmt ::= "if" expression ":" suite\n ( "elif" expression ":" suite )*\n ["else" ":" suite]\n\nIt selects exactly one of the suites by evaluating the expressions one\nby one until one is found to be true (see section *Boolean operations*\nfor the definition of true and false); then that suite is executed\n(and no other part of the "if" statement is executed or evaluated).\nIf all expressions are false, the suite of the "else" clause, if\npresent, is executed.\n', - 'exceptions': u'\nExceptions\n**********\n\nExceptions are a means of breaking out of the normal flow of control\nof a code block in order to handle errors or other exceptional\nconditions. An exception is *raised* at the point where the error is\ndetected; it may be *handled* by the surrounding code block or by any\ncode block that directly or indirectly invoked the code block where\nthe error occurred.\n\nThe Python interpreter raises an exception when it detects a run-time\nerror (such as division by zero). A Python program can also\nexplicitly raise an exception with the "raise" statement. Exception\nhandlers are specified with the "try" ... "except" statement. The\n"finally" clause of such a statement can be used to specify cleanup\ncode which does not handle the exception, but is executed whether an\nexception occurred or not in the preceding code.\n\nPython uses the "termination" model of error handling: an exception\nhandler can find out what happened and continue execution at an outer\nlevel, but it cannot repair the cause of the error and retry the\nfailing operation (except by re-entering the offending piece of code\nfrom the top).\n\nWhen an exception is not handled at all, the interpreter terminates\nexecution of the program, or returns to its interactive main loop. In\neither case, it prints a stack backtrace, except when the exception is\n"SystemExit".\n\nExceptions are identified by class instances. The "except" clause is\nselected depending on the class of the instance: it must reference the\nclass of the instance or a base class thereof. The instance can be\nreceived by the handler and can carry additional information about the\nexceptional condition.\n\nExceptions can also be identified by strings, in which case the\n"except" clause is selected by object identity. An arbitrary value\ncan be raised along with the identifying string which can be passed to\nthe handler.\n\nNote: Messages to exceptions are not part of the Python API. Their\n contents may change from one version of Python to the next without\n warning and should not be relied on by code which will run under\n multiple versions of the interpreter.\n\nSee also the description of the "try" statement in section *The try\nstatement* and "raise" statement in section *The raise statement*.\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] This limitation occurs because the code that is executed by\n these operations is not available at the time the module is\n compiled.\n', - 'exec': u'\nThe "exec" statement\n********************\n\n exec_stmt ::= "exec" or_expr ["in" expression ["," expression]]\n\nThis statement supports dynamic execution of Python code. The first\nexpression should evaluate to either a Unicode string, a *Latin-1*\nencoded string, an open file object, a code object, or a tuple. If it\nis a string, the string is parsed as a suite of Python statements\nwhich is then executed (unless a syntax error occurs). [1] If it is an\nopen file, the file is parsed until EOF and executed. If it is a code\nobject, it is simply executed. For the interpretation of a tuple, see\nbelow. In all cases, the code that\'s executed is expected to be valid\nas file input (see section *File input*). Be aware that the "return"\nand "yield" statements may not be used outside of function definitions\neven within the context of code passed to the "exec" statement.\n\nIn all cases, if the optional parts are omitted, the code is executed\nin the current scope. If only the first expression after "in" is\nspecified, it should be a dictionary, which will be used for both the\nglobal and the local variables. If two expressions are given, they\nare used for the global and local variables, respectively. If\nprovided, *locals* can be any mapping object. Remember that at module\nlevel, globals and locals are the same dictionary. If two separate\nobjects are given as *globals* and *locals*, the code will be executed\nas if it were embedded in a class definition.\n\nThe first expression may also be a tuple of length 2 or 3. In this\ncase, the optional parts must be omitted. The form "exec(expr,\nglobals)" is equivalent to "exec expr in globals", while the form\n"exec(expr, globals, locals)" is equivalent to "exec expr in globals,\nlocals". The tuple form of "exec" provides compatibility with Python\n3, where "exec" is a function rather than a statement.\n\nChanged in version 2.4: Formerly, *locals* was required to be a\ndictionary.\n\nAs a side effect, an implementation may insert additional keys into\nthe dictionaries given besides those corresponding to variable names\nset by the executed code. For example, the current implementation may\nadd a reference to the dictionary of the built-in module "__builtin__"\nunder the key "__builtins__" (!).\n\n**Programmer\'s hints:** dynamic evaluation of expressions is supported\nby the built-in function "eval()". The built-in functions "globals()"\nand "locals()" return the current global and local dictionary,\nrespectively, which may be useful to pass around for use by "exec".\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] Note that the parser only accepts the Unix-style end of line\n convention. If you are reading the code from a file, make sure to\n use *universal newlines* mode to convert Windows or Mac-style\n newlines.\n', - 'execmodel': u'\nExecution model\n***************\n\n\nNaming and binding\n==================\n\n*Names* refer to objects. Names are introduced by name binding\noperations. Each occurrence of a name in the program text refers to\nthe *binding* of that name established in the innermost function block\ncontaining the use.\n\nA *block* is a piece of Python program text that is executed as a\nunit. The following are blocks: a module, a function body, and a class\ndefinition. Each command typed interactively is a block. A script\nfile (a file given as standard input to the interpreter or specified\non the interpreter command line the first argument) is a code block.\nA script command (a command specified on the interpreter command line\nwith the \'**-c**\' option) is a code block. The file read by the\nbuilt-in function "execfile()" is a code block. The string argument\npassed to the built-in function "eval()" and to the "exec" statement\nis a code block. The expression read and evaluated by the built-in\nfunction "input()" is a code block.\n\nA code block is executed in an *execution frame*. A frame contains\nsome administrative information (used for debugging) and determines\nwhere and how execution continues after the code block\'s execution has\ncompleted.\n\nA *scope* defines the visibility of a name within a block. If a local\nvariable is defined in a block, its scope includes that block. If the\ndefinition occurs in a function block, the scope extends to any blocks\ncontained within the defining one, unless a contained block introduces\na different binding for the name. The scope of names defined in a\nclass block is limited to the class block; it does not extend to the\ncode blocks of methods -- this includes generator expressions since\nthey are implemented using a function scope. This means that the\nfollowing will fail:\n\n class A:\n a = 42\n b = list(a + i for i in range(10))\n\nWhen a name is used in a code block, it is resolved using the nearest\nenclosing scope. The set of all such scopes visible to a code block\nis called the block\'s *environment*.\n\nIf a name is bound in a block, it is a local variable of that block.\nIf a name is bound at the module level, it is a global variable. (The\nvariables of the module code block are local and global.) If a\nvariable is used in a code block but not defined there, it is a *free\nvariable*.\n\nWhen a name is not found at all, a "NameError" exception is raised.\nIf the name refers to a local variable that has not been bound, a\n"UnboundLocalError" exception is raised. "UnboundLocalError" is a\nsubclass of "NameError".\n\nThe following constructs bind names: formal parameters to functions,\n"import" statements, class and function definitions (these bind the\nclass or function name in the defining block), and targets that are\nidentifiers if occurring in an assignment, "for" loop header, in the\nsecond position of an "except" clause header or after "as" in a "with"\nstatement. The "import" statement of the form "from ... import *"\nbinds all names defined in the imported module, except those beginning\nwith an underscore. This form may only be used at the module level.\n\nA target occurring in a "del" statement is also considered bound for\nthis purpose (though the actual semantics are to unbind the name). It\nis illegal to unbind a name that is referenced by an enclosing scope;\nthe compiler will report a "SyntaxError".\n\nEach assignment or import statement occurs within a block defined by a\nclass or function definition or at the module level (the top-level\ncode block).\n\nIf a name binding operation occurs anywhere within a code block, all\nuses of the name within the block are treated as references to the\ncurrent block. This can lead to errors when a name is used within a\nblock before it is bound. This rule is subtle. Python lacks\ndeclarations and allows name binding operations to occur anywhere\nwithin a code block. The local variables of a code block can be\ndetermined by scanning the entire text of the block for name binding\noperations.\n\nIf the global statement occurs within a block, all uses of the name\nspecified in the statement refer to the binding of that name in the\ntop-level namespace. Names are resolved in the top-level namespace by\nsearching the global namespace, i.e. the namespace of the module\ncontaining the code block, and the builtins namespace, the namespace\nof the module "__builtin__". The global namespace is searched first.\nIf the name is not found there, the builtins namespace is searched.\nThe global statement must precede all uses of the name.\n\nThe builtins namespace associated with the execution of a code block\nis actually found by looking up the name "__builtins__" in its global\nnamespace; this should be a dictionary or a module (in the latter case\nthe module\'s dictionary is used). By default, when in the "__main__"\nmodule, "__builtins__" is the built-in module "__builtin__" (note: no\n\'s\'); when in any other module, "__builtins__" is an alias for the\ndictionary of the "__builtin__" module itself. "__builtins__" can be\nset to a user-created dictionary to create a weak form of restricted\nexecution.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** Users should not touch\n"__builtins__"; it is strictly an implementation detail. Users\nwanting to override values in the builtins namespace should "import"\nthe "__builtin__" (no \'s\') module and modify its attributes\nappropriately.\n\nThe namespace for a module is automatically created the first time a\nmodule is imported. The main module for a script is always called\n"__main__".\n\nThe "global" statement has the same scope as a name binding operation\nin the same block. If the nearest enclosing scope for a free variable\ncontains a global statement, the free variable is treated as a global.\n\nA class definition is an executable statement that may use and define\nnames. These references follow the normal rules for name resolution.\nThe namespace of the class definition becomes the attribute dictionary\nof the class. Names defined at the class scope are not visible in\nmethods.\n\n\nInteraction with dynamic features\n---------------------------------\n\nThere are several cases where Python statements are illegal when used\nin conjunction with nested scopes that contain free variables.\n\nIf a variable is referenced in an enclosing scope, it is illegal to\ndelete the name. An error will be reported at compile time.\n\nIf the wild card form of import --- "import *" --- is used in a\nfunction and the function contains or is a nested block with free\nvariables, the compiler will raise a "SyntaxError".\n\nIf "exec" is used in a function and the function contains or is a\nnested block with free variables, the compiler will raise a\n"SyntaxError" unless the exec explicitly specifies the local namespace\nfor the "exec". (In other words, "exec obj" would be illegal, but\n"exec obj in ns" would be legal.)\n\nThe "eval()", "execfile()", and "input()" functions and the "exec"\nstatement do not have access to the full environment for resolving\nnames. Names may be resolved in the local and global namespaces of\nthe caller. Free variables are not resolved in the nearest enclosing\nnamespace, but in the global namespace. [1] The "exec" statement and\nthe "eval()" and "execfile()" functions have optional arguments to\noverride the global and local namespace. If only one namespace is\nspecified, it is used for both.\n\n\nExceptions\n==========\n\nExceptions are a means of breaking out of the normal flow of control\nof a code block in order to handle errors or other exceptional\nconditions. An exception is *raised* at the point where the error is\ndetected; it may be *handled* by the surrounding code block or by any\ncode block that directly or indirectly invoked the code block where\nthe error occurred.\n\nThe Python interpreter raises an exception when it detects a run-time\nerror (such as division by zero). A Python program can also\nexplicitly raise an exception with the "raise" statement. Exception\nhandlers are specified with the "try" ... "except" statement. The\n"finally" clause of such a statement can be used to specify cleanup\ncode which does not handle the exception, but is executed whether an\nexception occurred or not in the preceding code.\n\nPython uses the "termination" model of error handling: an exception\nhandler can find out what happened and continue execution at an outer\nlevel, but it cannot repair the cause of the error and retry the\nfailing operation (except by re-entering the offending piece of code\nfrom the top).\n\nWhen an exception is not handled at all, the interpreter terminates\nexecution of the program, or returns to its interactive main loop. In\neither case, it prints a stack backtrace, except when the exception is\n"SystemExit".\n\nExceptions are identified by class instances. The "except" clause is\nselected depending on the class of the instance: it must reference the\nclass of the instance or a base class thereof. The instance can be\nreceived by the handler and can carry additional information about the\nexceptional condition.\n\nExceptions can also be identified by strings, in which case the\n"except" clause is selected by object identity. An arbitrary value\ncan be raised along with the identifying string which can be passed to\nthe handler.\n\nNote: Messages to exceptions are not part of the Python API. Their\n contents may change from one version of Python to the next without\n warning and should not be relied on by code which will run under\n multiple versions of the interpreter.\n\nSee also the description of the "try" statement in section *The try\nstatement* and "raise" statement in section *The raise statement*.\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] This limitation occurs because the code that is executed by\n these operations is not available at the time the module is\n compiled.\n', + 'else': u'\nThe "if" statement\n******************\n\nThe "if" statement is used for conditional execution:\n\n if_stmt ::= "if" expression ":" suite\n ( "elif" expression ":" suite )*\n ["else" ":" suite]\n\nIt selects exactly one of the suites by evaluating the expressions one\nby one until one is found to be true (see section Boolean operations\nfor the definition of true and false); then that suite is executed\n(and no other part of the "if" statement is executed or evaluated).\nIf all expressions are false, the suite of the "else" clause, if\npresent, is executed.\n', + 'exceptions': u'\nExceptions\n**********\n\nExceptions are a means of breaking out of the normal flow of control\nof a code block in order to handle errors or other exceptional\nconditions. An exception is *raised* at the point where the error is\ndetected; it may be *handled* by the surrounding code block or by any\ncode block that directly or indirectly invoked the code block where\nthe error occurred.\n\nThe Python interpreter raises an exception when it detects a run-time\nerror (such as division by zero). A Python program can also\nexplicitly raise an exception with the "raise" statement. Exception\nhandlers are specified with the "try" ... "except" statement. The\n"finally" clause of such a statement can be used to specify cleanup\ncode which does not handle the exception, but is executed whether an\nexception occurred or not in the preceding code.\n\nPython uses the "termination" model of error handling: an exception\nhandler can find out what happened and continue execution at an outer\nlevel, but it cannot repair the cause of the error and retry the\nfailing operation (except by re-entering the offending piece of code\nfrom the top).\n\nWhen an exception is not handled at all, the interpreter terminates\nexecution of the program, or returns to its interactive main loop. In\neither case, it prints a stack backtrace, except when the exception is\n"SystemExit".\n\nExceptions are identified by class instances. The "except" clause is\nselected depending on the class of the instance: it must reference the\nclass of the instance or a base class thereof. The instance can be\nreceived by the handler and can carry additional information about the\nexceptional condition.\n\nExceptions can also be identified by strings, in which case the\n"except" clause is selected by object identity. An arbitrary value\ncan be raised along with the identifying string which can be passed to\nthe handler.\n\nNote: Messages to exceptions are not part of the Python API. Their\n contents may change from one version of Python to the next without\n warning and should not be relied on by code which will run under\n multiple versions of the interpreter.\n\nSee also the description of the "try" statement in section The try\nstatement and "raise" statement in section The raise statement.\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] This limitation occurs because the code that is executed by\n these operations is not available at the time the module is\n compiled.\n', + 'exec': u'\nThe "exec" statement\n********************\n\n exec_stmt ::= "exec" or_expr ["in" expression ["," expression]]\n\nThis statement supports dynamic execution of Python code. The first\nexpression should evaluate to either a Unicode string, a *Latin-1*\nencoded string, an open file object, a code object, or a tuple. If it\nis a string, the string is parsed as a suite of Python statements\nwhich is then executed (unless a syntax error occurs). [1] If it is an\nopen file, the file is parsed until EOF and executed. If it is a code\nobject, it is simply executed. For the interpretation of a tuple, see\nbelow. In all cases, the code that\'s executed is expected to be valid\nas file input (see section File input). Be aware that the "return"\nand "yield" statements may not be used outside of function definitions\neven within the context of code passed to the "exec" statement.\n\nIn all cases, if the optional parts are omitted, the code is executed\nin the current scope. If only the first expression after "in" is\nspecified, it should be a dictionary, which will be used for both the\nglobal and the local variables. If two expressions are given, they\nare used for the global and local variables, respectively. If\nprovided, *locals* can be any mapping object. Remember that at module\nlevel, globals and locals are the same dictionary. If two separate\nobjects are given as *globals* and *locals*, the code will be executed\nas if it were embedded in a class definition.\n\nThe first expression may also be a tuple of length 2 or 3. In this\ncase, the optional parts must be omitted. The form "exec(expr,\nglobals)" is equivalent to "exec expr in globals", while the form\n"exec(expr, globals, locals)" is equivalent to "exec expr in globals,\nlocals". The tuple form of "exec" provides compatibility with Python\n3, where "exec" is a function rather than a statement.\n\nChanged in version 2.4: Formerly, *locals* was required to be a\ndictionary.\n\nAs a side effect, an implementation may insert additional keys into\nthe dictionaries given besides those corresponding to variable names\nset by the executed code. For example, the current implementation may\nadd a reference to the dictionary of the built-in module "__builtin__"\nunder the key "__builtins__" (!).\n\n**Programmer\'s hints:** dynamic evaluation of expressions is supported\nby the built-in function "eval()". The built-in functions "globals()"\nand "locals()" return the current global and local dictionary,\nrespectively, which may be useful to pass around for use by "exec".\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] Note that the parser only accepts the Unix-style end of line\n convention. If you are reading the code from a file, make sure to\n use *universal newlines* mode to convert Windows or Mac-style\n newlines.\n', + 'execmodel': u'\nExecution model\n***************\n\n\nNaming and binding\n==================\n\n*Names* refer to objects. Names are introduced by name binding\noperations. Each occurrence of a name in the program text refers to\nthe *binding* of that name established in the innermost function block\ncontaining the use.\n\nA *block* is a piece of Python program text that is executed as a\nunit. The following are blocks: a module, a function body, and a class\ndefinition. Each command typed interactively is a block. A script\nfile (a file given as standard input to the interpreter or specified\non the interpreter command line the first argument) is a code block.\nA script command (a command specified on the interpreter command line\nwith the \'**-c**\' option) is a code block. The file read by the\nbuilt-in function "execfile()" is a code block. The string argument\npassed to the built-in function "eval()" and to the "exec" statement\nis a code block. The expression read and evaluated by the built-in\nfunction "input()" is a code block.\n\nA code block is executed in an *execution frame*. A frame contains\nsome administrative information (used for debugging) and determines\nwhere and how execution continues after the code block\'s execution has\ncompleted.\n\nA *scope* defines the visibility of a name within a block. If a local\nvariable is defined in a block, its scope includes that block. If the\ndefinition occurs in a function block, the scope extends to any blocks\ncontained within the defining one, unless a contained block introduces\na different binding for the name. The scope of names defined in a\nclass block is limited to the class block; it does not extend to the\ncode blocks of methods -- this includes generator expressions since\nthey are implemented using a function scope. This means that the\nfollowing will fail:\n\n class A:\n a = 42\n b = list(a + i for i in range(10))\n\nWhen a name is used in a code block, it is resolved using the nearest\nenclosing scope. The set of all such scopes visible to a code block\nis called the block\'s *environment*.\n\nIf a name is bound in a block, it is a local variable of that block.\nIf a name is bound at the module level, it is a global variable. (The\nvariables of the module code block are local and global.) If a\nvariable is used in a code block but not defined there, it is a *free\nvariable*.\n\nWhen a name is not found at all, a "NameError" exception is raised.\nIf the name refers to a local variable that has not been bound, a\n"UnboundLocalError" exception is raised. "UnboundLocalError" is a\nsubclass of "NameError".\n\nThe following constructs bind names: formal parameters to functions,\n"import" statements, class and function definitions (these bind the\nclass or function name in the defining block), and targets that are\nidentifiers if occurring in an assignment, "for" loop header, in the\nsecond position of an "except" clause header or after "as" in a "with"\nstatement. The "import" statement of the form "from ... import *"\nbinds all names defined in the imported module, except those beginning\nwith an underscore. This form may only be used at the module level.\n\nA target occurring in a "del" statement is also considered bound for\nthis purpose (though the actual semantics are to unbind the name). It\nis illegal to unbind a name that is referenced by an enclosing scope;\nthe compiler will report a "SyntaxError".\n\nEach assignment or import statement occurs within a block defined by a\nclass or function definition or at the module level (the top-level\ncode block).\n\nIf a name binding operation occurs anywhere within a code block, all\nuses of the name within the block are treated as references to the\ncurrent block. This can lead to errors when a name is used within a\nblock before it is bound. This rule is subtle. Python lacks\ndeclarations and allows name binding operations to occur anywhere\nwithin a code block. The local variables of a code block can be\ndetermined by scanning the entire text of the block for name binding\noperations.\n\nIf the global statement occurs within a block, all uses of the name\nspecified in the statement refer to the binding of that name in the\ntop-level namespace. Names are resolved in the top-level namespace by\nsearching the global namespace, i.e. the namespace of the module\ncontaining the code block, and the builtins namespace, the namespace\nof the module "__builtin__". The global namespace is searched first.\nIf the name is not found there, the builtins namespace is searched.\nThe global statement must precede all uses of the name.\n\nThe builtins namespace associated with the execution of a code block\nis actually found by looking up the name "__builtins__" in its global\nnamespace; this should be a dictionary or a module (in the latter case\nthe module\'s dictionary is used). By default, when in the "__main__"\nmodule, "__builtins__" is the built-in module "__builtin__" (note: no\n\'s\'); when in any other module, "__builtins__" is an alias for the\ndictionary of the "__builtin__" module itself. "__builtins__" can be\nset to a user-created dictionary to create a weak form of restricted\nexecution.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** Users should not touch\n"__builtins__"; it is strictly an implementation detail. Users\nwanting to override values in the builtins namespace should "import"\nthe "__builtin__" (no \'s\') module and modify its attributes\nappropriately.\n\nThe namespace for a module is automatically created the first time a\nmodule is imported. The main module for a script is always called\n"__main__".\n\nThe "global" statement has the same scope as a name binding operation\nin the same block. If the nearest enclosing scope for a free variable\ncontains a global statement, the free variable is treated as a global.\n\nA class definition is an executable statement that may use and define\nnames. These references follow the normal rules for name resolution.\nThe namespace of the class definition becomes the attribute dictionary\nof the class. Names defined at the class scope are not visible in\nmethods.\n\n\nInteraction with dynamic features\n---------------------------------\n\nThere are several cases where Python statements are illegal when used\nin conjunction with nested scopes that contain free variables.\n\nIf a variable is referenced in an enclosing scope, it is illegal to\ndelete the name. An error will be reported at compile time.\n\nIf the wild card form of import --- "import *" --- is used in a\nfunction and the function contains or is a nested block with free\nvariables, the compiler will raise a "SyntaxError".\n\nIf "exec" is used in a function and the function contains or is a\nnested block with free variables, the compiler will raise a\n"SyntaxError" unless the exec explicitly specifies the local namespace\nfor the "exec". (In other words, "exec obj" would be illegal, but\n"exec obj in ns" would be legal.)\n\nThe "eval()", "execfile()", and "input()" functions and the "exec"\nstatement do not have access to the full environment for resolving\nnames. Names may be resolved in the local and global namespaces of\nthe caller. Free variables are not resolved in the nearest enclosing\nnamespace, but in the global namespace. [1] The "exec" statement and\nthe "eval()" and "execfile()" functions have optional arguments to\noverride the global and local namespace. If only one namespace is\nspecified, it is used for both.\n\n\nExceptions\n==========\n\nExceptions are a means of breaking out of the normal flow of control\nof a code block in order to handle errors or other exceptional\nconditions. An exception is *raised* at the point where the error is\ndetected; it may be *handled* by the surrounding code block or by any\ncode block that directly or indirectly invoked the code block where\nthe error occurred.\n\nThe Python interpreter raises an exception when it detects a run-time\nerror (such as division by zero). A Python program can also\nexplicitly raise an exception with the "raise" statement. Exception\nhandlers are specified with the "try" ... "except" statement. The\n"finally" clause of such a statement can be used to specify cleanup\ncode which does not handle the exception, but is executed whether an\nexception occurred or not in the preceding code.\n\nPython uses the "termination" model of error handling: an exception\nhandler can find out what happened and continue execution at an outer\nlevel, but it cannot repair the cause of the error and retry the\nfailing operation (except by re-entering the offending piece of code\nfrom the top).\n\nWhen an exception is not handled at all, the interpreter terminates\nexecution of the program, or returns to its interactive main loop. In\neither case, it prints a stack backtrace, except when the exception is\n"SystemExit".\n\nExceptions are identified by class instances. The "except" clause is\nselected depending on the class of the instance: it must reference the\nclass of the instance or a base class thereof. The instance can be\nreceived by the handler and can carry additional information about the\nexceptional condition.\n\nExceptions can also be identified by strings, in which case the\n"except" clause is selected by object identity. An arbitrary value\ncan be raised along with the identifying string which can be passed to\nthe handler.\n\nNote: Messages to exceptions are not part of the Python API. Their\n contents may change from one version of Python to the next without\n warning and should not be relied on by code which will run under\n multiple versions of the interpreter.\n\nSee also the description of the "try" statement in section The try\nstatement and "raise" statement in section The raise statement.\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] This limitation occurs because the code that is executed by\n these operations is not available at the time the module is\n compiled.\n', 'exprlists': u'\nExpression lists\n****************\n\n expression_list ::= expression ( "," expression )* [","]\n\nAn expression list containing at least one comma yields a tuple. The\nlength of the tuple is the number of expressions in the list. The\nexpressions are evaluated from left to right.\n\nThe trailing comma is required only to create a single tuple (a.k.a. a\n*singleton*); it is optional in all other cases. A single expression\nwithout a trailing comma doesn\'t create a tuple, but rather yields the\nvalue of that expression. (To create an empty tuple, use an empty pair\nof parentheses: "()".)\n', 'floating': u'\nFloating point literals\n***********************\n\nFloating point literals are described by the following lexical\ndefinitions:\n\n floatnumber ::= pointfloat | exponentfloat\n pointfloat ::= [intpart] fraction | intpart "."\n exponentfloat ::= (intpart | pointfloat) exponent\n intpart ::= digit+\n fraction ::= "." digit+\n exponent ::= ("e" | "E") ["+" | "-"] digit+\n\nNote that the integer and exponent parts of floating point numbers can\nlook like octal integers, but are interpreted using radix 10. For\nexample, "077e010" is legal, and denotes the same number as "77e10".\nThe allowed range of floating point literals is implementation-\ndependent. Some examples of floating point literals:\n\n 3.14 10. .001 1e100 3.14e-10 0e0\n\nNote that numeric literals do not include a sign; a phrase like "-1"\nis actually an expression composed of the unary operator "-" and the\nliteral "1".\n', 'for': u'\nThe "for" statement\n*******************\n\nThe "for" statement is used to iterate over the elements of a sequence\n(such as a string, tuple or list) or other iterable object:\n\n for_stmt ::= "for" target_list "in" expression_list ":" suite\n ["else" ":" suite]\n\nThe expression list is evaluated once; it should yield an iterable\nobject. An iterator is created for the result of the\n"expression_list". The suite is then executed once for each item\nprovided by the iterator, in the order of ascending indices. Each\nitem in turn is assigned to the target list using the standard rules\nfor assignments, and then the suite is executed. When the items are\nexhausted (which is immediately when the sequence is empty), the suite\nin the "else" clause, if present, is executed, and the loop\nterminates.\n\nA "break" statement executed in the first suite terminates the loop\nwithout executing the "else" clause\'s suite. A "continue" statement\nexecuted in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and continues\nwith the next item, or with the "else" clause if there was no next\nitem.\n\nThe suite may assign to the variable(s) in the target list; this does\nnot affect the next item assigned to it.\n\nThe target list is not deleted when the loop is finished, but if the\nsequence is empty, it will not have been assigned to at all by the\nloop. Hint: the built-in function "range()" returns a sequence of\nintegers suitable to emulate the effect of Pascal\'s "for i := a to b\ndo"; e.g., "range(3)" returns the list "[0, 1, 2]".\n\nNote: There is a subtlety when the sequence is being modified by the\n loop (this can only occur for mutable sequences, i.e. lists). An\n internal counter is used to keep track of which item is used next,\n and this is incremented on each iteration. When this counter has\n reached the length of the sequence the loop terminates. This means\n that if the suite deletes the current (or a previous) item from the\n sequence, the next item will be skipped (since it gets the index of\n the current item which has already been treated). Likewise, if the\n suite inserts an item in the sequence before the current item, the\n current item will be treated again the next time through the loop.\n This can lead to nasty bugs that can be avoided by making a\n temporary copy using a slice of the whole sequence, e.g.,\n\n for x in a[:]:\n if x < 0: a.remove(x)\n', - 'formatstrings': u'\nFormat String Syntax\n********************\n\nThe "str.format()" method and the "Formatter" class share the same\nsyntax for format strings (although in the case of "Formatter",\nsubclasses can define their own format string syntax).\n\nFormat strings contain "replacement fields" surrounded by curly braces\n"{}". Anything that is not contained in braces is considered literal\ntext, which is copied unchanged to the output. If you need to include\na brace character in the literal text, it can be escaped by doubling:\n"{{" and "}}".\n\nThe grammar for a replacement field is as follows:\n\n replacement_field ::= "{" [field_name] ["!" conversion] [":" format_spec] "}"\n field_name ::= arg_name ("." attribute_name | "[" element_index "]")*\n arg_name ::= [identifier | integer]\n attribute_name ::= identifier\n element_index ::= integer | index_string\n index_string ::= <any source character except "]"> +\n conversion ::= "r" | "s"\n format_spec ::= <described in the next section>\n\nIn less formal terms, the replacement field can start with a\n*field_name* that specifies the object whose value is to be formatted\nand inserted into the output instead of the replacement field. The\n*field_name* is optionally followed by a *conversion* field, which is\npreceded by an exclamation point "\'!\'", and a *format_spec*, which is\npreceded by a colon "\':\'". These specify a non-default format for the\nreplacement value.\n\nSee also the *Format Specification Mini-Language* section.\n\nThe *field_name* itself begins with an *arg_name* that is either a\nnumber or a keyword. If it\'s a number, it refers to a positional\nargument, and if it\'s a keyword, it refers to a named keyword\nargument. If the numerical arg_names in a format string are 0, 1, 2,\n... in sequence, they can all be omitted (not just some) and the\nnumbers 0, 1, 2, ... will be automatically inserted in that order.\nBecause *arg_name* is not quote-delimited, it is not possible to\nspecify arbitrary dictionary keys (e.g., the strings "\'10\'" or\n"\':-]\'") within a format string. The *arg_name* can be followed by any\nnumber of index or attribute expressions. An expression of the form\n"\'.name\'" selects the named attribute using "getattr()", while an\nexpression of the form "\'[index]\'" does an index lookup using\n"__getitem__()".\n\nChanged in version 2.7: The positional argument specifiers can be\nomitted, so "\'{} {}\'" is equivalent to "\'{0} {1}\'".\n\nSome simple format string examples:\n\n "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument\n "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument\n "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}"\n "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument \'name\'\n "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # \'weight\' attribute of first positional arg\n "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument \'players\'.\n\nThe *conversion* field causes a type coercion before formatting.\nNormally, the job of formatting a value is done by the "__format__()"\nmethod of the value itself. However, in some cases it is desirable to\nforce a type to be formatted as a string, overriding its own\ndefinition of formatting. By converting the value to a string before\ncalling "__format__()", the normal formatting logic is bypassed.\n\nTwo conversion flags are currently supported: "\'!s\'" which calls\n"str()" on the value, and "\'!r\'" which calls "repr()".\n\nSome examples:\n\n "Harold\'s a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first\n "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first\n\nThe *format_spec* field contains a specification of how the value\nshould be presented, including such details as field width, alignment,\npadding, decimal precision and so on. Each value type can define its\nown "formatting mini-language" or interpretation of the *format_spec*.\n\nMost built-in types support a common formatting mini-language, which\nis described in the next section.\n\nA *format_spec* field can also include nested replacement fields\nwithin it. These nested replacement fields can contain only a field\nname; conversion flags and format specifications are not allowed. The\nreplacement fields within the format_spec are substituted before the\n*format_spec* string is interpreted. This allows the formatting of a\nvalue to be dynamically specified.\n\nSee the *Format examples* section for some examples.\n\n\nFormat Specification Mini-Language\n==================================\n\n"Format specifications" are used within replacement fields contained\nwithin a format string to define how individual values are presented\n(see *Format String Syntax*). They can also be passed directly to the\nbuilt-in "format()" function. Each formattable type may define how\nthe format specification is to be interpreted.\n\nMost built-in types implement the following options for format\nspecifications, although some of the formatting options are only\nsupported by the numeric types.\n\nA general convention is that an empty format string ("""") produces\nthe same result as if you had called "str()" on the value. A non-empty\nformat string typically modifies the result.\n\nThe general form of a *standard format specifier* is:\n\n format_spec ::= [[fill]align][sign][#][0][width][,][.precision][type]\n fill ::= <any character>\n align ::= "<" | ">" | "=" | "^"\n sign ::= "+" | "-" | " "\n width ::= integer\n precision ::= integer\n type ::= "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" | "n" | "o" | "s" | "x" | "X" | "%"\n\nIf a valid *align* value is specified, it can be preceded by a *fill*\ncharacter that can be any character and defaults to a space if\nomitted. Note that it is not possible to use "{" and "}" as *fill*\nchar while using the "str.format()" method; this limitation however\ndoesn\'t affect the "format()" function.\n\nThe meaning of the various alignment options is as follows:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Option | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | "\'<\'" | Forces the field to be left-aligned within the available |\n | | space (this is the default for most objects). |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'>\'" | Forces the field to be right-aligned within the available |\n | | space (this is the default for numbers). |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'=\'" | Forces the padding to be placed after the sign (if any) |\n | | but before the digits. This is used for printing fields |\n | | in the form \'+000000120\'. This alignment option is only |\n | | valid for numeric types. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'^\'" | Forces the field to be centered within the available |\n | | space. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nNote that unless a minimum field width is defined, the field width\nwill always be the same size as the data to fill it, so that the\nalignment option has no meaning in this case.\n\nThe *sign* option is only valid for number types, and can be one of\nthe following:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Option | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | "\'+\'" | indicates that a sign should be used for both positive as |\n | | well as negative numbers. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'-\'" | indicates that a sign should be used only for negative |\n | | numbers (this is the default behavior). |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | space | indicates that a leading space should be used on positive |\n | | numbers, and a minus sign on negative numbers. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nThe "\'#\'" option is only valid for integers, and only for binary,\noctal, or hexadecimal output. If present, it specifies that the\noutput will be prefixed by "\'0b\'", "\'0o\'", or "\'0x\'", respectively.\n\nThe "\',\'" option signals the use of a comma for a thousands separator.\nFor a locale aware separator, use the "\'n\'" integer presentation type\ninstead.\n\nChanged in version 2.7: Added the "\',\'" option (see also **PEP 378**).\n\n*width* is a decimal integer defining the minimum field width. If not\nspecified, then the field width will be determined by the content.\n\nPreceding the *width* field by a zero ("\'0\'") character enables sign-\naware zero-padding for numeric types. This is equivalent to a *fill*\ncharacter of "\'0\'" with an *alignment* type of "\'=\'".\n\nThe *precision* is a decimal number indicating how many digits should\nbe displayed after the decimal point for a floating point value\nformatted with "\'f\'" and "\'F\'", or before and after the decimal point\nfor a floating point value formatted with "\'g\'" or "\'G\'". For non-\nnumber types the field indicates the maximum field size - in other\nwords, how many characters will be used from the field content. The\n*precision* is not allowed for integer values.\n\nFinally, the *type* determines how the data should be presented.\n\nThe available string presentation types are:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Type | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | "\'s\'" | String format. This is the default type for strings and |\n | | may be omitted. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | None | The same as "\'s\'". |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nThe available integer presentation types are:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Type | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | "\'b\'" | Binary format. Outputs the number in base 2. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'c\'" | Character. Converts the integer to the corresponding |\n | | unicode character before printing. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'d\'" | Decimal Integer. Outputs the number in base 10. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'o\'" | Octal format. Outputs the number in base 8. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'x\'" | Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using lower- |\n | | case letters for the digits above 9. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'X\'" | Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using upper- |\n | | case letters for the digits above 9. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'n\'" | Number. This is the same as "\'d\'", except that it uses the |\n | | current locale setting to insert the appropriate number |\n | | separator characters. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | None | The same as "\'d\'". |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nIn addition to the above presentation types, integers can be formatted\nwith the floating point presentation types listed below (except "\'n\'"\nand None). When doing so, "float()" is used to convert the integer to\na floating point number before formatting.\n\nThe available presentation types for floating point and decimal values\nare:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Type | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | "\'e\'" | Exponent notation. Prints the number in scientific |\n | | notation using the letter \'e\' to indicate the exponent. |\n | | The default precision is "6". |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'E\'" | Exponent notation. Same as "\'e\'" except it uses an upper |\n | | case \'E\' as the separator character. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'f\'" | Fixed point. Displays the number as a fixed-point number. |\n | | The default precision is "6". |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'F\'" | Fixed point. Same as "\'f\'". |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'g\'" | General format. For a given precision "p >= 1", this |\n | | rounds the number to "p" significant digits and then |\n | | formats the result in either fixed-point format or in |\n | | scientific notation, depending on its magnitude. The |\n | | precise rules are as follows: suppose that the result |\n | | formatted with presentation type "\'e\'" and precision "p-1" |\n | | would have exponent "exp". Then if "-4 <= exp < p", the |\n | | number is formatted with presentation type "\'f\'" and |\n | | precision "p-1-exp". Otherwise, the number is formatted |\n | | with presentation type "\'e\'" and precision "p-1". In both |\n | | cases insignificant trailing zeros are removed from the |\n | | significand, and the decimal point is also removed if |\n | | there are no remaining digits following it. Positive and |\n | | negative infinity, positive and negative zero, and nans, |\n | | are formatted as "inf", "-inf", "0", "-0" and "nan" |\n | | respectively, regardless of the precision. A precision of |\n | | "0" is treated as equivalent to a precision of "1". The |\n | | default precision is "6". |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'G\'" | General format. Same as "\'g\'" except switches to "\'E\'" if |\n | | the number gets too large. The representations of infinity |\n | | and NaN are uppercased, too. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'n\'" | Number. This is the same as "\'g\'", except that it uses the |\n | | current locale setting to insert the appropriate number |\n | | separator characters. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'%\'" | Percentage. Multiplies the number by 100 and displays in |\n | | fixed ("\'f\'") format, followed by a percent sign. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | None | The same as "\'g\'". |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\n\nFormat examples\n===============\n\nThis section contains examples of the new format syntax and comparison\nwith the old "%"-formatting.\n\nIn most of the cases the syntax is similar to the old "%"-formatting,\nwith the addition of the "{}" and with ":" used instead of "%". For\nexample, "\'%03.2f\'" can be translated to "\'{:03.2f}\'".\n\nThe new format syntax also supports new and different options, shown\nin the follow examples.\n\nAccessing arguments by position:\n\n >>> \'{0}, {1}, {2}\'.format(\'a\', \'b\', \'c\')\n \'a, b, c\'\n >>> \'{}, {}, {}\'.format(\'a\', \'b\', \'c\') # 2.7+ only\n \'a, b, c\'\n >>> \'{2}, {1}, {0}\'.format(\'a\', \'b\', \'c\')\n \'c, b, a\'\n >>> \'{2}, {1}, {0}\'.format(*\'abc\') # unpacking argument sequence\n \'c, b, a\'\n >>> \'{0}{1}{0}\'.format(\'abra\', \'cad\') # arguments\' indices can be repeated\n \'abracadabra\'\n\nAccessing arguments by name:\n\n >>> \'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}\'.format(latitude=\'37.24N\', longitude=\'-115.81W\')\n \'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W\'\n >>> coord = {\'latitude\': \'37.24N\', \'longitude\': \'-115.81W\'}\n >>> \'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}\'.format(**coord)\n \'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W\'\n\nAccessing arguments\' attributes:\n\n >>> c = 3-5j\n >>> (\'The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} \'\n ... \'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.\').format(c)\n \'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.\'\n >>> class Point(object):\n ... def __init__(self, x, y):\n ... self.x, self.y = x, y\n ... def __str__(self):\n ... return \'Point({self.x}, {self.y})\'.format(self=self)\n ...\n >>> str(Point(4, 2))\n \'Point(4, 2)\'\n\nAccessing arguments\' items:\n\n >>> coord = (3, 5)\n >>> \'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}\'.format(coord)\n \'X: 3; Y: 5\'\n\nReplacing "%s" and "%r":\n\n >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn\'t: {!s}".format(\'test1\', \'test2\')\n "repr() shows quotes: \'test1\'; str() doesn\'t: test2"\n\nAligning the text and specifying a width:\n\n >>> \'{:<30}\'.format(\'left aligned\')\n \'left aligned \'\n >>> \'{:>30}\'.format(\'right aligned\')\n \' right aligned\'\n >>> \'{:^30}\'.format(\'centered\')\n \' centered \'\n >>> \'{:*^30}\'.format(\'centered\') # use \'*\' as a fill char\n \'***********centered***********\'\n\nReplacing "%+f", "%-f", and "% f" and specifying a sign:\n\n >>> \'{:+f}; {:+f}\'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show it always\n \'+3.140000; -3.140000\'\n >>> \'{: f}; {: f}\'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show a space for positive numbers\n \' 3.140000; -3.140000\'\n >>> \'{:-f}; {:-f}\'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show only the minus -- same as \'{:f}; {:f}\'\n \'3.140000; -3.140000\'\n\nReplacing "%x" and "%o" and converting the value to different bases:\n\n >>> # format also supports binary numbers\n >>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:x}; oct: {0:o}; bin: {0:b}".format(42)\n \'int: 42; hex: 2a; oct: 52; bin: 101010\'\n >>> # with 0x, 0o, or 0b as prefix:\n >>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:#x}; oct: {0:#o}; bin: {0:#b}".format(42)\n \'int: 42; hex: 0x2a; oct: 0o52; bin: 0b101010\'\n\nUsing the comma as a thousands separator:\n\n >>> \'{:,}\'.format(1234567890)\n \'1,234,567,890\'\n\nExpressing a percentage:\n\n >>> points = 19.5\n >>> total = 22\n >>> \'Correct answers: {:.2%}\'.format(points/total)\n \'Correct answers: 88.64%\'\n\nUsing type-specific formatting:\n\n >>> import datetime\n >>> d = datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 4, 12, 15, 58)\n >>> \'{:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S}\'.format(d)\n \'2010-07-04 12:15:58\'\n\nNesting arguments and more complex examples:\n\n >>> for align, text in zip(\'<^>\', [\'left\', \'center\', \'right\']):\n ... \'{0:{fill}{align}16}\'.format(text, fill=align, align=align)\n ...\n \'left<<<<<<<<<<<<\'\n \'^^^^^center^^^^^\'\n \'>>>>>>>>>>>right\'\n >>>\n >>> octets = [192, 168, 0, 1]\n >>> \'{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}\'.format(*octets)\n \'C0A80001\'\n >>> int(_, 16)\n 3232235521\n >>>\n >>> width = 5\n >>> for num in range(5,12):\n ... for base in \'dXob\':\n ... print \'{0:{width}{base}}\'.format(num, base=base, width=width),\n ... print\n ...\n 5 5 5 101\n 6 6 6 110\n 7 7 7 111\n 8 8 10 1000\n 9 9 11 1001\n 10 A 12 1010\n 11 B 13 1011\n', - 'function': u'\nFunction definitions\n********************\n\nA function definition defines a user-defined function object (see\nsection *The standard type hierarchy*):\n\n decorated ::= decorators (classdef | funcdef)\n decorators ::= decorator+\n decorator ::= "@" dotted_name ["(" [argument_list [","]] ")"] NEWLINE\n funcdef ::= "def" funcname "(" [parameter_list] ")" ":" suite\n dotted_name ::= identifier ("." identifier)*\n parameter_list ::= (defparameter ",")*\n ( "*" identifier ["," "**" identifier]\n | "**" identifier\n | defparameter [","] )\n defparameter ::= parameter ["=" expression]\n sublist ::= parameter ("," parameter)* [","]\n parameter ::= identifier | "(" sublist ")"\n funcname ::= identifier\n\nA function definition is an executable statement. Its execution binds\nthe function name in the current local namespace to a function object\n(a wrapper around the executable code for the function). This\nfunction object contains a reference to the current global namespace\nas the global namespace to be used when the function is called.\n\nThe function definition does not execute the function body; this gets\nexecuted only when the function is called. [3]\n\nA function definition may be wrapped by one or more *decorator*\nexpressions. Decorator expressions are evaluated when the function is\ndefined, in the scope that contains the function definition. The\nresult must be a callable, which is invoked with the function object\nas the only argument. The returned value is bound to the function name\ninstead of the function object. Multiple decorators are applied in\nnested fashion. For example, the following code:\n\n @f1(arg)\n @f2\n def func(): pass\n\nis equivalent to:\n\n def func(): pass\n func = f1(arg)(f2(func))\n\nWhen one or more top-level *parameters* have the form *parameter* "="\n*expression*, the function is said to have "default parameter values."\nFor a parameter with a default value, the corresponding *argument* may\nbe omitted from a call, in which case the parameter\'s default value is\nsubstituted. If a parameter has a default value, all following\nparameters must also have a default value --- this is a syntactic\nrestriction that is not expressed by the grammar.\n\n**Default parameter values are evaluated when the function definition\nis executed.** This means that the expression is evaluated once, when\nthe function is defined, and that the same "pre-computed" value is\nused for each call. This is especially important to understand when a\ndefault parameter is a mutable object, such as a list or a dictionary:\nif the function modifies the object (e.g. by appending an item to a\nlist), the default value is in effect modified. This is generally not\nwhat was intended. A way around this is to use "None" as the\ndefault, and explicitly test for it in the body of the function, e.g.:\n\n def whats_on_the_telly(penguin=None):\n if penguin is None:\n penguin = []\n penguin.append("property of the zoo")\n return penguin\n\nFunction call semantics are described in more detail in section\n*Calls*. A function call always assigns values to all parameters\nmentioned in the parameter list, either from position arguments, from\nkeyword arguments, or from default values. If the form\n""*identifier"" is present, it is initialized to a tuple receiving any\nexcess positional parameters, defaulting to the empty tuple. If the\nform ""**identifier"" is present, it is initialized to a new\ndictionary receiving any excess keyword arguments, defaulting to a new\nempty dictionary.\n\nIt is also possible to create anonymous functions (functions not bound\nto a name), for immediate use in expressions. This uses lambda\nexpressions, described in section *Lambdas*. Note that the lambda\nexpression is merely a shorthand for a simplified function definition;\na function defined in a ""def"" statement can be passed around or\nassigned to another name just like a function defined by a lambda\nexpression. The ""def"" form is actually more powerful since it\nallows the execution of multiple statements.\n\n**Programmer\'s note:** Functions are first-class objects. A ""def""\nform executed inside a function definition defines a local function\nthat can be returned or passed around. Free variables used in the\nnested function can access the local variables of the function\ncontaining the def. See section *Naming and binding* for details.\n', + 'formatstrings': u'\nFormat String Syntax\n********************\n\nThe "str.format()" method and the "Formatter" class share the same\nsyntax for format strings (although in the case of "Formatter",\nsubclasses can define their own format string syntax).\n\nFormat strings contain "replacement fields" surrounded by curly braces\n"{}". Anything that is not contained in braces is considered literal\ntext, which is copied unchanged to the output. If you need to include\na brace character in the literal text, it can be escaped by doubling:\n"{{" and "}}".\n\nThe grammar for a replacement field is as follows:\n\n replacement_field ::= "{" [field_name] ["!" conversion] [":" format_spec] "}"\n field_name ::= arg_name ("." attribute_name | "[" element_index "]")*\n arg_name ::= [identifier | integer]\n attribute_name ::= identifier\n element_index ::= integer | index_string\n index_string ::= <any source character except "]"> +\n conversion ::= "r" | "s"\n format_spec ::= <described in the next section>\n\nIn less formal terms, the replacement field can start with a\n*field_name* that specifies the object whose value is to be formatted\nand inserted into the output instead of the replacement field. The\n*field_name* is optionally followed by a *conversion* field, which is\npreceded by an exclamation point "\'!\'", and a *format_spec*, which is\npreceded by a colon "\':\'". These specify a non-default format for the\nreplacement value.\n\nSee also the Format Specification Mini-Language section.\n\nThe *field_name* itself begins with an *arg_name* that is either a\nnumber or a keyword. If it\'s a number, it refers to a positional\nargument, and if it\'s a keyword, it refers to a named keyword\nargument. If the numerical arg_names in a format string are 0, 1, 2,\n... in sequence, they can all be omitted (not just some) and the\nnumbers 0, 1, 2, ... will be automatically inserted in that order.\nBecause *arg_name* is not quote-delimited, it is not possible to\nspecify arbitrary dictionary keys (e.g., the strings "\'10\'" or\n"\':-]\'") within a format string. The *arg_name* can be followed by any\nnumber of index or attribute expressions. An expression of the form\n"\'.name\'" selects the named attribute using "getattr()", while an\nexpression of the form "\'[index]\'" does an index lookup using\n"__getitem__()".\n\nChanged in version 2.7: The positional argument specifiers can be\nomitted, so "\'{} {}\'" is equivalent to "\'{0} {1}\'".\n\nSome simple format string examples:\n\n "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument\n "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument\n "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}"\n "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument \'name\'\n "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # \'weight\' attribute of first positional arg\n "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument \'players\'.\n\nThe *conversion* field causes a type coercion before formatting.\nNormally, the job of formatting a value is done by the "__format__()"\nmethod of the value itself. However, in some cases it is desirable to\nforce a type to be formatted as a string, overriding its own\ndefinition of formatting. By converting the value to a string before\ncalling "__format__()", the normal formatting logic is bypassed.\n\nTwo conversion flags are currently supported: "\'!s\'" which calls\n"str()" on the value, and "\'!r\'" which calls "repr()".\n\nSome examples:\n\n "Harold\'s a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first\n "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first\n\nThe *format_spec* field contains a specification of how the value\nshould be presented, including such details as field width, alignment,\npadding, decimal precision and so on. Each value type can define its\nown "formatting mini-language" or interpretation of the *format_spec*.\n\nMost built-in types support a common formatting mini-language, which\nis described in the next section.\n\nA *format_spec* field can also include nested replacement fields\nwithin it. These nested replacement fields can contain only a field\nname; conversion flags and format specifications are not allowed. The\nreplacement fields within the format_spec are substituted before the\n*format_spec* string is interpreted. This allows the formatting of a\nvalue to be dynamically specified.\n\nSee the Format examples section for some examples.\n\n\nFormat Specification Mini-Language\n==================================\n\n"Format specifications" are used within replacement fields contained\nwithin a format string to define how individual values are presented\n(see Format String Syntax). They can also be passed directly to the\nbuilt-in "format()" function. Each formattable type may define how\nthe format specification is to be interpreted.\n\nMost built-in types implement the following options for format\nspecifications, although some of the formatting options are only\nsupported by the numeric types.\n\nA general convention is that an empty format string ("""") produces\nthe same result as if you had called "str()" on the value. A non-empty\nformat string typically modifies the result.\n\nThe general form of a *standard format specifier* is:\n\n format_spec ::= [[fill]align][sign][#][0][width][,][.precision][type]\n fill ::= <any character>\n align ::= "<" | ">" | "=" | "^"\n sign ::= "+" | "-" | " "\n width ::= integer\n precision ::= integer\n type ::= "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" | "n" | "o" | "s" | "x" | "X" | "%"\n\nIf a valid *align* value is specified, it can be preceded by a *fill*\ncharacter that can be any character and defaults to a space if\nomitted. Note that it is not possible to use "{" and "}" as *fill*\nchar while using the "str.format()" method; this limitation however\ndoesn\'t affect the "format()" function.\n\nThe meaning of the various alignment options is as follows:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Option | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | "\'<\'" | Forces the field to be left-aligned within the available |\n | | space (this is the default for most objects). |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'>\'" | Forces the field to be right-aligned within the available |\n | | space (this is the default for numbers). |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'=\'" | Forces the padding to be placed after the sign (if any) |\n | | but before the digits. This is used for printing fields |\n | | in the form \'+000000120\'. This alignment option is only |\n | | valid for numeric types. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'^\'" | Forces the field to be centered within the available |\n | | space. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nNote that unless a minimum field width is defined, the field width\nwill always be the same size as the data to fill it, so that the\nalignment option has no meaning in this case.\n\nThe *sign* option is only valid for number types, and can be one of\nthe following:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Option | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | "\'+\'" | indicates that a sign should be used for both positive as |\n | | well as negative numbers. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'-\'" | indicates that a sign should be used only for negative |\n | | numbers (this is the default behavior). |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | space | indicates that a leading space should be used on positive |\n | | numbers, and a minus sign on negative numbers. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nThe "\'#\'" option is only valid for integers, and only for binary,\noctal, or hexadecimal output. If present, it specifies that the\noutput will be prefixed by "\'0b\'", "\'0o\'", or "\'0x\'", respectively.\n\nThe "\',\'" option signals the use of a comma for a thousands separator.\nFor a locale aware separator, use the "\'n\'" integer presentation type\ninstead.\n\nChanged in version 2.7: Added the "\',\'" option (see also **PEP 378**).\n\n*width* is a decimal integer defining the minimum field width. If not\nspecified, then the field width will be determined by the content.\n\nPreceding the *width* field by a zero ("\'0\'") character enables sign-\naware zero-padding for numeric types. This is equivalent to a *fill*\ncharacter of "\'0\'" with an *alignment* type of "\'=\'".\n\nThe *precision* is a decimal number indicating how many digits should\nbe displayed after the decimal point for a floating point value\nformatted with "\'f\'" and "\'F\'", or before and after the decimal point\nfor a floating point value formatted with "\'g\'" or "\'G\'". For non-\nnumber types the field indicates the maximum field size - in other\nwords, how many characters will be used from the field content. The\n*precision* is not allowed for integer values.\n\nFinally, the *type* determines how the data should be presented.\n\nThe available string presentation types are:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Type | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | "\'s\'" | String format. This is the default type for strings and |\n | | may be omitted. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | None | The same as "\'s\'". |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nThe available integer presentation types are:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Type | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | "\'b\'" | Binary format. Outputs the number in base 2. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'c\'" | Character. Converts the integer to the corresponding |\n | | unicode character before printing. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'d\'" | Decimal Integer. Outputs the number in base 10. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'o\'" | Octal format. Outputs the number in base 8. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'x\'" | Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using lower- |\n | | case letters for the digits above 9. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'X\'" | Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using upper- |\n | | case letters for the digits above 9. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'n\'" | Number. This is the same as "\'d\'", except that it uses the |\n | | current locale setting to insert the appropriate number |\n | | separator characters. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | None | The same as "\'d\'". |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nIn addition to the above presentation types, integers can be formatted\nwith the floating point presentation types listed below (except "\'n\'"\nand None). When doing so, "float()" is used to convert the integer to\na floating point number before formatting.\n\nThe available presentation types for floating point and decimal values\nare:\n\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | Type | Meaning |\n +===========+============================================================+\n | "\'e\'" | Exponent notation. Prints the number in scientific |\n | | notation using the letter \'e\' to indicate the exponent. |\n | | The default precision is "6". |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'E\'" | Exponent notation. Same as "\'e\'" except it uses an upper |\n | | case \'E\' as the separator character. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'f\'" | Fixed point. Displays the number as a fixed-point number. |\n | | The default precision is "6". |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'F\'" | Fixed point. Same as "\'f\'". |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'g\'" | General format. For a given precision "p >= 1", this |\n | | rounds the number to "p" significant digits and then |\n | | formats the result in either fixed-point format or in |\n | | scientific notation, depending on its magnitude. The |\n | | precise rules are as follows: suppose that the result |\n | | formatted with presentation type "\'e\'" and precision "p-1" |\n | | would have exponent "exp". Then if "-4 <= exp < p", the |\n | | number is formatted with presentation type "\'f\'" and |\n | | precision "p-1-exp". Otherwise, the number is formatted |\n | | with presentation type "\'e\'" and precision "p-1". In both |\n | | cases insignificant trailing zeros are removed from the |\n | | significand, and the decimal point is also removed if |\n | | there are no remaining digits following it. Positive and |\n | | negative infinity, positive and negative zero, and nans, |\n | | are formatted as "inf", "-inf", "0", "-0" and "nan" |\n | | respectively, regardless of the precision. A precision of |\n | | "0" is treated as equivalent to a precision of "1". The |\n | | default precision is "6". |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'G\'" | General format. Same as "\'g\'" except switches to "\'E\'" if |\n | | the number gets too large. The representations of infinity |\n | | and NaN are uppercased, too. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'n\'" | Number. This is the same as "\'g\'", except that it uses the |\n | | current locale setting to insert the appropriate number |\n | | separator characters. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | "\'%\'" | Percentage. Multiplies the number by 100 and displays in |\n | | fixed ("\'f\'") format, followed by a percent sign. |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n | None | The same as "\'g\'". |\n +-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\n\nFormat examples\n===============\n\nThis section contains examples of the new format syntax and comparison\nwith the old "%"-formatting.\n\nIn most of the cases the syntax is similar to the old "%"-formatting,\nwith the addition of the "{}" and with ":" used instead of "%". For\nexample, "\'%03.2f\'" can be translated to "\'{:03.2f}\'".\n\nThe new format syntax also supports new and different options, shown\nin the follow examples.\n\nAccessing arguments by position:\n\n >>> \'{0}, {1}, {2}\'.format(\'a\', \'b\', \'c\')\n \'a, b, c\'\n >>> \'{}, {}, {}\'.format(\'a\', \'b\', \'c\') # 2.7+ only\n \'a, b, c\'\n >>> \'{2}, {1}, {0}\'.format(\'a\', \'b\', \'c\')\n \'c, b, a\'\n >>> \'{2}, {1}, {0}\'.format(*\'abc\') # unpacking argument sequence\n \'c, b, a\'\n >>> \'{0}{1}{0}\'.format(\'abra\', \'cad\') # arguments\' indices can be repeated\n \'abracadabra\'\n\nAccessing arguments by name:\n\n >>> \'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}\'.format(latitude=\'37.24N\', longitude=\'-115.81W\')\n \'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W\'\n >>> coord = {\'latitude\': \'37.24N\', \'longitude\': \'-115.81W\'}\n >>> \'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}\'.format(**coord)\n \'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W\'\n\nAccessing arguments\' attributes:\n\n >>> c = 3-5j\n >>> (\'The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} \'\n ... \'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.\').format(c)\n \'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.\'\n >>> class Point(object):\n ... def __init__(self, x, y):\n ... self.x, self.y = x, y\n ... def __str__(self):\n ... return \'Point({self.x}, {self.y})\'.format(self=self)\n ...\n >>> str(Point(4, 2))\n \'Point(4, 2)\'\n\nAccessing arguments\' items:\n\n >>> coord = (3, 5)\n >>> \'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}\'.format(coord)\n \'X: 3; Y: 5\'\n\nReplacing "%s" and "%r":\n\n >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn\'t: {!s}".format(\'test1\', \'test2\')\n "repr() shows quotes: \'test1\'; str() doesn\'t: test2"\n\nAligning the text and specifying a width:\n\n >>> \'{:<30}\'.format(\'left aligned\')\n \'left aligned \'\n >>> \'{:>30}\'.format(\'right aligned\')\n \' right aligned\'\n >>> \'{:^30}\'.format(\'centered\')\n \' centered \'\n >>> \'{:*^30}\'.format(\'centered\') # use \'*\' as a fill char\n \'***********centered***********\'\n\nReplacing "%+f", "%-f", and "% f" and specifying a sign:\n\n >>> \'{:+f}; {:+f}\'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show it always\n \'+3.140000; -3.140000\'\n >>> \'{: f}; {: f}\'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show a space for positive numbers\n \' 3.140000; -3.140000\'\n >>> \'{:-f}; {:-f}\'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show only the minus -- same as \'{:f}; {:f}\'\n \'3.140000; -3.140000\'\n\nReplacing "%x" and "%o" and converting the value to different bases:\n\n >>> # format also supports binary numbers\n >>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:x}; oct: {0:o}; bin: {0:b}".format(42)\n \'int: 42; hex: 2a; oct: 52; bin: 101010\'\n >>> # with 0x, 0o, or 0b as prefix:\n >>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:#x}; oct: {0:#o}; bin: {0:#b}".format(42)\n \'int: 42; hex: 0x2a; oct: 0o52; bin: 0b101010\'\n\nUsing the comma as a thousands separator:\n\n >>> \'{:,}\'.format(1234567890)\n \'1,234,567,890\'\n\nExpressing a percentage:\n\n >>> points = 19.5\n >>> total = 22\n >>> \'Correct answers: {:.2%}\'.format(points/total)\n \'Correct answers: 88.64%\'\n\nUsing type-specific formatting:\n\n >>> import datetime\n >>> d = datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 4, 12, 15, 58)\n >>> \'{:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S}\'.format(d)\n \'2010-07-04 12:15:58\'\n\nNesting arguments and more complex examples:\n\n >>> for align, text in zip(\'<^>\', [\'left\', \'center\', \'right\']):\n ... \'{0:{fill}{align}16}\'.format(text, fill=align, align=align)\n ...\n \'left<<<<<<<<<<<<\'\n \'^^^^^center^^^^^\'\n \'>>>>>>>>>>>right\'\n >>>\n >>> octets = [192, 168, 0, 1]\n >>> \'{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}\'.format(*octets)\n \'C0A80001\'\n >>> int(_, 16)\n 3232235521\n >>>\n >>> width = 5\n >>> for num in range(5,12):\n ... for base in \'dXob\':\n ... print \'{0:{width}{base}}\'.format(num, base=base, width=width),\n ... print\n ...\n 5 5 5 101\n 6 6 6 110\n 7 7 7 111\n 8 8 10 1000\n 9 9 11 1001\n 10 A 12 1010\n 11 B 13 1011\n', + 'function': u'\nFunction definitions\n********************\n\nA function definition defines a user-defined function object (see\nsection The standard type hierarchy):\n\n decorated ::= decorators (classdef | funcdef)\n decorators ::= decorator+\n decorator ::= "@" dotted_name ["(" [argument_list [","]] ")"] NEWLINE\n funcdef ::= "def" funcname "(" [parameter_list] ")" ":" suite\n dotted_name ::= identifier ("." identifier)*\n parameter_list ::= (defparameter ",")*\n ( "*" identifier ["," "**" identifier]\n | "**" identifier\n | defparameter [","] )\n defparameter ::= parameter ["=" expression]\n sublist ::= parameter ("," parameter)* [","]\n parameter ::= identifier | "(" sublist ")"\n funcname ::= identifier\n\nA function definition is an executable statement. Its execution binds\nthe function name in the current local namespace to a function object\n(a wrapper around the executable code for the function). This\nfunction object contains a reference to the current global namespace\nas the global namespace to be used when the function is called.\n\nThe function definition does not execute the function body; this gets\nexecuted only when the function is called. [3]\n\nA function definition may be wrapped by one or more *decorator*\nexpressions. Decorator expressions are evaluated when the function is\ndefined, in the scope that contains the function definition. The\nresult must be a callable, which is invoked with the function object\nas the only argument. The returned value is bound to the function name\ninstead of the function object. Multiple decorators are applied in\nnested fashion. For example, the following code:\n\n @f1(arg)\n @f2\n def func(): pass\n\nis equivalent to:\n\n def func(): pass\n func = f1(arg)(f2(func))\n\nWhen one or more top-level *parameters* have the form *parameter* "="\n*expression*, the function is said to have "default parameter values."\nFor a parameter with a default value, the corresponding *argument* may\nbe omitted from a call, in which case the parameter\'s default value is\nsubstituted. If a parameter has a default value, all following\nparameters must also have a default value --- this is a syntactic\nrestriction that is not expressed by the grammar.\n\n**Default parameter values are evaluated when the function definition\nis executed.** This means that the expression is evaluated once, when\nthe function is defined, and that the same "pre-computed" value is\nused for each call. This is especially important to understand when a\ndefault parameter is a mutable object, such as a list or a dictionary:\nif the function modifies the object (e.g. by appending an item to a\nlist), the default value is in effect modified. This is generally not\nwhat was intended. A way around this is to use "None" as the\ndefault, and explicitly test for it in the body of the function, e.g.:\n\n def whats_on_the_telly(penguin=None):\n if penguin is None:\n penguin = []\n penguin.append("property of the zoo")\n return penguin\n\nFunction call semantics are described in more detail in section Calls.\nA function call always assigns values to all parameters mentioned in\nthe parameter list, either from position arguments, from keyword\narguments, or from default values. If the form ""*identifier"" is\npresent, it is initialized to a tuple receiving any excess positional\nparameters, defaulting to the empty tuple. If the form\n""**identifier"" is present, it is initialized to a new dictionary\nreceiving any excess keyword arguments, defaulting to a new empty\ndictionary.\n\nIt is also possible to create anonymous functions (functions not bound\nto a name), for immediate use in expressions. This uses lambda\nexpressions, described in section Lambdas. Note that the lambda\nexpression is merely a shorthand for a simplified function definition;\na function defined in a ""def"" statement can be passed around or\nassigned to another name just like a function defined by a lambda\nexpression. The ""def"" form is actually more powerful since it\nallows the execution of multiple statements.\n\n**Programmer\'s note:** Functions are first-class objects. A ""def""\nform executed inside a function definition defines a local function\nthat can be returned or passed around. Free variables used in the\nnested function can access the local variables of the function\ncontaining the def. See section Naming and binding for details.\n', 'global': u'\nThe "global" statement\n**********************\n\n global_stmt ::= "global" identifier ("," identifier)*\n\nThe "global" statement is a declaration which holds for the entire\ncurrent code block. It means that the listed identifiers are to be\ninterpreted as globals. It would be impossible to assign to a global\nvariable without "global", although free variables may refer to\nglobals without being declared global.\n\nNames listed in a "global" statement must not be used in the same code\nblock textually preceding that "global" statement.\n\nNames listed in a "global" statement must not be defined as formal\nparameters or in a "for" loop control target, "class" definition,\nfunction definition, or "import" statement.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** The current implementation does not\nenforce the latter two restrictions, but programs should not abuse\nthis freedom, as future implementations may enforce them or silently\nchange the meaning of the program.\n\n**Programmer\'s note:** the "global" is a directive to the parser. It\napplies only to code parsed at the same time as the "global"\nstatement. In particular, a "global" statement contained in an "exec"\nstatement does not affect the code block *containing* the "exec"\nstatement, and code contained in an "exec" statement is unaffected by\n"global" statements in the code containing the "exec" statement. The\nsame applies to the "eval()", "execfile()" and "compile()" functions.\n', - 'id-classes': u'\nReserved classes of identifiers\n*******************************\n\nCertain classes of identifiers (besides keywords) have special\nmeanings. These classes are identified by the patterns of leading and\ntrailing underscore characters:\n\n"_*"\n Not imported by "from module import *". The special identifier "_"\n is used in the interactive interpreter to store the result of the\n last evaluation; it is stored in the "__builtin__" module. When\n not in interactive mode, "_" has no special meaning and is not\n defined. See section *The import statement*.\n\n Note: The name "_" is often used in conjunction with\n internationalization; refer to the documentation for the\n "gettext" module for more information on this convention.\n\n"__*__"\n System-defined names. These names are defined by the interpreter\n and its implementation (including the standard library). Current\n system names are discussed in the *Special method names* section\n and elsewhere. More will likely be defined in future versions of\n Python. *Any* use of "__*__" names, in any context, that does not\n follow explicitly documented use, is subject to breakage without\n warning.\n\n"__*"\n Class-private names. Names in this category, when used within the\n context of a class definition, are re-written to use a mangled form\n to help avoid name clashes between "private" attributes of base and\n derived classes. See section *Identifiers (Names)*.\n', - 'identifiers': u'\nIdentifiers and keywords\n************************\n\nIdentifiers (also referred to as *names*) are described by the\nfollowing lexical definitions:\n\n identifier ::= (letter|"_") (letter | digit | "_")*\n letter ::= lowercase | uppercase\n lowercase ::= "a"..."z"\n uppercase ::= "A"..."Z"\n digit ::= "0"..."9"\n\nIdentifiers are unlimited in length. Case is significant.\n\n\nKeywords\n========\n\nThe following identifiers are used as reserved words, or *keywords* of\nthe language, and cannot be used as ordinary identifiers. They must\nbe spelled exactly as written here:\n\n and del from not while\n as elif global or with\n assert else if pass yield\n break except import print\n class exec in raise\n continue finally is return\n def for lambda try\n\nChanged in version 2.4: "None" became a constant and is now recognized\nby the compiler as a name for the built-in object "None". Although it\nis not a keyword, you cannot assign a different object to it.\n\nChanged in version 2.5: Using "as" and "with" as identifiers triggers\na warning. To use them as keywords, enable the "with_statement"\nfuture feature .\n\nChanged in version 2.6: "as" and "with" are full keywords.\n\n\nReserved classes of identifiers\n===============================\n\nCertain classes of identifiers (besides keywords) have special\nmeanings. These classes are identified by the patterns of leading and\ntrailing underscore characters:\n\n"_*"\n Not imported by "from module import *". The special identifier "_"\n is used in the interactive interpreter to store the result of the\n last evaluation; it is stored in the "__builtin__" module. When\n not in interactive mode, "_" has no special meaning and is not\n defined. See section *The import statement*.\n\n Note: The name "_" is often used in conjunction with\n internationalization; refer to the documentation for the\n "gettext" module for more information on this convention.\n\n"__*__"\n System-defined names. These names are defined by the interpreter\n and its implementation (including the standard library). Current\n system names are discussed in the *Special method names* section\n and elsewhere. More will likely be defined in future versions of\n Python. *Any* use of "__*__" names, in any context, that does not\n follow explicitly documented use, is subject to breakage without\n warning.\n\n"__*"\n Class-private names. Names in this category, when used within the\n context of a class definition, are re-written to use a mangled form\n to help avoid name clashes between "private" attributes of base and\n derived classes. See section *Identifiers (Names)*.\n', - 'if': u'\nThe "if" statement\n******************\n\nThe "if" statement is used for conditional execution:\n\n if_stmt ::= "if" expression ":" suite\n ( "elif" expression ":" suite )*\n ["else" ":" suite]\n\nIt selects exactly one of the suites by evaluating the expressions one\nby one until one is found to be true (see section *Boolean operations*\nfor the definition of true and false); then that suite is executed\n(and no other part of the "if" statement is executed or evaluated).\nIf all expressions are false, the suite of the "else" clause, if\npresent, is executed.\n', + 'id-classes': u'\nReserved classes of identifiers\n*******************************\n\nCertain classes of identifiers (besides keywords) have special\nmeanings. These classes are identified by the patterns of leading and\ntrailing underscore characters:\n\n"_*"\n Not imported by "from module import *". The special identifier "_"\n is used in the interactive interpreter to store the result of the\n last evaluation; it is stored in the "__builtin__" module. When\n not in interactive mode, "_" has no special meaning and is not\n defined. See section The import statement.\n\n Note: The name "_" is often used in conjunction with\n internationalization; refer to the documentation for the\n "gettext" module for more information on this convention.\n\n"__*__"\n System-defined names. These names are defined by the interpreter\n and its implementation (including the standard library). Current\n system names are discussed in the Special method names section and\n elsewhere. More will likely be defined in future versions of\n Python. *Any* use of "__*__" names, in any context, that does not\n follow explicitly documented use, is subject to breakage without\n warning.\n\n"__*"\n Class-private names. Names in this category, when used within the\n context of a class definition, are re-written to use a mangled form\n to help avoid name clashes between "private" attributes of base and\n derived classes. See section Identifiers (Names).\n', + 'identifiers': u'\nIdentifiers and keywords\n************************\n\nIdentifiers (also referred to as *names*) are described by the\nfollowing lexical definitions:\n\n identifier ::= (letter|"_") (letter | digit | "_")*\n letter ::= lowercase | uppercase\n lowercase ::= "a"..."z"\n uppercase ::= "A"..."Z"\n digit ::= "0"..."9"\n\nIdentifiers are unlimited in length. Case is significant.\n\n\nKeywords\n========\n\nThe following identifiers are used as reserved words, or *keywords* of\nthe language, and cannot be used as ordinary identifiers. They must\nbe spelled exactly as written here:\n\n and del from not while\n as elif global or with\n assert else if pass yield\n break except import print\n class exec in raise\n continue finally is return\n def for lambda try\n\nChanged in version 2.4: "None" became a constant and is now recognized\nby the compiler as a name for the built-in object "None". Although it\nis not a keyword, you cannot assign a different object to it.\n\nChanged in version 2.5: Using "as" and "with" as identifiers triggers\na warning. To use them as keywords, enable the "with_statement"\nfuture feature .\n\nChanged in version 2.6: "as" and "with" are full keywords.\n\n\nReserved classes of identifiers\n===============================\n\nCertain classes of identifiers (besides keywords) have special\nmeanings. These classes are identified by the patterns of leading and\ntrailing underscore characters:\n\n"_*"\n Not imported by "from module import *". The special identifier "_"\n is used in the interactive interpreter to store the result of the\n last evaluation; it is stored in the "__builtin__" module. When\n not in interactive mode, "_" has no special meaning and is not\n defined. See section The import statement.\n\n Note: The name "_" is often used in conjunction with\n internationalization; refer to the documentation for the\n "gettext" module for more information on this convention.\n\n"__*__"\n System-defined names. These names are defined by the interpreter\n and its implementation (including the standard library). Current\n system names are discussed in the Special method names section and\n elsewhere. More will likely be defined in future versions of\n Python. *Any* use of "__*__" names, in any context, that does not\n follow explicitly documented use, is subject to breakage without\n warning.\n\n"__*"\n Class-private names. Names in this category, when used within the\n context of a class definition, are re-written to use a mangled form\n to help avoid name clashes between "private" attributes of base and\n derived classes. See section Identifiers (Names).\n', + 'if': u'\nThe "if" statement\n******************\n\nThe "if" statement is used for conditional execution:\n\n if_stmt ::= "if" expression ":" suite\n ( "elif" expression ":" suite )*\n ["else" ":" suite]\n\nIt selects exactly one of the suites by evaluating the expressions one\nby one until one is found to be true (see section Boolean operations\nfor the definition of true and false); then that suite is executed\n(and no other part of the "if" statement is executed or evaluated).\nIf all expressions are false, the suite of the "else" clause, if\npresent, is executed.\n', 'imaginary': u'\nImaginary literals\n******************\n\nImaginary literals are described by the following lexical definitions:\n\n imagnumber ::= (floatnumber | intpart) ("j" | "J")\n\nAn imaginary literal yields a complex number with a real part of 0.0.\nComplex numbers are represented as a pair of floating point numbers\nand have the same restrictions on their range. To create a complex\nnumber with a nonzero real part, add a floating point number to it,\ne.g., "(3+4j)". Some examples of imaginary literals:\n\n 3.14j 10.j 10j .001j 1e100j 3.14e-10j\n', - 'import': u'\nThe "import" statement\n**********************\n\n import_stmt ::= "import" module ["as" name] ( "," module ["as" name] )*\n | "from" relative_module "import" identifier ["as" name]\n ( "," identifier ["as" name] )*\n | "from" relative_module "import" "(" identifier ["as" name]\n ( "," identifier ["as" name] )* [","] ")"\n | "from" module "import" "*"\n module ::= (identifier ".")* identifier\n relative_module ::= "."* module | "."+\n name ::= identifier\n\nImport statements are executed in two steps: (1) find a module, and\ninitialize it if necessary; (2) define a name or names in the local\nnamespace (of the scope where the "import" statement occurs). The\nstatement comes in two forms differing on whether it uses the "from"\nkeyword. The first form (without "from") repeats these steps for each\nidentifier in the list. The form with "from" performs step (1) once,\nand then performs step (2) repeatedly.\n\nTo understand how step (1) occurs, one must first understand how\nPython handles hierarchical naming of modules. To help organize\nmodules and provide a hierarchy in naming, Python has a concept of\npackages. A package can contain other packages and modules while\nmodules cannot contain other modules or packages. From a file system\nperspective, packages are directories and modules are files.\n\nOnce the name of the module is known (unless otherwise specified, the\nterm "module" will refer to both packages and modules), searching for\nthe module or package can begin. The first place checked is\n"sys.modules", the cache of all modules that have been imported\npreviously. If the module is found there then it is used in step (2)\nof import.\n\nIf the module is not found in the cache, then "sys.meta_path" is\nsearched (the specification for "sys.meta_path" can be found in **PEP\n302**). The object is a list of *finder* objects which are queried in\norder as to whether they know how to load the module by calling their\n"find_module()" method with the name of the module. If the module\nhappens to be contained within a package (as denoted by the existence\nof a dot in the name), then a second argument to "find_module()" is\ngiven as the value of the "__path__" attribute from the parent package\n(everything up to the last dot in the name of the module being\nimported). If a finder can find the module it returns a *loader*\n(discussed later) or returns "None".\n\nIf none of the finders on "sys.meta_path" are able to find the module\nthen some implicitly defined finders are queried. Implementations of\nPython vary in what implicit meta path finders are defined. The one\nthey all do define, though, is one that handles "sys.path_hooks",\n"sys.path_importer_cache", and "sys.path".\n\nThe implicit finder searches for the requested module in the "paths"\nspecified in one of two places ("paths" do not have to be file system\npaths). If the module being imported is supposed to be contained\nwithin a package then the second argument passed to "find_module()",\n"__path__" on the parent package, is used as the source of paths. If\nthe module is not contained in a package then "sys.path" is used as\nthe source of paths.\n\nOnce the source of paths is chosen it is iterated over to find a\nfinder that can handle that path. The dict at\n"sys.path_importer_cache" caches finders for paths and is checked for\na finder. If the path does not have a finder cached then\n"sys.path_hooks" is searched by calling each object in the list with a\nsingle argument of the path, returning a finder or raises\n"ImportError". If a finder is returned then it is cached in\n"sys.path_importer_cache" and then used for that path entry. If no\nfinder can be found but the path exists then a value of "None" is\nstored in "sys.path_importer_cache" to signify that an implicit, file-\nbased finder that handles modules stored as individual files should be\nused for that path. If the path does not exist then a finder which\nalways returns "None" is placed in the cache for the path.\n\nIf no finder can find the module then "ImportError" is raised.\nOtherwise some finder returned a loader whose "load_module()" method\nis called with the name of the module to load (see **PEP 302** for the\noriginal definition of loaders). A loader has several responsibilities\nto perform on a module it loads. First, if the module already exists\nin "sys.modules" (a possibility if the loader is called outside of the\nimport machinery) then it is to use that module for initialization and\nnot a new module. But if the module does not exist in "sys.modules"\nthen it is to be added to that dict before initialization begins. If\nan error occurs during loading of the module and it was added to\n"sys.modules" it is to be removed from the dict. If an error occurs\nbut the module was already in "sys.modules" it is left in the dict.\n\nThe loader must set several attributes on the module. "__name__" is to\nbe set to the name of the module. "__file__" is to be the "path" to\nthe file unless the module is built-in (and thus listed in\n"sys.builtin_module_names") in which case the attribute is not set. If\nwhat is being imported is a package then "__path__" is to be set to a\nlist of paths to be searched when looking for modules and packages\ncontained within the package being imported. "__package__" is optional\nbut should be set to the name of package that contains the module or\npackage (the empty string is used for module not contained in a\npackage). "__loader__" is also optional but should be set to the\nloader object that is loading the module.\n\nIf an error occurs during loading then the loader raises "ImportError"\nif some other exception is not already being propagated. Otherwise the\nloader returns the module that was loaded and initialized.\n\nWhen step (1) finishes without raising an exception, step (2) can\nbegin.\n\nThe first form of "import" statement binds the module name in the\nlocal namespace to the module object, and then goes on to import the\nnext identifier, if any. If the module name is followed by "as", the\nname following "as" is used as the local name for the module.\n\nThe "from" form does not bind the module name: it goes through the\nlist of identifiers, looks each one of them up in the module found in\nstep (1), and binds the name in the local namespace to the object thus\nfound. As with the first form of "import", an alternate local name\ncan be supplied by specifying ""as" localname". If a name is not\nfound, "ImportError" is raised. If the list of identifiers is\nreplaced by a star ("\'*\'"), all public names defined in the module are\nbound in the local namespace of the "import" statement..\n\nThe *public names* defined by a module are determined by checking the\nmodule\'s namespace for a variable named "__all__"; if defined, it must\nbe a sequence of strings which are names defined or imported by that\nmodule. The names given in "__all__" are all considered public and\nare required to exist. If "__all__" is not defined, the set of public\nnames includes all names found in the module\'s namespace which do not\nbegin with an underscore character ("\'_\'"). "__all__" should contain\nthe entire public API. It is intended to avoid accidentally exporting\nitems that are not part of the API (such as library modules which were\nimported and used within the module).\n\nThe "from" form with "*" may only occur in a module scope. If the\nwild card form of import --- "import *" --- is used in a function and\nthe function contains or is a nested block with free variables, the\ncompiler will raise a "SyntaxError".\n\nWhen specifying what module to import you do not have to specify the\nabsolute name of the module. When a module or package is contained\nwithin another package it is possible to make a relative import within\nthe same top package without having to mention the package name. By\nusing leading dots in the specified module or package after "from" you\ncan specify how high to traverse up the current package hierarchy\nwithout specifying exact names. One leading dot means the current\npackage where the module making the import exists. Two dots means up\none package level. Three dots is up two levels, etc. So if you execute\n"from . import mod" from a module in the "pkg" package then you will\nend up importing "pkg.mod". If you execute "from ..subpkg2 import mod"\nfrom within "pkg.subpkg1" you will import "pkg.subpkg2.mod". The\nspecification for relative imports is contained within **PEP 328**.\n\n"importlib.import_module()" is provided to support applications that\ndetermine which modules need to be loaded dynamically.\n\n\nFuture statements\n=================\n\nA *future statement* is a directive to the compiler that a particular\nmodule should be compiled using syntax or semantics that will be\navailable in a specified future release of Python. The future\nstatement is intended to ease migration to future versions of Python\nthat introduce incompatible changes to the language. It allows use of\nthe new features on a per-module basis before the release in which the\nfeature becomes standard.\n\n future_statement ::= "from" "__future__" "import" feature ["as" name]\n ("," feature ["as" name])*\n | "from" "__future__" "import" "(" feature ["as" name]\n ("," feature ["as" name])* [","] ")"\n feature ::= identifier\n name ::= identifier\n\nA future statement must appear near the top of the module. The only\nlines that can appear before a future statement are:\n\n* the module docstring (if any),\n\n* comments,\n\n* blank lines, and\n\n* other future statements.\n\nThe features recognized by Python 2.6 are "unicode_literals",\n"print_function", "absolute_import", "division", "generators",\n"nested_scopes" and "with_statement". "generators", "with_statement",\n"nested_scopes" are redundant in Python version 2.6 and above because\nthey are always enabled.\n\nA future statement is recognized and treated specially at compile\ntime: Changes to the semantics of core constructs are often\nimplemented by generating different code. It may even be the case\nthat a new feature introduces new incompatible syntax (such as a new\nreserved word), in which case the compiler may need to parse the\nmodule differently. Such decisions cannot be pushed off until\nruntime.\n\nFor any given release, the compiler knows which feature names have\nbeen defined, and raises a compile-time error if a future statement\ncontains a feature not known to it.\n\nThe direct runtime semantics are the same as for any import statement:\nthere is a standard module "__future__", described later, and it will\nbe imported in the usual way at the time the future statement is\nexecuted.\n\nThe interesting runtime semantics depend on the specific feature\nenabled by the future statement.\n\nNote that there is nothing special about the statement:\n\n import __future__ [as name]\n\nThat is not a future statement; it\'s an ordinary import statement with\nno special semantics or syntax restrictions.\n\nCode compiled by an "exec" statement or calls to the built-in\nfunctions "compile()" and "execfile()" that occur in a module "M"\ncontaining a future statement will, by default, use the new syntax or\nsemantics associated with the future statement. This can, starting\nwith Python 2.2 be controlled by optional arguments to "compile()" ---\nsee the documentation of that function for details.\n\nA future statement typed at an interactive interpreter prompt will\ntake effect for the rest of the interpreter session. If an\ninterpreter is started with the *-i* option, is passed a script name\nto execute, and the script includes a future statement, it will be in\neffect in the interactive session started after the script is\nexecuted.\n\nSee also: **PEP 236** - Back to the __future__\n\n The original proposal for the __future__ mechanism.\n', - 'in': u'\nComparisons\n***********\n\nUnlike C, all comparison operations in Python have the same priority,\nwhich is lower than that of any arithmetic, shifting or bitwise\noperation. Also unlike C, expressions like "a < b < c" have the\ninterpretation that is conventional in mathematics:\n\n comparison ::= or_expr ( comp_operator or_expr )*\n comp_operator ::= "<" | ">" | "==" | ">=" | "<=" | "<>" | "!="\n | "is" ["not"] | ["not"] "in"\n\nComparisons yield boolean values: "True" or "False".\n\nComparisons can be chained arbitrarily, e.g., "x < y <= z" is\nequivalent to "x < y and y <= z", except that "y" is evaluated only\nonce (but in both cases "z" is not evaluated at all when "x < y" is\nfound to be false).\n\nFormally, if *a*, *b*, *c*, ..., *y*, *z* are expressions and *op1*,\n*op2*, ..., *opN* are comparison operators, then "a op1 b op2 c ... y\nopN z" is equivalent to "a op1 b and b op2 c and ... y opN z", except\nthat each expression is evaluated at most once.\n\nNote that "a op1 b op2 c" doesn\'t imply any kind of comparison between\n*a* and *c*, so that, e.g., "x < y > z" is perfectly legal (though\nperhaps not pretty).\n\nThe forms "<>" and "!=" are equivalent; for consistency with C, "!="\nis preferred; where "!=" is mentioned below "<>" is also accepted.\nThe "<>" spelling is considered obsolescent.\n\nThe operators "<", ">", "==", ">=", "<=", and "!=" compare the values\nof two objects. The objects need not have the same type. If both are\nnumbers, they are converted to a common type. Otherwise, objects of\ndifferent types *always* compare unequal, and are ordered consistently\nbut arbitrarily. You can control comparison behavior of objects of\nnon-built-in types by defining a "__cmp__" method or rich comparison\nmethods like "__gt__", described in section *Special method names*.\n\n(This unusual definition of comparison was used to simplify the\ndefinition of operations like sorting and the "in" and "not in"\noperators. In the future, the comparison rules for objects of\ndifferent types are likely to change.)\n\nComparison of objects of the same type depends on the type:\n\n* Numbers are compared arithmetically.\n\n* Strings are compared lexicographically using the numeric\n equivalents (the result of the built-in function "ord()") of their\n characters. Unicode and 8-bit strings are fully interoperable in\n this behavior. [4]\n\n* Tuples and lists are compared lexicographically using comparison\n of corresponding elements. This means that to compare equal, each\n element must compare equal and the two sequences must be of the same\n type and have the same length.\n\n If not equal, the sequences are ordered the same as their first\n differing elements. For example, "cmp([1,2,x], [1,2,y])" returns\n the same as "cmp(x,y)". If the corresponding element does not\n exist, the shorter sequence is ordered first (for example, "[1,2] <\n [1,2,3]").\n\n* Mappings (dictionaries) compare equal if and only if their sorted\n (key, value) lists compare equal. [5] Outcomes other than equality\n are resolved consistently, but are not otherwise defined. [6]\n\n* Most other objects of built-in types compare unequal unless they\n are the same object; the choice whether one object is considered\n smaller or larger than another one is made arbitrarily but\n consistently within one execution of a program.\n\nThe operators "in" and "not in" test for collection membership. "x in\ns" evaluates to true if *x* is a member of the collection *s*, and\nfalse otherwise. "x not in s" returns the negation of "x in s". The\ncollection membership test has traditionally been bound to sequences;\nan object is a member of a collection if the collection is a sequence\nand contains an element equal to that object. However, it make sense\nfor many other object types to support membership tests without being\na sequence. In particular, dictionaries (for keys) and sets support\nmembership testing.\n\nFor the list and tuple types, "x in y" is true if and only if there\nexists an index *i* such that "x == y[i]" is true.\n\nFor the Unicode and string types, "x in y" is true if and only if *x*\nis a substring of *y*. An equivalent test is "y.find(x) != -1".\nNote, *x* and *y* need not be the same type; consequently, "u\'ab\' in\n\'abc\'" will return "True". Empty strings are always considered to be a\nsubstring of any other string, so """ in "abc"" will return "True".\n\nChanged in version 2.3: Previously, *x* was required to be a string of\nlength "1".\n\nFor user-defined classes which define the "__contains__()" method, "x\nin y" is true if and only if "y.__contains__(x)" is true.\n\nFor user-defined classes which do not define "__contains__()" but do\ndefine "__iter__()", "x in y" is true if some value "z" with "x == z"\nis produced while iterating over "y". If an exception is raised\nduring the iteration, it is as if "in" raised that exception.\n\nLastly, the old-style iteration protocol is tried: if a class defines\n"__getitem__()", "x in y" is true if and only if there is a non-\nnegative integer index *i* such that "x == y[i]", and all lower\ninteger indices do not raise "IndexError" exception. (If any other\nexception is raised, it is as if "in" raised that exception).\n\nThe operator "not in" is defined to have the inverse true value of\n"in".\n\nThe operators "is" and "is not" test for object identity: "x is y" is\ntrue if and only if *x* and *y* are the same object. "x is not y"\nyields the inverse truth value. [7]\n', + 'import': u'\nThe "import" statement\n**********************\n\n import_stmt ::= "import" module ["as" name] ( "," module ["as" name] )*\n | "from" relative_module "import" identifier ["as" name]\n ( "," identifier ["as" name] )*\n | "from" relative_module "import" "(" identifier ["as" name]\n ( "," identifier ["as" name] )* [","] ")"\n | "from" module "import" "*"\n module ::= (identifier ".")* identifier\n relative_module ::= "."* module | "."+\n name ::= identifier\n\nImport statements are executed in two steps: (1) find a module, and\ninitialize it if necessary; (2) define a name or names in the local\nnamespace (of the scope where the "import" statement occurs). The\nstatement comes in two forms differing on whether it uses the "from"\nkeyword. The first form (without "from") repeats these steps for each\nidentifier in the list. The form with "from" performs step (1) once,\nand then performs step (2) repeatedly.\n\nTo understand how step (1) occurs, one must first understand how\nPython handles hierarchical naming of modules. To help organize\nmodules and provide a hierarchy in naming, Python has a concept of\npackages. A package can contain other packages and modules while\nmodules cannot contain other modules or packages. From a file system\nperspective, packages are directories and modules are files.\n\nOnce the name of the module is known (unless otherwise specified, the\nterm "module" will refer to both packages and modules), searching for\nthe module or package can begin. The first place checked is\n"sys.modules", the cache of all modules that have been imported\npreviously. If the module is found there then it is used in step (2)\nof import.\n\nIf the module is not found in the cache, then "sys.meta_path" is\nsearched (the specification for "sys.meta_path" can be found in **PEP\n302**). The object is a list of *finder* objects which are queried in\norder as to whether they know how to load the module by calling their\n"find_module()" method with the name of the module. If the module\nhappens to be contained within a package (as denoted by the existence\nof a dot in the name), then a second argument to "find_module()" is\ngiven as the value of the "__path__" attribute from the parent package\n(everything up to the last dot in the name of the module being\nimported). If a finder can find the module it returns a *loader*\n(discussed later) or returns "None".\n\nIf none of the finders on "sys.meta_path" are able to find the module\nthen some implicitly defined finders are queried. Implementations of\nPython vary in what implicit meta path finders are defined. The one\nthey all do define, though, is one that handles "sys.path_hooks",\n"sys.path_importer_cache", and "sys.path".\n\nThe implicit finder searches for the requested module in the "paths"\nspecified in one of two places ("paths" do not have to be file system\npaths). If the module being imported is supposed to be contained\nwithin a package then the second argument passed to "find_module()",\n"__path__" on the parent package, is used as the source of paths. If\nthe module is not contained in a package then "sys.path" is used as\nthe source of paths.\n\nOnce the source of paths is chosen it is iterated over to find a\nfinder that can handle that path. The dict at\n"sys.path_importer_cache" caches finders for paths and is checked for\na finder. If the path does not have a finder cached then\n"sys.path_hooks" is searched by calling each object in the list with a\nsingle argument of the path, returning a finder or raises\n"ImportError". If a finder is returned then it is cached in\n"sys.path_importer_cache" and then used for that path entry. If no\nfinder can be found but the path exists then a value of "None" is\nstored in "sys.path_importer_cache" to signify that an implicit, file-\nbased finder that handles modules stored as individual files should be\nused for that path. If the path does not exist then a finder which\nalways returns "None" is placed in the cache for the path.\n\nIf no finder can find the module then "ImportError" is raised.\nOtherwise some finder returned a loader whose "load_module()" method\nis called with the name of the module to load (see **PEP 302** for the\noriginal definition of loaders). A loader has several responsibilities\nto perform on a module it loads. First, if the module already exists\nin "sys.modules" (a possibility if the loader is called outside of the\nimport machinery) then it is to use that module for initialization and\nnot a new module. But if the module does not exist in "sys.modules"\nthen it is to be added to that dict before initialization begins. If\nan error occurs during loading of the module and it was added to\n"sys.modules" it is to be removed from the dict. If an error occurs\nbut the module was already in "sys.modules" it is left in the dict.\n\nThe loader must set several attributes on the module. "__name__" is to\nbe set to the name of the module. "__file__" is to be the "path" to\nthe file unless the module is built-in (and thus listed in\n"sys.builtin_module_names") in which case the attribute is not set. If\nwhat is being imported is a package then "__path__" is to be set to a\nlist of paths to be searched when looking for modules and packages\ncontained within the package being imported. "__package__" is optional\nbut should be set to the name of package that contains the module or\npackage (the empty string is used for module not contained in a\npackage). "__loader__" is also optional but should be set to the\nloader object that is loading the module.\n\nIf an error occurs during loading then the loader raises "ImportError"\nif some other exception is not already being propagated. Otherwise the\nloader returns the module that was loaded and initialized.\n\nWhen step (1) finishes without raising an exception, step (2) can\nbegin.\n\nThe first form of "import" statement binds the module name in the\nlocal namespace to the module object, and then goes on to import the\nnext identifier, if any. If the module name is followed by "as", the\nname following "as" is used as the local name for the module.\n\nThe "from" form does not bind the module name: it goes through the\nlist of identifiers, looks each one of them up in the module found in\nstep (1), and binds the name in the local namespace to the object thus\nfound. As with the first form of "import", an alternate local name\ncan be supplied by specifying ""as" localname". If a name is not\nfound, "ImportError" is raised. If the list of identifiers is\nreplaced by a star ("\'*\'"), all public names defined in the module are\nbound in the local namespace of the "import" statement..\n\nThe *public names* defined by a module are determined by checking the\nmodule\'s namespace for a variable named "__all__"; if defined, it must\nbe a sequence of strings which are names defined or imported by that\nmodule. The names given in "__all__" are all considered public and\nare required to exist. If "__all__" is not defined, the set of public\nnames includes all names found in the module\'s namespace which do not\nbegin with an underscore character ("\'_\'"). "__all__" should contain\nthe entire public API. It is intended to avoid accidentally exporting\nitems that are not part of the API (such as library modules which were\nimported and used within the module).\n\nThe "from" form with "*" may only occur in a module scope. If the\nwild card form of import --- "import *" --- is used in a function and\nthe function contains or is a nested block with free variables, the\ncompiler will raise a "SyntaxError".\n\nWhen specifying what module to import you do not have to specify the\nabsolute name of the module. When a module or package is contained\nwithin another package it is possible to make a relative import within\nthe same top package without having to mention the package name. By\nusing leading dots in the specified module or package after "from" you\ncan specify how high to traverse up the current package hierarchy\nwithout specifying exact names. One leading dot means the current\npackage where the module making the import exists. Two dots means up\none package level. Three dots is up two levels, etc. So if you execute\n"from . import mod" from a module in the "pkg" package then you will\nend up importing "pkg.mod". If you execute "from ..subpkg2 import mod"\nfrom within "pkg.subpkg1" you will import "pkg.subpkg2.mod". The\nspecification for relative imports is contained within **PEP 328**.\n\n"importlib.import_module()" is provided to support applications that\ndetermine which modules need to be loaded dynamically.\n\n\nFuture statements\n=================\n\nA *future statement* is a directive to the compiler that a particular\nmodule should be compiled using syntax or semantics that will be\navailable in a specified future release of Python. The future\nstatement is intended to ease migration to future versions of Python\nthat introduce incompatible changes to the language. It allows use of\nthe new features on a per-module basis before the release in which the\nfeature becomes standard.\n\n future_statement ::= "from" "__future__" "import" feature ["as" name]\n ("," feature ["as" name])*\n | "from" "__future__" "import" "(" feature ["as" name]\n ("," feature ["as" name])* [","] ")"\n feature ::= identifier\n name ::= identifier\n\nA future statement must appear near the top of the module. The only\nlines that can appear before a future statement are:\n\n* the module docstring (if any),\n\n* comments,\n\n* blank lines, and\n\n* other future statements.\n\nThe features recognized by Python 2.6 are "unicode_literals",\n"print_function", "absolute_import", "division", "generators",\n"nested_scopes" and "with_statement". "generators", "with_statement",\n"nested_scopes" are redundant in Python version 2.6 and above because\nthey are always enabled.\n\nA future statement is recognized and treated specially at compile\ntime: Changes to the semantics of core constructs are often\nimplemented by generating different code. It may even be the case\nthat a new feature introduces new incompatible syntax (such as a new\nreserved word), in which case the compiler may need to parse the\nmodule differently. Such decisions cannot be pushed off until\nruntime.\n\nFor any given release, the compiler knows which feature names have\nbeen defined, and raises a compile-time error if a future statement\ncontains a feature not known to it.\n\nThe direct runtime semantics are the same as for any import statement:\nthere is a standard module "__future__", described later, and it will\nbe imported in the usual way at the time the future statement is\nexecuted.\n\nThe interesting runtime semantics depend on the specific feature\nenabled by the future statement.\n\nNote that there is nothing special about the statement:\n\n import __future__ [as name]\n\nThat is not a future statement; it\'s an ordinary import statement with\nno special semantics or syntax restrictions.\n\nCode compiled by an "exec" statement or calls to the built-in\nfunctions "compile()" and "execfile()" that occur in a module "M"\ncontaining a future statement will, by default, use the new syntax or\nsemantics associated with the future statement. This can, starting\nwith Python 2.2 be controlled by optional arguments to "compile()" ---\nsee the documentation of that function for details.\n\nA future statement typed at an interactive interpreter prompt will\ntake effect for the rest of the interpreter session. If an\ninterpreter is started with the "-i" option, is passed a script name\nto execute, and the script includes a future statement, it will be in\neffect in the interactive session started after the script is\nexecuted.\n\nSee also: **PEP 236** - Back to the __future__\n\n The original proposal for the __future__ mechanism.\n', + 'in': u'\nComparisons\n***********\n\nUnlike C, all comparison operations in Python have the same priority,\nwhich is lower than that of any arithmetic, shifting or bitwise\noperation. Also unlike C, expressions like "a < b < c" have the\ninterpretation that is conventional in mathematics:\n\n comparison ::= or_expr ( comp_operator or_expr )*\n comp_operator ::= "<" | ">" | "==" | ">=" | "<=" | "<>" | "!="\n | "is" ["not"] | ["not"] "in"\n\nComparisons yield boolean values: "True" or "False".\n\nComparisons can be chained arbitrarily, e.g., "x < y <= z" is\nequivalent to "x < y and y <= z", except that "y" is evaluated only\nonce (but in both cases "z" is not evaluated at all when "x < y" is\nfound to be false).\n\nFormally, if *a*, *b*, *c*, ..., *y*, *z* are expressions and *op1*,\n*op2*, ..., *opN* are comparison operators, then "a op1 b op2 c ... y\nopN z" is equivalent to "a op1 b and b op2 c and ... y opN z", except\nthat each expression is evaluated at most once.\n\nNote that "a op1 b op2 c" doesn\'t imply any kind of comparison between\n*a* and *c*, so that, e.g., "x < y > z" is perfectly legal (though\nperhaps not pretty).\n\nThe forms "<>" and "!=" are equivalent; for consistency with C, "!="\nis preferred; where "!=" is mentioned below "<>" is also accepted.\nThe "<>" spelling is considered obsolescent.\n\nThe operators "<", ">", "==", ">=", "<=", and "!=" compare the values\nof two objects. The objects need not have the same type. If both are\nnumbers, they are converted to a common type. Otherwise, objects of\ndifferent types *always* compare unequal, and are ordered consistently\nbut arbitrarily. You can control comparison behavior of objects of\nnon-built-in types by defining a "__cmp__" method or rich comparison\nmethods like "__gt__", described in section Special method names.\n\n(This unusual definition of comparison was used to simplify the\ndefinition of operations like sorting and the "in" and "not in"\noperators. In the future, the comparison rules for objects of\ndifferent types are likely to change.)\n\nComparison of objects of the same type depends on the type:\n\n* Numbers are compared arithmetically.\n\n* Strings are compared lexicographically using the numeric\n equivalents (the result of the built-in function "ord()") of their\n characters. Unicode and 8-bit strings are fully interoperable in\n this behavior. [4]\n\n* Tuples and lists are compared lexicographically using comparison\n of corresponding elements. This means that to compare equal, each\n element must compare equal and the two sequences must be of the same\n type and have the same length.\n\n If not equal, the sequences are ordered the same as their first\n differing elements. For example, "cmp([1,2,x], [1,2,y])" returns\n the same as "cmp(x,y)". If the corresponding element does not\n exist, the shorter sequence is ordered first (for example, "[1,2] <\n [1,2,3]").\n\n* Mappings (dictionaries) compare equal if and only if their sorted\n (key, value) lists compare equal. [5] Outcomes other than equality\n are resolved consistently, but are not otherwise defined. [6]\n\n* Most other objects of built-in types compare unequal unless they\n are the same object; the choice whether one object is considered\n smaller or larger than another one is made arbitrarily but\n consistently within one execution of a program.\n\nThe operators "in" and "not in" test for collection membership. "x in\ns" evaluates to true if *x* is a member of the collection *s*, and\nfalse otherwise. "x not in s" returns the negation of "x in s". The\ncollection membership test has traditionally been bound to sequences;\nan object is a member of a collection if the collection is a sequence\nand contains an element equal to that object. However, it make sense\nfor many other object types to support membership tests without being\na sequence. In particular, dictionaries (for keys) and sets support\nmembership testing.\n\nFor the list and tuple types, "x in y" is true if and only if there\nexists an index *i* such that "x == y[i]" is true.\n\nFor the Unicode and string types, "x in y" is true if and only if *x*\nis a substring of *y*. An equivalent test is "y.find(x) != -1".\nNote, *x* and *y* need not be the same type; consequently, "u\'ab\' in\n\'abc\'" will return "True". Empty strings are always considered to be a\nsubstring of any other string, so """ in "abc"" will return "True".\n\nChanged in version 2.3: Previously, *x* was required to be a string of\nlength "1".\n\nFor user-defined classes which define the "__contains__()" method, "x\nin y" is true if and only if "y.__contains__(x)" is true.\n\nFor user-defined classes which do not define "__contains__()" but do\ndefine "__iter__()", "x in y" is true if some value "z" with "x == z"\nis produced while iterating over "y". If an exception is raised\nduring the iteration, it is as if "in" raised that exception.\n\nLastly, the old-style iteration protocol is tried: if a class defines\n"__getitem__()", "x in y" is true if and only if there is a non-\nnegative integer index *i* such that "x == y[i]", and all lower\ninteger indices do not raise "IndexError" exception. (If any other\nexception is raised, it is as if "in" raised that exception).\n\nThe operator "not in" is defined to have the inverse true value of\n"in".\n\nThe operators "is" and "is not" test for object identity: "x is y" is\ntrue if and only if *x* and *y* are the same object. "x is not y"\nyields the inverse truth value. [7]\n', 'integers': u'\nInteger and long integer literals\n*********************************\n\nInteger and long integer literals are described by the following\nlexical definitions:\n\n longinteger ::= integer ("l" | "L")\n integer ::= decimalinteger | octinteger | hexinteger | bininteger\n decimalinteger ::= nonzerodigit digit* | "0"\n octinteger ::= "0" ("o" | "O") octdigit+ | "0" octdigit+\n hexinteger ::= "0" ("x" | "X") hexdigit+\n bininteger ::= "0" ("b" | "B") bindigit+\n nonzerodigit ::= "1"..."9"\n octdigit ::= "0"..."7"\n bindigit ::= "0" | "1"\n hexdigit ::= digit | "a"..."f" | "A"..."F"\n\nAlthough both lower case "\'l\'" and upper case "\'L\'" are allowed as\nsuffix for long integers, it is strongly recommended to always use\n"\'L\'", since the letter "\'l\'" looks too much like the digit "\'1\'".\n\nPlain integer literals that are above the largest representable plain\ninteger (e.g., 2147483647 when using 32-bit arithmetic) are accepted\nas if they were long integers instead. [1] There is no limit for long\ninteger literals apart from what can be stored in available memory.\n\nSome examples of plain integer literals (first row) and long integer\nliterals (second and third rows):\n\n 7 2147483647 0177\n 3L 79228162514264337593543950336L 0377L 0x100000000L\n 79228162514264337593543950336 0xdeadbeef\n', - 'lambda': u'\nLambdas\n*******\n\n lambda_expr ::= "lambda" [parameter_list]: expression\n old_lambda_expr ::= "lambda" [parameter_list]: old_expression\n\nLambda expressions (sometimes called lambda forms) have the same\nsyntactic position as expressions. They are a shorthand to create\nanonymous functions; the expression "lambda arguments: expression"\nyields a function object. The unnamed object behaves like a function\nobject defined with\n\n def name(arguments):\n return expression\n\nSee section *Function definitions* for the syntax of parameter lists.\nNote that functions created with lambda expressions cannot contain\nstatements.\n', + 'lambda': u'\nLambdas\n*******\n\n lambda_expr ::= "lambda" [parameter_list]: expression\n old_lambda_expr ::= "lambda" [parameter_list]: old_expression\n\nLambda expressions (sometimes called lambda forms) have the same\nsyntactic position as expressions. They are a shorthand to create\nanonymous functions; the expression "lambda arguments: expression"\nyields a function object. The unnamed object behaves like a function\nobject defined with\n\n def name(arguments):\n return expression\n\nSee section Function definitions for the syntax of parameter lists.\nNote that functions created with lambda expressions cannot contain\nstatements.\n', 'lists': u'\nList displays\n*************\n\nA list display is a possibly empty series of expressions enclosed in\nsquare brackets:\n\n list_display ::= "[" [expression_list | list_comprehension] "]"\n list_comprehension ::= expression list_for\n list_for ::= "for" target_list "in" old_expression_list [list_iter]\n old_expression_list ::= old_expression [("," old_expression)+ [","]]\n old_expression ::= or_test | old_lambda_expr\n list_iter ::= list_for | list_if\n list_if ::= "if" old_expression [list_iter]\n\nA list display yields a new list object. Its contents are specified\nby providing either a list of expressions or a list comprehension.\nWhen a comma-separated list of expressions is supplied, its elements\nare evaluated from left to right and placed into the list object in\nthat order. When a list comprehension is supplied, it consists of a\nsingle expression followed by at least one "for" clause and zero or\nmore "for" or "if" clauses. In this case, the elements of the new\nlist are those that would be produced by considering each of the "for"\nor "if" clauses a block, nesting from left to right, and evaluating\nthe expression to produce a list element each time the innermost block\nis reached [1].\n', 'naming': u'\nNaming and binding\n******************\n\n*Names* refer to objects. Names are introduced by name binding\noperations. Each occurrence of a name in the program text refers to\nthe *binding* of that name established in the innermost function block\ncontaining the use.\n\nA *block* is a piece of Python program text that is executed as a\nunit. The following are blocks: a module, a function body, and a class\ndefinition. Each command typed interactively is a block. A script\nfile (a file given as standard input to the interpreter or specified\non the interpreter command line the first argument) is a code block.\nA script command (a command specified on the interpreter command line\nwith the \'**-c**\' option) is a code block. The file read by the\nbuilt-in function "execfile()" is a code block. The string argument\npassed to the built-in function "eval()" and to the "exec" statement\nis a code block. The expression read and evaluated by the built-in\nfunction "input()" is a code block.\n\nA code block is executed in an *execution frame*. A frame contains\nsome administrative information (used for debugging) and determines\nwhere and how execution continues after the code block\'s execution has\ncompleted.\n\nA *scope* defines the visibility of a name within a block. If a local\nvariable is defined in a block, its scope includes that block. If the\ndefinition occurs in a function block, the scope extends to any blocks\ncontained within the defining one, unless a contained block introduces\na different binding for the name. The scope of names defined in a\nclass block is limited to the class block; it does not extend to the\ncode blocks of methods -- this includes generator expressions since\nthey are implemented using a function scope. This means that the\nfollowing will fail:\n\n class A:\n a = 42\n b = list(a + i for i in range(10))\n\nWhen a name is used in a code block, it is resolved using the nearest\nenclosing scope. The set of all such scopes visible to a code block\nis called the block\'s *environment*.\n\nIf a name is bound in a block, it is a local variable of that block.\nIf a name is bound at the module level, it is a global variable. (The\nvariables of the module code block are local and global.) If a\nvariable is used in a code block but not defined there, it is a *free\nvariable*.\n\nWhen a name is not found at all, a "NameError" exception is raised.\nIf the name refers to a local variable that has not been bound, a\n"UnboundLocalError" exception is raised. "UnboundLocalError" is a\nsubclass of "NameError".\n\nThe following constructs bind names: formal parameters to functions,\n"import" statements, class and function definitions (these bind the\nclass or function name in the defining block), and targets that are\nidentifiers if occurring in an assignment, "for" loop header, in the\nsecond position of an "except" clause header or after "as" in a "with"\nstatement. The "import" statement of the form "from ... import *"\nbinds all names defined in the imported module, except those beginning\nwith an underscore. This form may only be used at the module level.\n\nA target occurring in a "del" statement is also considered bound for\nthis purpose (though the actual semantics are to unbind the name). It\nis illegal to unbind a name that is referenced by an enclosing scope;\nthe compiler will report a "SyntaxError".\n\nEach assignment or import statement occurs within a block defined by a\nclass or function definition or at the module level (the top-level\ncode block).\n\nIf a name binding operation occurs anywhere within a code block, all\nuses of the name within the block are treated as references to the\ncurrent block. This can lead to errors when a name is used within a\nblock before it is bound. This rule is subtle. Python lacks\ndeclarations and allows name binding operations to occur anywhere\nwithin a code block. The local variables of a code block can be\ndetermined by scanning the entire text of the block for name binding\noperations.\n\nIf the global statement occurs within a block, all uses of the name\nspecified in the statement refer to the binding of that name in the\ntop-level namespace. Names are resolved in the top-level namespace by\nsearching the global namespace, i.e. the namespace of the module\ncontaining the code block, and the builtins namespace, the namespace\nof the module "__builtin__". The global namespace is searched first.\nIf the name is not found there, the builtins namespace is searched.\nThe global statement must precede all uses of the name.\n\nThe builtins namespace associated with the execution of a code block\nis actually found by looking up the name "__builtins__" in its global\nnamespace; this should be a dictionary or a module (in the latter case\nthe module\'s dictionary is used). By default, when in the "__main__"\nmodule, "__builtins__" is the built-in module "__builtin__" (note: no\n\'s\'); when in any other module, "__builtins__" is an alias for the\ndictionary of the "__builtin__" module itself. "__builtins__" can be\nset to a user-created dictionary to create a weak form of restricted\nexecution.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** Users should not touch\n"__builtins__"; it is strictly an implementation detail. Users\nwanting to override values in the builtins namespace should "import"\nthe "__builtin__" (no \'s\') module and modify its attributes\nappropriately.\n\nThe namespace for a module is automatically created the first time a\nmodule is imported. The main module for a script is always called\n"__main__".\n\nThe "global" statement has the same scope as a name binding operation\nin the same block. If the nearest enclosing scope for a free variable\ncontains a global statement, the free variable is treated as a global.\n\nA class definition is an executable statement that may use and define\nnames. These references follow the normal rules for name resolution.\nThe namespace of the class definition becomes the attribute dictionary\nof the class. Names defined at the class scope are not visible in\nmethods.\n\n\nInteraction with dynamic features\n=================================\n\nThere are several cases where Python statements are illegal when used\nin conjunction with nested scopes that contain free variables.\n\nIf a variable is referenced in an enclosing scope, it is illegal to\ndelete the name. An error will be reported at compile time.\n\nIf the wild card form of import --- "import *" --- is used in a\nfunction and the function contains or is a nested block with free\nvariables, the compiler will raise a "SyntaxError".\n\nIf "exec" is used in a function and the function contains or is a\nnested block with free variables, the compiler will raise a\n"SyntaxError" unless the exec explicitly specifies the local namespace\nfor the "exec". (In other words, "exec obj" would be illegal, but\n"exec obj in ns" would be legal.)\n\nThe "eval()", "execfile()", and "input()" functions and the "exec"\nstatement do not have access to the full environment for resolving\nnames. Names may be resolved in the local and global namespaces of\nthe caller. Free variables are not resolved in the nearest enclosing\nnamespace, but in the global namespace. [1] The "exec" statement and\nthe "eval()" and "execfile()" functions have optional arguments to\noverride the global and local namespace. If only one namespace is\nspecified, it is used for both.\n', 'numbers': u'\nNumeric literals\n****************\n\nThere are four types of numeric literals: plain integers, long\nintegers, floating point numbers, and imaginary numbers. There are no\ncomplex literals (complex numbers can be formed by adding a real\nnumber and an imaginary number).\n\nNote that numeric literals do not include a sign; a phrase like "-1"\nis actually an expression composed of the unary operator \'"-"\' and the\nliteral "1".\n', 'numeric-types': u'\nEmulating numeric types\n***********************\n\nThe following methods can be defined to emulate numeric objects.\nMethods corresponding to operations that are not supported by the\nparticular kind of number implemented (e.g., bitwise operations for\nnon-integral numbers) should be left undefined.\n\nobject.__add__(self, other)\nobject.__sub__(self, other)\nobject.__mul__(self, other)\nobject.__floordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__mod__(self, other)\nobject.__divmod__(self, other)\nobject.__pow__(self, other[, modulo])\nobject.__lshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rshift__(self, other)\nobject.__and__(self, other)\nobject.__xor__(self, other)\nobject.__or__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic\n operations ("+", "-", "*", "//", "%", "divmod()", "pow()", "**",\n "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|"). For instance, to evaluate the\n expression "x + y", where *x* is an instance of a class that has an\n "__add__()" method, "x.__add__(y)" is called. The "__divmod__()"\n method should be the equivalent to using "__floordiv__()" and\n "__mod__()"; it should not be related to "__truediv__()" (described\n below). Note that "__pow__()" should be defined to accept an\n optional third argument if the ternary version of the built-in\n "pow()" function is to be supported.\n\n If one of those methods does not support the operation with the\n supplied arguments, it should return "NotImplemented".\n\nobject.__div__(self, other)\nobject.__truediv__(self, other)\n\n The division operator ("/") is implemented by these methods. The\n "__truediv__()" method is used when "__future__.division" is in\n effect, otherwise "__div__()" is used. If only one of these two\n methods is defined, the object will not support division in the\n alternate context; "TypeError" will be raised instead.\n\nobject.__radd__(self, other)\nobject.__rsub__(self, other)\nobject.__rmul__(self, other)\nobject.__rdiv__(self, other)\nobject.__rtruediv__(self, other)\nobject.__rfloordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__rmod__(self, other)\nobject.__rdivmod__(self, other)\nobject.__rpow__(self, other)\nobject.__rlshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rrshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rand__(self, other)\nobject.__rxor__(self, other)\nobject.__ror__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic\n operations ("+", "-", "*", "/", "%", "divmod()", "pow()", "**",\n "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|") with reflected (swapped) operands.\n These functions are only called if the left operand does not\n support the corresponding operation and the operands are of\n different types. [2] For instance, to evaluate the expression "x -\n y", where *y* is an instance of a class that has an "__rsub__()"\n method, "y.__rsub__(x)" is called if "x.__sub__(y)" returns\n *NotImplemented*.\n\n Note that ternary "pow()" will not try calling "__rpow__()" (the\n coercion rules would become too complicated).\n\n Note: If the right operand\'s type is a subclass of the left\n operand\'s type and that subclass provides the reflected method\n for the operation, this method will be called before the left\n operand\'s non-reflected method. This behavior allows subclasses\n to override their ancestors\' operations.\n\nobject.__iadd__(self, other)\nobject.__isub__(self, other)\nobject.__imul__(self, other)\nobject.__idiv__(self, other)\nobject.__itruediv__(self, other)\nobject.__ifloordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__imod__(self, other)\nobject.__ipow__(self, other[, modulo])\nobject.__ilshift__(self, other)\nobject.__irshift__(self, other)\nobject.__iand__(self, other)\nobject.__ixor__(self, other)\nobject.__ior__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the augmented arithmetic\n assignments ("+=", "-=", "*=", "/=", "//=", "%=", "**=", "<<=",\n ">>=", "&=", "^=", "|="). These methods should attempt to do the\n operation in-place (modifying *self*) and return the result (which\n could be, but does not have to be, *self*). If a specific method\n is not defined, the augmented assignment falls back to the normal\n methods. For instance, to execute the statement "x += y", where\n *x* is an instance of a class that has an "__iadd__()" method,\n "x.__iadd__(y)" is called. If *x* is an instance of a class that\n does not define a "__iadd__()" method, "x.__add__(y)" and\n "y.__radd__(x)" are considered, as with the evaluation of "x + y".\n\nobject.__neg__(self)\nobject.__pos__(self)\nobject.__abs__(self)\nobject.__invert__(self)\n\n Called to implement the unary arithmetic operations ("-", "+",\n "abs()" and "~").\n\nobject.__complex__(self)\nobject.__int__(self)\nobject.__long__(self)\nobject.__float__(self)\n\n Called to implement the built-in functions "complex()", "int()",\n "long()", and "float()". Should return a value of the appropriate\n type.\n\nobject.__oct__(self)\nobject.__hex__(self)\n\n Called to implement the built-in functions "oct()" and "hex()".\n Should return a string value.\n\nobject.__index__(self)\n\n Called to implement "operator.index()". Also called whenever\n Python needs an integer object (such as in slicing). Must return\n an integer (int or long).\n\n New in version 2.5.\n\nobject.__coerce__(self, other)\n\n Called to implement "mixed-mode" numeric arithmetic. Should either\n return a 2-tuple containing *self* and *other* converted to a\n common numeric type, or "None" if conversion is impossible. When\n the common type would be the type of "other", it is sufficient to\n return "None", since the interpreter will also ask the other object\n to attempt a coercion (but sometimes, if the implementation of the\n other type cannot be changed, it is useful to do the conversion to\n the other type here). A return value of "NotImplemented" is\n equivalent to returning "None".\n', 'objects': u'\nObjects, values and types\n*************************\n\n*Objects* are Python\'s abstraction for data. All data in a Python\nprogram is represented by objects or by relations between objects. (In\na sense, and in conformance to Von Neumann\'s model of a "stored\nprogram computer," code is also represented by objects.)\n\nEvery object has an identity, a type and a value. An object\'s\n*identity* never changes once it has been created; you may think of it\nas the object\'s address in memory. The \'"is"\' operator compares the\nidentity of two objects; the "id()" function returns an integer\nrepresenting its identity (currently implemented as its address). An\nobject\'s *type* is also unchangeable. [1] An object\'s type determines\nthe operations that the object supports (e.g., "does it have a\nlength?") and also defines the possible values for objects of that\ntype. The "type()" function returns an object\'s type (which is an\nobject itself). The *value* of some objects can change. Objects\nwhose value can change are said to be *mutable*; objects whose value\nis unchangeable once they are created are called *immutable*. (The\nvalue of an immutable container object that contains a reference to a\nmutable object can change when the latter\'s value is changed; however\nthe container is still considered immutable, because the collection of\nobjects it contains cannot be changed. So, immutability is not\nstrictly the same as having an unchangeable value, it is more subtle.)\nAn object\'s mutability is determined by its type; for instance,\nnumbers, strings and tuples are immutable, while dictionaries and\nlists are mutable.\n\nObjects are never explicitly destroyed; however, when they become\nunreachable they may be garbage-collected. An implementation is\nallowed to postpone garbage collection or omit it altogether --- it is\na matter of implementation quality how garbage collection is\nimplemented, as long as no objects are collected that are still\nreachable.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** CPython currently uses a reference-\ncounting scheme with (optional) delayed detection of cyclically linked\ngarbage, which collects most objects as soon as they become\nunreachable, but is not guaranteed to collect garbage containing\ncircular references. See the documentation of the "gc" module for\ninformation on controlling the collection of cyclic garbage. Other\nimplementations act differently and CPython may change. Do not depend\non immediate finalization of objects when they become unreachable (ex:\nalways close files).\n\nNote that the use of the implementation\'s tracing or debugging\nfacilities may keep objects alive that would normally be collectable.\nAlso note that catching an exception with a \'"try"..."except"\'\nstatement may keep objects alive.\n\nSome objects contain references to "external" resources such as open\nfiles or windows. It is understood that these resources are freed\nwhen the object is garbage-collected, but since garbage collection is\nnot guaranteed to happen, such objects also provide an explicit way to\nrelease the external resource, usually a "close()" method. Programs\nare strongly recommended to explicitly close such objects. The\n\'"try"..."finally"\' statement provides a convenient way to do this.\n\nSome objects contain references to other objects; these are called\n*containers*. Examples of containers are tuples, lists and\ndictionaries. The references are part of a container\'s value. In\nmost cases, when we talk about the value of a container, we imply the\nvalues, not the identities of the contained objects; however, when we\ntalk about the mutability of a container, only the identities of the\nimmediately contained objects are implied. So, if an immutable\ncontainer (like a tuple) contains a reference to a mutable object, its\nvalue changes if that mutable object is changed.\n\nTypes affect almost all aspects of object behavior. Even the\nimportance of object identity is affected in some sense: for immutable\ntypes, operations that compute new values may actually return a\nreference to any existing object with the same type and value, while\nfor mutable objects this is not allowed. E.g., after "a = 1; b = 1",\n"a" and "b" may or may not refer to the same object with the value\none, depending on the implementation, but after "c = []; d = []", "c"\nand "d" are guaranteed to refer to two different, unique, newly\ncreated empty lists. (Note that "c = d = []" assigns the same object\nto both "c" and "d".)\n', - 'operator-summary': u'\nOperator precedence\n*******************\n\nThe following table summarizes the operator precedences in Python,\nfrom lowest precedence (least binding) to highest precedence (most\nbinding). Operators in the same box have the same precedence. Unless\nthe syntax is explicitly given, operators are binary. Operators in\nthe same box group left to right (except for comparisons, including\ntests, which all have the same precedence and chain from left to right\n--- see section *Comparisons* --- and exponentiation, which groups\nfrom right to left).\n\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| Operator | Description |\n+=================================================+=======================================+\n| "lambda" | Lambda expression |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "if" -- "else" | Conditional expression |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "or" | Boolean OR |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "and" | Boolean AND |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "not" "x" | Boolean NOT |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "in", "not in", "is", "is not", "<", "<=", ">", | Comparisons, including membership |\n| ">=", "<>", "!=", "==" | tests and identity tests |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "|" | Bitwise OR |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "^" | Bitwise XOR |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "&" | Bitwise AND |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "<<", ">>" | Shifts |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "+", "-" | Addition and subtraction |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "*", "/", "//", "%" | Multiplication, division, remainder |\n| | [8] |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "+x", "-x", "~x" | Positive, negative, bitwise NOT |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "**" | Exponentiation [9] |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "x[index]", "x[index:index]", | Subscription, slicing, call, |\n| "x(arguments...)", "x.attribute" | attribute reference |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "(expressions...)", "[expressions...]", "{key: | Binding or tuple display, list |\n| value...}", "`expressions...`" | display, dictionary display, string |\n| | conversion |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] In Python 2.3 and later releases, a list comprehension "leaks"\n the control variables of each "for" it contains into the\n containing scope. However, this behavior is deprecated, and\n relying on it will not work in Python 3.\n\n[2] While "abs(x%y) < abs(y)" is true mathematically, for floats\n it may not be true numerically due to roundoff. For example, and\n assuming a platform on which a Python float is an IEEE 754 double-\n precision number, in order that "-1e-100 % 1e100" have the same\n sign as "1e100", the computed result is "-1e-100 + 1e100", which\n is numerically exactly equal to "1e100". The function\n "math.fmod()" returns a result whose sign matches the sign of the\n first argument instead, and so returns "-1e-100" in this case.\n Which approach is more appropriate depends on the application.\n\n[3] If x is very close to an exact integer multiple of y, it\'s\n possible for "floor(x/y)" to be one larger than "(x-x%y)/y" due to\n rounding. In such cases, Python returns the latter result, in\n order to preserve that "divmod(x,y)[0] * y + x % y" be very close\n to "x".\n\n[4] While comparisons between unicode strings make sense at the\n byte level, they may be counter-intuitive to users. For example,\n the strings "u"\\u00C7"" and "u"\\u0043\\u0327"" compare differently,\n even though they both represent the same unicode character (LATIN\n CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA). To compare strings in a human\n recognizable way, compare using "unicodedata.normalize()".\n\n[5] The implementation computes this efficiently, without\n constructing lists or sorting.\n\n[6] Earlier versions of Python used lexicographic comparison of\n the sorted (key, value) lists, but this was very expensive for the\n common case of comparing for equality. An even earlier version of\n Python compared dictionaries by identity only, but this caused\n surprises because people expected to be able to test a dictionary\n for emptiness by comparing it to "{}".\n\n[7] Due to automatic garbage-collection, free lists, and the\n dynamic nature of descriptors, you may notice seemingly unusual\n behaviour in certain uses of the "is" operator, like those\n involving comparisons between instance methods, or constants.\n Check their documentation for more info.\n\n[8] The "%" operator is also used for string formatting; the same\n precedence applies.\n\n[9] The power operator "**" binds less tightly than an arithmetic\n or bitwise unary operator on its right, that is, "2**-1" is "0.5".\n', + 'operator-summary': u'\nOperator precedence\n*******************\n\nThe following table summarizes the operator precedences in Python,\nfrom lowest precedence (least binding) to highest precedence (most\nbinding). Operators in the same box have the same precedence. Unless\nthe syntax is explicitly given, operators are binary. Operators in\nthe same box group left to right (except for comparisons, including\ntests, which all have the same precedence and chain from left to right\n--- see section Comparisons --- and exponentiation, which groups from\nright to left).\n\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| Operator | Description |\n+=================================================+=======================================+\n| "lambda" | Lambda expression |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "if" -- "else" | Conditional expression |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "or" | Boolean OR |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "and" | Boolean AND |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "not" "x" | Boolean NOT |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "in", "not in", "is", "is not", "<", "<=", ">", | Comparisons, including membership |\n| ">=", "<>", "!=", "==" | tests and identity tests |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "|" | Bitwise OR |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "^" | Bitwise XOR |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "&" | Bitwise AND |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "<<", ">>" | Shifts |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "+", "-" | Addition and subtraction |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "*", "/", "//", "%" | Multiplication, division, remainder |\n| | [8] |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "+x", "-x", "~x" | Positive, negative, bitwise NOT |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "**" | Exponentiation [9] |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "x[index]", "x[index:index]", | Subscription, slicing, call, |\n| "x(arguments...)", "x.attribute" | attribute reference |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "(expressions...)", "[expressions...]", "{key: | Binding or tuple display, list |\n| value...}", "`expressions...`" | display, dictionary display, string |\n| | conversion |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] In Python 2.3 and later releases, a list comprehension "leaks"\n the control variables of each "for" it contains into the\n containing scope. However, this behavior is deprecated, and\n relying on it will not work in Python 3.\n\n[2] While "abs(x%y) < abs(y)" is true mathematically, for floats\n it may not be true numerically due to roundoff. For example, and\n assuming a platform on which a Python float is an IEEE 754 double-\n precision number, in order that "-1e-100 % 1e100" have the same\n sign as "1e100", the computed result is "-1e-100 + 1e100", which\n is numerically exactly equal to "1e100". The function\n "math.fmod()" returns a result whose sign matches the sign of the\n first argument instead, and so returns "-1e-100" in this case.\n Which approach is more appropriate depends on the application.\n\n[3] If x is very close to an exact integer multiple of y, it\'s\n possible for "floor(x/y)" to be one larger than "(x-x%y)/y" due to\n rounding. In such cases, Python returns the latter result, in\n order to preserve that "divmod(x,y)[0] * y + x % y" be very close\n to "x".\n\n[4] While comparisons between unicode strings make sense at the\n byte level, they may be counter-intuitive to users. For example,\n the strings "u"\\u00C7"" and "u"\\u0043\\u0327"" compare differently,\n even though they both represent the same unicode character (LATIN\n CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA). To compare strings in a human\n recognizable way, compare using "unicodedata.normalize()".\n\n[5] The implementation computes this efficiently, without\n constructing lists or sorting.\n\n[6] Earlier versions of Python used lexicographic comparison of\n the sorted (key, value) lists, but this was very expensive for the\n common case of comparing for equality. An even earlier version of\n Python compared dictionaries by identity only, but this caused\n surprises because people expected to be able to test a dictionary\n for emptiness by comparing it to "{}".\n\n[7] Due to automatic garbage-collection, free lists, and the\n dynamic nature of descriptors, you may notice seemingly unusual\n behaviour in certain uses of the "is" operator, like those\n involving comparisons between instance methods, or constants.\n Check their documentation for more info.\n\n[8] The "%" operator is also used for string formatting; the same\n precedence applies.\n\n[9] The power operator "**" binds less tightly than an arithmetic\n or bitwise unary operator on its right, that is, "2**-1" is "0.5".\n', 'pass': u'\nThe "pass" statement\n********************\n\n pass_stmt ::= "pass"\n\n"pass" is a null operation --- when it is executed, nothing happens.\nIt is useful as a placeholder when a statement is required\nsyntactically, but no code needs to be executed, for example:\n\n def f(arg): pass # a function that does nothing (yet)\n\n class C: pass # a class with no methods (yet)\n', 'power': u'\nThe power operator\n******************\n\nThe power operator binds more tightly than unary operators on its\nleft; it binds less tightly than unary operators on its right. The\nsyntax is:\n\n power ::= primary ["**" u_expr]\n\nThus, in an unparenthesized sequence of power and unary operators, the\noperators are evaluated from right to left (this does not constrain\nthe evaluation order for the operands): "-1**2" results in "-1".\n\nThe power operator has the same semantics as the built-in "pow()"\nfunction, when called with two arguments: it yields its left argument\nraised to the power of its right argument. The numeric arguments are\nfirst converted to a common type. The result type is that of the\narguments after coercion.\n\nWith mixed operand types, the coercion rules for binary arithmetic\noperators apply. For int and long int operands, the result has the\nsame type as the operands (after coercion) unless the second argument\nis negative; in that case, all arguments are converted to float and a\nfloat result is delivered. For example, "10**2" returns "100", but\n"10**-2" returns "0.01". (This last feature was added in Python 2.2.\nIn Python 2.1 and before, if both arguments were of integer types and\nthe second argument was negative, an exception was raised).\n\nRaising "0.0" to a negative power results in a "ZeroDivisionError".\nRaising a negative number to a fractional power results in a\n"ValueError".\n', 'print': u'\nThe "print" statement\n*********************\n\n print_stmt ::= "print" ([expression ("," expression)* [","]]\n | ">>" expression [("," expression)+ [","]])\n\n"print" evaluates each expression in turn and writes the resulting\nobject to standard output (see below). If an object is not a string,\nit is first converted to a string using the rules for string\nconversions. The (resulting or original) string is then written. A\nspace is written before each object is (converted and) written, unless\nthe output system believes it is positioned at the beginning of a\nline. This is the case (1) when no characters have yet been written\nto standard output, (2) when the last character written to standard\noutput is a whitespace character except "\' \'", or (3) when the last\nwrite operation on standard output was not a "print" statement. (In\nsome cases it may be functional to write an empty string to standard\noutput for this reason.)\n\nNote: Objects which act like file objects but which are not the\n built-in file objects often do not properly emulate this aspect of\n the file object\'s behavior, so it is best not to rely on this.\n\nA "\'\\n\'" character is written at the end, unless the "print" statement\nends with a comma. This is the only action if the statement contains\njust the keyword "print".\n\nStandard output is defined as the file object named "stdout" in the\nbuilt-in module "sys". If no such object exists, or if it does not\nhave a "write()" method, a "RuntimeError" exception is raised.\n\n"print" also has an extended form, defined by the second portion of\nthe syntax described above. This form is sometimes referred to as\n""print" chevron." In this form, the first expression after the ">>"\nmust evaluate to a "file-like" object, specifically an object that has\na "write()" method as described above. With this extended form, the\nsubsequent expressions are printed to this file object. If the first\nexpression evaluates to "None", then "sys.stdout" is used as the file\nfor output.\n', - 'raise': u'\nThe "raise" statement\n*********************\n\n raise_stmt ::= "raise" [expression ["," expression ["," expression]]]\n\nIf no expressions are present, "raise" re-raises the last exception\nthat was active in the current scope. If no exception is active in\nthe current scope, a "TypeError" exception is raised indicating that\nthis is an error (if running under IDLE, a "Queue.Empty" exception is\nraised instead).\n\nOtherwise, "raise" evaluates the expressions to get three objects,\nusing "None" as the value of omitted expressions. The first two\nobjects are used to determine the *type* and *value* of the exception.\n\nIf the first object is an instance, the type of the exception is the\nclass of the instance, the instance itself is the value, and the\nsecond object must be "None".\n\nIf the first object is a class, it becomes the type of the exception.\nThe second object is used to determine the exception value: If it is\nan instance of the class, the instance becomes the exception value. If\nthe second object is a tuple, it is used as the argument list for the\nclass constructor; if it is "None", an empty argument list is used,\nand any other object is treated as a single argument to the\nconstructor. The instance so created by calling the constructor is\nused as the exception value.\n\nIf a third object is present and not "None", it must be a traceback\nobject (see section *The standard type hierarchy*), and it is\nsubstituted instead of the current location as the place where the\nexception occurred. If the third object is present and not a\ntraceback object or "None", a "TypeError" exception is raised. The\nthree-expression form of "raise" is useful to re-raise an exception\ntransparently in an except clause, but "raise" with no expressions\nshould be preferred if the exception to be re-raised was the most\nrecently active exception in the current scope.\n\nAdditional information on exceptions can be found in section\n*Exceptions*, and information about handling exceptions is in section\n*The try statement*.\n', + 'raise': u'\nThe "raise" statement\n*********************\n\n raise_stmt ::= "raise" [expression ["," expression ["," expression]]]\n\nIf no expressions are present, "raise" re-raises the last exception\nthat was active in the current scope. If no exception is active in\nthe current scope, a "TypeError" exception is raised indicating that\nthis is an error (if running under IDLE, a "Queue.Empty" exception is\nraised instead).\n\nOtherwise, "raise" evaluates the expressions to get three objects,\nusing "None" as the value of omitted expressions. The first two\nobjects are used to determine the *type* and *value* of the exception.\n\nIf the first object is an instance, the type of the exception is the\nclass of the instance, the instance itself is the value, and the\nsecond object must be "None".\n\nIf the first object is a class, it becomes the type of the exception.\nThe second object is used to determine the exception value: If it is\nan instance of the class, the instance becomes the exception value. If\nthe second object is a tuple, it is used as the argument list for the\nclass constructor; if it is "None", an empty argument list is used,\nand any other object is treated as a single argument to the\nconstructor. The instance so created by calling the constructor is\nused as the exception value.\n\nIf a third object is present and not "None", it must be a traceback\nobject (see section The standard type hierarchy), and it is\nsubstituted instead of the current location as the place where the\nexception occurred. If the third object is present and not a\ntraceback object or "None", a "TypeError" exception is raised. The\nthree-expression form of "raise" is useful to re-raise an exception\ntransparently in an except clause, but "raise" with no expressions\nshould be preferred if the exception to be re-raised was the most\nrecently active exception in the current scope.\n\nAdditional information on exceptions can be found in section\nExceptions, and information about handling exceptions is in section\nThe try statement.\n', 'return': u'\nThe "return" statement\n**********************\n\n return_stmt ::= "return" [expression_list]\n\n"return" may only occur syntactically nested in a function definition,\nnot within a nested class definition.\n\nIf an expression list is present, it is evaluated, else "None" is\nsubstituted.\n\n"return" leaves the current function call with the expression list (or\n"None") as return value.\n\nWhen "return" passes control out of a "try" statement with a "finally"\nclause, that "finally" clause is executed before really leaving the\nfunction.\n\nIn a generator function, the "return" statement is not allowed to\ninclude an "expression_list". In that context, a bare "return"\nindicates that the generator is done and will cause "StopIteration" to\nbe raised.\n', - 'sequence-types': u'\nEmulating container types\n*************************\n\nThe following methods can be defined to implement container objects.\nContainers usually are sequences (such as lists or tuples) or mappings\n(like dictionaries), but can represent other containers as well. The\nfirst set of methods is used either to emulate a sequence or to\nemulate a mapping; the difference is that for a sequence, the\nallowable keys should be the integers *k* for which "0 <= k < N" where\n*N* is the length of the sequence, or slice objects, which define a\nrange of items. (For backwards compatibility, the method\n"__getslice__()" (see below) can also be defined to handle simple, but\nnot extended slices.) It is also recommended that mappings provide the\nmethods "keys()", "values()", "items()", "has_key()", "get()",\n"clear()", "setdefault()", "iterkeys()", "itervalues()",\n"iteritems()", "pop()", "popitem()", "copy()", and "update()" behaving\nsimilar to those for Python\'s standard dictionary objects. The\n"UserDict" module provides a "DictMixin" class to help create those\nmethods from a base set of "__getitem__()", "__setitem__()",\n"__delitem__()", and "keys()". Mutable sequences should provide\nmethods "append()", "count()", "index()", "extend()", "insert()",\n"pop()", "remove()", "reverse()" and "sort()", like Python standard\nlist objects. Finally, sequence types should implement addition\n(meaning concatenation) and multiplication (meaning repetition) by\ndefining the methods "__add__()", "__radd__()", "__iadd__()",\n"__mul__()", "__rmul__()" and "__imul__()" described below; they\nshould not define "__coerce__()" or other numerical operators. It is\nrecommended that both mappings and sequences implement the\n"__contains__()" method to allow efficient use of the "in" operator;\nfor mappings, "in" should be equivalent of "has_key()"; for sequences,\nit should search through the values. It is further recommended that\nboth mappings and sequences implement the "__iter__()" method to allow\nefficient iteration through the container; for mappings, "__iter__()"\nshould be the same as "iterkeys()"; for sequences, it should iterate\nthrough the values.\n\nobject.__len__(self)\n\n Called to implement the built-in function "len()". Should return\n the length of the object, an integer ">=" 0. Also, an object that\n doesn\'t define a "__nonzero__()" method and whose "__len__()"\n method returns zero is considered to be false in a Boolean context.\n\nobject.__getitem__(self, key)\n\n Called to implement evaluation of "self[key]". For sequence types,\n the accepted keys should be integers and slice objects. Note that\n the special interpretation of negative indexes (if the class wishes\n to emulate a sequence type) is up to the "__getitem__()" method. If\n *key* is of an inappropriate type, "TypeError" may be raised; if of\n a value outside the set of indexes for the sequence (after any\n special interpretation of negative values), "IndexError" should be\n raised. For mapping types, if *key* is missing (not in the\n container), "KeyError" should be raised.\n\n Note: "for" loops expect that an "IndexError" will be raised for\n illegal indexes to allow proper detection of the end of the\n sequence.\n\nobject.__setitem__(self, key, value)\n\n Called to implement assignment to "self[key]". Same note as for\n "__getitem__()". This should only be implemented for mappings if\n the objects support changes to the values for keys, or if new keys\n can be added, or for sequences if elements can be replaced. The\n same exceptions should be raised for improper *key* values as for\n the "__getitem__()" method.\n\nobject.__delitem__(self, key)\n\n Called to implement deletion of "self[key]". Same note as for\n "__getitem__()". This should only be implemented for mappings if\n the objects support removal of keys, or for sequences if elements\n can be removed from the sequence. The same exceptions should be\n raised for improper *key* values as for the "__getitem__()" method.\n\nobject.__iter__(self)\n\n This method is called when an iterator is required for a container.\n This method should return a new iterator object that can iterate\n over all the objects in the container. For mappings, it should\n iterate over the keys of the container, and should also be made\n available as the method "iterkeys()".\n\n Iterator objects also need to implement this method; they are\n required to return themselves. For more information on iterator\n objects, see *Iterator Types*.\n\nobject.__reversed__(self)\n\n Called (if present) by the "reversed()" built-in to implement\n reverse iteration. It should return a new iterator object that\n iterates over all the objects in the container in reverse order.\n\n If the "__reversed__()" method is not provided, the "reversed()"\n built-in will fall back to using the sequence protocol ("__len__()"\n and "__getitem__()"). Objects that support the sequence protocol\n should only provide "__reversed__()" if they can provide an\n implementation that is more efficient than the one provided by\n "reversed()".\n\n New in version 2.6.\n\nThe membership test operators ("in" and "not in") are normally\nimplemented as an iteration through a sequence. However, container\nobjects can supply the following special method with a more efficient\nimplementation, which also does not require the object be a sequence.\n\nobject.__contains__(self, item)\n\n Called to implement membership test operators. Should return true\n if *item* is in *self*, false otherwise. For mapping objects, this\n should consider the keys of the mapping rather than the values or\n the key-item pairs.\n\n For objects that don\'t define "__contains__()", the membership test\n first tries iteration via "__iter__()", then the old sequence\n iteration protocol via "__getitem__()", see *this section in the\n language reference*.\n', + 'sequence-types': u'\nEmulating container types\n*************************\n\nThe following methods can be defined to implement container objects.\nContainers usually are sequences (such as lists or tuples) or mappings\n(like dictionaries), but can represent other containers as well. The\nfirst set of methods is used either to emulate a sequence or to\nemulate a mapping; the difference is that for a sequence, the\nallowable keys should be the integers *k* for which "0 <= k < N" where\n*N* is the length of the sequence, or slice objects, which define a\nrange of items. (For backwards compatibility, the method\n"__getslice__()" (see below) can also be defined to handle simple, but\nnot extended slices.) It is also recommended that mappings provide the\nmethods "keys()", "values()", "items()", "has_key()", "get()",\n"clear()", "setdefault()", "iterkeys()", "itervalues()",\n"iteritems()", "pop()", "popitem()", "copy()", and "update()" behaving\nsimilar to those for Python\'s standard dictionary objects. The\n"UserDict" module provides a "DictMixin" class to help create those\nmethods from a base set of "__getitem__()", "__setitem__()",\n"__delitem__()", and "keys()". Mutable sequences should provide\nmethods "append()", "count()", "index()", "extend()", "insert()",\n"pop()", "remove()", "reverse()" and "sort()", like Python standard\nlist objects. Finally, sequence types should implement addition\n(meaning concatenation) and multiplication (meaning repetition) by\ndefining the methods "__add__()", "__radd__()", "__iadd__()",\n"__mul__()", "__rmul__()" and "__imul__()" described below; they\nshould not define "__coerce__()" or other numerical operators. It is\nrecommended that both mappings and sequences implement the\n"__contains__()" method to allow efficient use of the "in" operator;\nfor mappings, "in" should be equivalent of "has_key()"; for sequences,\nit should search through the values. It is further recommended that\nboth mappings and sequences implement the "__iter__()" method to allow\nefficient iteration through the container; for mappings, "__iter__()"\nshould be the same as "iterkeys()"; for sequences, it should iterate\nthrough the values.\n\nobject.__len__(self)\n\n Called to implement the built-in function "len()". Should return\n the length of the object, an integer ">=" 0. Also, an object that\n doesn\'t define a "__nonzero__()" method and whose "__len__()"\n method returns zero is considered to be false in a Boolean context.\n\nobject.__getitem__(self, key)\n\n Called to implement evaluation of "self[key]". For sequence types,\n the accepted keys should be integers and slice objects. Note that\n the special interpretation of negative indexes (if the class wishes\n to emulate a sequence type) is up to the "__getitem__()" method. If\n *key* is of an inappropriate type, "TypeError" may be raised; if of\n a value outside the set of indexes for the sequence (after any\n special interpretation of negative values), "IndexError" should be\n raised. For mapping types, if *key* is missing (not in the\n container), "KeyError" should be raised.\n\n Note: "for" loops expect that an "IndexError" will be raised for\n illegal indexes to allow proper detection of the end of the\n sequence.\n\nobject.__missing__(self, key)\n\n Called by "dict"."__getitem__()" to implement "self[key]" for dict\n subclasses when key is not in the dictionary.\n\nobject.__setitem__(self, key, value)\n\n Called to implement assignment to "self[key]". Same note as for\n "__getitem__()". This should only be implemented for mappings if\n the objects support changes to the values for keys, or if new keys\n can be added, or for sequences if elements can be replaced. The\n same exceptions should be raised for improper *key* values as for\n the "__getitem__()" method.\n\nobject.__delitem__(self, key)\n\n Called to implement deletion of "self[key]". Same note as for\n "__getitem__()". This should only be implemented for mappings if\n the objects support removal of keys, or for sequences if elements\n can be removed from the sequence. The same exceptions should be\n raised for improper *key* values as for the "__getitem__()" method.\n\nobject.__iter__(self)\n\n This method is called when an iterator is required for a container.\n This method should return a new iterator object that can iterate\n over all the objects in the container. For mappings, it should\n iterate over the keys of the container, and should also be made\n available as the method "iterkeys()".\n\n Iterator objects also need to implement this method; they are\n required to return themselves. For more information on iterator\n objects, see Iterator Types.\n\nobject.__reversed__(self)\n\n Called (if present) by the "reversed()" built-in to implement\n reverse iteration. It should return a new iterator object that\n iterates over all the objects in the container in reverse order.\n\n If the "__reversed__()" method is not provided, the "reversed()"\n built-in will fall back to using the sequence protocol ("__len__()"\n and "__getitem__()"). Objects that support the sequence protocol\n should only provide "__reversed__()" if they can provide an\n implementation that is more efficient than the one provided by\n "reversed()".\n\n New in version 2.6.\n\nThe membership test operators ("in" and "not in") are normally\nimplemented as an iteration through a sequence. However, container\nobjects can supply the following special method with a more efficient\nimplementation, which also does not require the object be a sequence.\n\nobject.__contains__(self, item)\n\n Called to implement membership test operators. Should return true\n if *item* is in *self*, false otherwise. For mapping objects, this\n should consider the keys of the mapping rather than the values or\n the key-item pairs.\n\n For objects that don\'t define "__contains__()", the membership test\n first tries iteration via "__iter__()", then the old sequence\n iteration protocol via "__getitem__()", see this section in the\n language reference.\n', 'shifting': u'\nShifting operations\n*******************\n\nThe shifting operations have lower priority than the arithmetic\noperations:\n\n shift_expr ::= a_expr | shift_expr ( "<<" | ">>" ) a_expr\n\nThese operators accept plain or long integers as arguments. The\narguments are converted to a common type. They shift the first\nargument to the left or right by the number of bits given by the\nsecond argument.\n\nA right shift by *n* bits is defined as division by "pow(2, n)". A\nleft shift by *n* bits is defined as multiplication with "pow(2, n)".\nNegative shift counts raise a "ValueError" exception.\n\nNote: In the current implementation, the right-hand operand is\n required to be at most "sys.maxsize". If the right-hand operand is\n larger than "sys.maxsize" an "OverflowError" exception is raised.\n', - 'slicings': u'\nSlicings\n********\n\nA slicing selects a range of items in a sequence object (e.g., a\nstring, tuple or list). Slicings may be used as expressions or as\ntargets in assignment or "del" statements. The syntax for a slicing:\n\n slicing ::= simple_slicing | extended_slicing\n simple_slicing ::= primary "[" short_slice "]"\n extended_slicing ::= primary "[" slice_list "]"\n slice_list ::= slice_item ("," slice_item)* [","]\n slice_item ::= expression | proper_slice | ellipsis\n proper_slice ::= short_slice | long_slice\n short_slice ::= [lower_bound] ":" [upper_bound]\n long_slice ::= short_slice ":" [stride]\n lower_bound ::= expression\n upper_bound ::= expression\n stride ::= expression\n ellipsis ::= "..."\n\nThere is ambiguity in the formal syntax here: anything that looks like\nan expression list also looks like a slice list, so any subscription\ncan be interpreted as a slicing. Rather than further complicating the\nsyntax, this is disambiguated by defining that in this case the\ninterpretation as a subscription takes priority over the\ninterpretation as a slicing (this is the case if the slice list\ncontains no proper slice nor ellipses). Similarly, when the slice\nlist has exactly one short slice and no trailing comma, the\ninterpretation as a simple slicing takes priority over that as an\nextended slicing.\n\nThe semantics for a simple slicing are as follows. The primary must\nevaluate to a sequence object. The lower and upper bound expressions,\nif present, must evaluate to plain integers; defaults are zero and the\n"sys.maxint", respectively. If either bound is negative, the\nsequence\'s length is added to it. The slicing now selects all items\nwith index *k* such that "i <= k < j" where *i* and *j* are the\nspecified lower and upper bounds. This may be an empty sequence. It\nis not an error if *i* or *j* lie outside the range of valid indexes\n(such items don\'t exist so they aren\'t selected).\n\nThe semantics for an extended slicing are as follows. The primary\nmust evaluate to a mapping object, and it is indexed with a key that\nis constructed from the slice list, as follows. If the slice list\ncontains at least one comma, the key is a tuple containing the\nconversion of the slice items; otherwise, the conversion of the lone\nslice item is the key. The conversion of a slice item that is an\nexpression is that expression. The conversion of an ellipsis slice\nitem is the built-in "Ellipsis" object. The conversion of a proper\nslice is a slice object (see section *The standard type hierarchy*)\nwhose "start", "stop" and "step" attributes are the values of the\nexpressions given as lower bound, upper bound and stride,\nrespectively, substituting "None" for missing expressions.\n', - 'specialattrs': u'\nSpecial Attributes\n******************\n\nThe implementation adds a few special read-only attributes to several\nobject types, where they are relevant. Some of these are not reported\nby the "dir()" built-in function.\n\nobject.__dict__\n\n A dictionary or other mapping object used to store an object\'s\n (writable) attributes.\n\nobject.__methods__\n\n Deprecated since version 2.2: Use the built-in function "dir()" to\n get a list of an object\'s attributes. This attribute is no longer\n available.\n\nobject.__members__\n\n Deprecated since version 2.2: Use the built-in function "dir()" to\n get a list of an object\'s attributes. This attribute is no longer\n available.\n\ninstance.__class__\n\n The class to which a class instance belongs.\n\nclass.__bases__\n\n The tuple of base classes of a class object.\n\nclass.__name__\n\n The name of the class or type.\n\nThe following attributes are only supported by *new-style class*es.\n\nclass.__mro__\n\n This attribute is a tuple of classes that are considered when\n looking for base classes during method resolution.\n\nclass.mro()\n\n This method can be overridden by a metaclass to customize the\n method resolution order for its instances. It is called at class\n instantiation, and its result is stored in "__mro__".\n\nclass.__subclasses__()\n\n Each new-style class keeps a list of weak references to its\n immediate subclasses. This method returns a list of all those\n references still alive. Example:\n\n >>> int.__subclasses__()\n [<type \'bool\'>]\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] Additional information on these special methods may be found\n in the Python Reference Manual (*Basic customization*).\n\n[2] As a consequence, the list "[1, 2]" is considered equal to\n "[1.0, 2.0]", and similarly for tuples.\n\n[3] They must have since the parser can\'t tell the type of the\n operands.\n\n[4] Cased characters are those with general category property\n being one of "Lu" (Letter, uppercase), "Ll" (Letter, lowercase),\n or "Lt" (Letter, titlecase).\n\n[5] To format only a tuple you should therefore provide a\n singleton tuple whose only element is the tuple to be formatted.\n\n[6] The advantage of leaving the newline on is that returning an\n empty string is then an unambiguous EOF indication. It is also\n possible (in cases where it might matter, for example, if you want\n to make an exact copy of a file while scanning its lines) to tell\n whether the last line of a file ended in a newline or not (yes\n this happens!).\n', - 'specialnames': u'\nSpecial method names\n********************\n\nA class can implement certain operations that are invoked by special\nsyntax (such as arithmetic operations or subscripting and slicing) by\ndefining methods with special names. This is Python\'s approach to\n*operator overloading*, allowing classes to define their own behavior\nwith respect to language operators. For instance, if a class defines\na method named "__getitem__()", and "x" is an instance of this class,\nthen "x[i]" is roughly equivalent to "x.__getitem__(i)" for old-style\nclasses and "type(x).__getitem__(x, i)" for new-style classes. Except\nwhere mentioned, attempts to execute an operation raise an exception\nwhen no appropriate method is defined (typically "AttributeError" or\n"TypeError").\n\nWhen implementing a class that emulates any built-in type, it is\nimportant that the emulation only be implemented to the degree that it\nmakes sense for the object being modelled. For example, some\nsequences may work well with retrieval of individual elements, but\nextracting a slice may not make sense. (One example of this is the\n"NodeList" interface in the W3C\'s Document Object Model.)\n\n\nBasic customization\n===================\n\nobject.__new__(cls[, ...])\n\n Called to create a new instance of class *cls*. "__new__()" is a\n static method (special-cased so you need not declare it as such)\n that takes the class of which an instance was requested as its\n first argument. The remaining arguments are those passed to the\n object constructor expression (the call to the class). The return\n value of "__new__()" should be the new object instance (usually an\n instance of *cls*).\n\n Typical implementations create a new instance of the class by\n invoking the superclass\'s "__new__()" method using\n "super(currentclass, cls).__new__(cls[, ...])" with appropriate\n arguments and then modifying the newly-created instance as\n necessary before returning it.\n\n If "__new__()" returns an instance of *cls*, then the new\n instance\'s "__init__()" method will be invoked like\n "__init__(self[, ...])", where *self* is the new instance and the\n remaining arguments are the same as were passed to "__new__()".\n\n If "__new__()" does not return an instance of *cls*, then the new\n instance\'s "__init__()" method will not be invoked.\n\n "__new__()" is intended mainly to allow subclasses of immutable\n types (like int, str, or tuple) to customize instance creation. It\n is also commonly overridden in custom metaclasses in order to\n customize class creation.\n\nobject.__init__(self[, ...])\n\n Called when the instance is created. The arguments are those\n passed to the class constructor expression. If a base class has an\n "__init__()" method, the derived class\'s "__init__()" method, if\n any, must explicitly call it to ensure proper initialization of the\n base class part of the instance; for example:\n "BaseClass.__init__(self, [args...])". As a special constraint on\n constructors, no value may be returned; doing so will cause a\n "TypeError" to be raised at runtime.\n\nobject.__del__(self)\n\n Called when the instance is about to be destroyed. This is also\n called a destructor. If a base class has a "__del__()" method, the\n derived class\'s "__del__()" method, if any, must explicitly call it\n to ensure proper deletion of the base class part of the instance.\n Note that it is possible (though not recommended!) for the\n "__del__()" method to postpone destruction of the instance by\n creating a new reference to it. It may then be called at a later\n time when this new reference is deleted. It is not guaranteed that\n "__del__()" methods are called for objects that still exist when\n the interpreter exits.\n\n Note: "del x" doesn\'t directly call "x.__del__()" --- the former\n decrements the reference count for "x" by one, and the latter is\n only called when "x"\'s reference count reaches zero. Some common\n situations that may prevent the reference count of an object from\n going to zero include: circular references between objects (e.g.,\n a doubly-linked list or a tree data structure with parent and\n child pointers); a reference to the object on the stack frame of\n a function that caught an exception (the traceback stored in\n "sys.exc_traceback" keeps the stack frame alive); or a reference\n to the object on the stack frame that raised an unhandled\n exception in interactive mode (the traceback stored in\n "sys.last_traceback" keeps the stack frame alive). The first\n situation can only be remedied by explicitly breaking the cycles;\n the latter two situations can be resolved by storing "None" in\n "sys.exc_traceback" or "sys.last_traceback". Circular references\n which are garbage are detected when the option cycle detector is\n enabled (it\'s on by default), but can only be cleaned up if there\n are no Python-level "__del__()" methods involved. Refer to the\n documentation for the "gc" module for more information about how\n "__del__()" methods are handled by the cycle detector,\n particularly the description of the "garbage" value.\n\n Warning: Due to the precarious circumstances under which\n "__del__()" methods are invoked, exceptions that occur during\n their execution are ignored, and a warning is printed to\n "sys.stderr" instead. Also, when "__del__()" is invoked in\n response to a module being deleted (e.g., when execution of the\n program is done), other globals referenced by the "__del__()"\n method may already have been deleted or in the process of being\n torn down (e.g. the import machinery shutting down). For this\n reason, "__del__()" methods should do the absolute minimum needed\n to maintain external invariants. Starting with version 1.5,\n Python guarantees that globals whose name begins with a single\n underscore are deleted from their module before other globals are\n deleted; if no other references to such globals exist, this may\n help in assuring that imported modules are still available at the\n time when the "__del__()" method is called.\n\n See also the *-R* command-line option.\n\nobject.__repr__(self)\n\n Called by the "repr()" built-in function and by string conversions\n (reverse quotes) to compute the "official" string representation of\n an object. If at all possible, this should look like a valid\n Python expression that could be used to recreate an object with the\n same value (given an appropriate environment). If this is not\n possible, a string of the form "<...some useful description...>"\n should be returned. The return value must be a string object. If a\n class defines "__repr__()" but not "__str__()", then "__repr__()"\n is also used when an "informal" string representation of instances\n of that class is required.\n\n This is typically used for debugging, so it is important that the\n representation is information-rich and unambiguous.\n\nobject.__str__(self)\n\n Called by the "str()" built-in function and by the "print"\n statement to compute the "informal" string representation of an\n object. This differs from "__repr__()" in that it does not have to\n be a valid Python expression: a more convenient or concise\n representation may be used instead. The return value must be a\n string object.\n\nobject.__lt__(self, other)\nobject.__le__(self, other)\nobject.__eq__(self, other)\nobject.__ne__(self, other)\nobject.__gt__(self, other)\nobject.__ge__(self, other)\n\n New in version 2.1.\n\n These are the so-called "rich comparison" methods, and are called\n for comparison operators in preference to "__cmp__()" below. The\n correspondence between operator symbols and method names is as\n follows: "x<y" calls "x.__lt__(y)", "x<=y" calls "x.__le__(y)",\n "x==y" calls "x.__eq__(y)", "x!=y" and "x<>y" call "x.__ne__(y)",\n "x>y" calls "x.__gt__(y)", and "x>=y" calls "x.__ge__(y)".\n\n A rich comparison method may return the singleton "NotImplemented"\n if it does not implement the operation for a given pair of\n arguments. By convention, "False" and "True" are returned for a\n successful comparison. However, these methods can return any value,\n so if the comparison operator is used in a Boolean context (e.g.,\n in the condition of an "if" statement), Python will call "bool()"\n on the value to determine if the result is true or false.\n\n There are no implied relationships among the comparison operators.\n The truth of "x==y" does not imply that "x!=y" is false.\n Accordingly, when defining "__eq__()", one should also define\n "__ne__()" so that the operators will behave as expected. See the\n paragraph on "__hash__()" for some important notes on creating\n *hashable* objects which support custom comparison operations and\n are usable as dictionary keys.\n\n There are no swapped-argument versions of these methods (to be used\n when the left argument does not support the operation but the right\n argument does); rather, "__lt__()" and "__gt__()" are each other\'s\n reflection, "__le__()" and "__ge__()" are each other\'s reflection,\n and "__eq__()" and "__ne__()" are their own reflection.\n\n Arguments to rich comparison methods are never coerced.\n\n To automatically generate ordering operations from a single root\n operation, see "functools.total_ordering()".\n\nobject.__cmp__(self, other)\n\n Called by comparison operations if rich comparison (see above) is\n not defined. Should return a negative integer if "self < other",\n zero if "self == other", a positive integer if "self > other". If\n no "__cmp__()", "__eq__()" or "__ne__()" operation is defined,\n class instances are compared by object identity ("address"). See\n also the description of "__hash__()" for some important notes on\n creating *hashable* objects which support custom comparison\n operations and are usable as dictionary keys. (Note: the\n restriction that exceptions are not propagated by "__cmp__()" has\n been removed since Python 1.5.)\n\nobject.__rcmp__(self, other)\n\n Changed in version 2.1: No longer supported.\n\nobject.__hash__(self)\n\n Called by built-in function "hash()" and for operations on members\n of hashed collections including "set", "frozenset", and "dict".\n "__hash__()" should return an integer. The only required property\n is that objects which compare equal have the same hash value; it is\n advised to somehow mix together (e.g. using exclusive or) the hash\n values for the components of the object that also play a part in\n comparison of objects.\n\n If a class does not define a "__cmp__()" or "__eq__()" method it\n should not define a "__hash__()" operation either; if it defines\n "__cmp__()" or "__eq__()" but not "__hash__()", its instances will\n not be usable in hashed collections. If a class defines mutable\n objects and implements a "__cmp__()" or "__eq__()" method, it\n should not implement "__hash__()", since hashable collection\n implementations require that a object\'s hash value is immutable (if\n the object\'s hash value changes, it will be in the wrong hash\n bucket).\n\n User-defined classes have "__cmp__()" and "__hash__()" methods by\n default; with them, all objects compare unequal (except with\n themselves) and "x.__hash__()" returns a result derived from\n "id(x)".\n\n Classes which inherit a "__hash__()" method from a parent class but\n change the meaning of "__cmp__()" or "__eq__()" such that the hash\n value returned is no longer appropriate (e.g. by switching to a\n value-based concept of equality instead of the default identity\n based equality) can explicitly flag themselves as being unhashable\n by setting "__hash__ = None" in the class definition. Doing so\n means that not only will instances of the class raise an\n appropriate "TypeError" when a program attempts to retrieve their\n hash value, but they will also be correctly identified as\n unhashable when checking "isinstance(obj, collections.Hashable)"\n (unlike classes which define their own "__hash__()" to explicitly\n raise "TypeError").\n\n Changed in version 2.5: "__hash__()" may now also return a long\n integer object; the 32-bit integer is then derived from the hash of\n that object.\n\n Changed in version 2.6: "__hash__" may now be set to "None" to\n explicitly flag instances of a class as unhashable.\n\nobject.__nonzero__(self)\n\n Called to implement truth value testing and the built-in operation\n "bool()"; should return "False" or "True", or their integer\n equivalents "0" or "1". When this method is not defined,\n "__len__()" is called, if it is defined, and the object is\n considered true if its result is nonzero. If a class defines\n neither "__len__()" nor "__nonzero__()", all its instances are\n considered true.\n\nobject.__unicode__(self)\n\n Called to implement "unicode()" built-in; should return a Unicode\n object. When this method is not defined, string conversion is\n attempted, and the result of string conversion is converted to\n Unicode using the system default encoding.\n\n\nCustomizing attribute access\n============================\n\nThe following methods can be defined to customize the meaning of\nattribute access (use of, assignment to, or deletion of "x.name") for\nclass instances.\n\nobject.__getattr__(self, name)\n\n Called when an attribute lookup has not found the attribute in the\n usual places (i.e. it is not an instance attribute nor is it found\n in the class tree for "self"). "name" is the attribute name. This\n method should return the (computed) attribute value or raise an\n "AttributeError" exception.\n\n Note that if the attribute is found through the normal mechanism,\n "__getattr__()" is not called. (This is an intentional asymmetry\n between "__getattr__()" and "__setattr__()".) This is done both for\n efficiency reasons and because otherwise "__getattr__()" would have\n no way to access other attributes of the instance. Note that at\n least for instance variables, you can fake total control by not\n inserting any values in the instance attribute dictionary (but\n instead inserting them in another object). See the\n "__getattribute__()" method below for a way to actually get total\n control in new-style classes.\n\nobject.__setattr__(self, name, value)\n\n Called when an attribute assignment is attempted. This is called\n instead of the normal mechanism (i.e. store the value in the\n instance dictionary). *name* is the attribute name, *value* is the\n value to be assigned to it.\n\n If "__setattr__()" wants to assign to an instance attribute, it\n should not simply execute "self.name = value" --- this would cause\n a recursive call to itself. Instead, it should insert the value in\n the dictionary of instance attributes, e.g., "self.__dict__[name] =\n value". For new-style classes, rather than accessing the instance\n dictionary, it should call the base class method with the same\n name, for example, "object.__setattr__(self, name, value)".\n\nobject.__delattr__(self, name)\n\n Like "__setattr__()" but for attribute deletion instead of\n assignment. This should only be implemented if "del obj.name" is\n meaningful for the object.\n\n\nMore attribute access for new-style classes\n-------------------------------------------\n\nThe following methods only apply to new-style classes.\n\nobject.__getattribute__(self, name)\n\n Called unconditionally to implement attribute accesses for\n instances of the class. If the class also defines "__getattr__()",\n the latter will not be called unless "__getattribute__()" either\n calls it explicitly or raises an "AttributeError". This method\n should return the (computed) attribute value or raise an\n "AttributeError" exception. In order to avoid infinite recursion in\n this method, its implementation should always call the base class\n method with the same name to access any attributes it needs, for\n example, "object.__getattribute__(self, name)".\n\n Note: This method may still be bypassed when looking up special\n methods as the result of implicit invocation via language syntax\n or built-in functions. See *Special method lookup for new-style\n classes*.\n\n\nImplementing Descriptors\n------------------------\n\nThe following methods only apply when an instance of the class\ncontaining the method (a so-called *descriptor* class) appears in an\n*owner* class (the descriptor must be in either the owner\'s class\ndictionary or in the class dictionary for one of its parents). In the\nexamples below, "the attribute" refers to the attribute whose name is\nthe key of the property in the owner class\' "__dict__".\n\nobject.__get__(self, instance, owner)\n\n Called to get the attribute of the owner class (class attribute\n access) or of an instance of that class (instance attribute\n access). *owner* is always the owner class, while *instance* is the\n instance that the attribute was accessed through, or "None" when\n the attribute is accessed through the *owner*. This method should\n return the (computed) attribute value or raise an "AttributeError"\n exception.\n\nobject.__set__(self, instance, value)\n\n Called to set the attribute on an instance *instance* of the owner\n class to a new value, *value*.\n\nobject.__delete__(self, instance)\n\n Called to delete the attribute on an instance *instance* of the\n owner class.\n\n\nInvoking Descriptors\n--------------------\n\nIn general, a descriptor is an object attribute with "binding\nbehavior", one whose attribute access has been overridden by methods\nin the descriptor protocol: "__get__()", "__set__()", and\n"__delete__()". If any of those methods are defined for an object, it\nis said to be a descriptor.\n\nThe default behavior for attribute access is to get, set, or delete\nthe attribute from an object\'s dictionary. For instance, "a.x" has a\nlookup chain starting with "a.__dict__[\'x\']", then\n"type(a).__dict__[\'x\']", and continuing through the base classes of\n"type(a)" excluding metaclasses.\n\nHowever, if the looked-up value is an object defining one of the\ndescriptor methods, then Python may override the default behavior and\ninvoke the descriptor method instead. Where this occurs in the\nprecedence chain depends on which descriptor methods were defined and\nhow they were called. Note that descriptors are only invoked for new\nstyle objects or classes (ones that subclass "object()" or "type()").\n\nThe starting point for descriptor invocation is a binding, "a.x". How\nthe arguments are assembled depends on "a":\n\nDirect Call\n The simplest and least common call is when user code directly\n invokes a descriptor method: "x.__get__(a)".\n\nInstance Binding\n If binding to a new-style object instance, "a.x" is transformed\n into the call: "type(a).__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(a, type(a))".\n\nClass Binding\n If binding to a new-style class, "A.x" is transformed into the\n call: "A.__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(None, A)".\n\nSuper Binding\n If "a" is an instance of "super", then the binding "super(B,\n obj).m()" searches "obj.__class__.__mro__" for the base class "A"\n immediately preceding "B" and then invokes the descriptor with the\n call: "A.__dict__[\'m\'].__get__(obj, obj.__class__)".\n\nFor instance bindings, the precedence of descriptor invocation depends\non the which descriptor methods are defined. A descriptor can define\nany combination of "__get__()", "__set__()" and "__delete__()". If it\ndoes not define "__get__()", then accessing the attribute will return\nthe descriptor object itself unless there is a value in the object\'s\ninstance dictionary. If the descriptor defines "__set__()" and/or\n"__delete__()", it is a data descriptor; if it defines neither, it is\na non-data descriptor. Normally, data descriptors define both\n"__get__()" and "__set__()", while non-data descriptors have just the\n"__get__()" method. Data descriptors with "__set__()" and "__get__()"\ndefined always override a redefinition in an instance dictionary. In\ncontrast, non-data descriptors can be overridden by instances.\n\nPython methods (including "staticmethod()" and "classmethod()") are\nimplemented as non-data descriptors. Accordingly, instances can\nredefine and override methods. This allows individual instances to\nacquire behaviors that differ from other instances of the same class.\n\nThe "property()" function is implemented as a data descriptor.\nAccordingly, instances cannot override the behavior of a property.\n\n\n__slots__\n---------\n\nBy default, instances of both old and new-style classes have a\ndictionary for attribute storage. This wastes space for objects\nhaving very few instance variables. The space consumption can become\nacute when creating large numbers of instances.\n\nThe default can be overridden by defining *__slots__* in a new-style\nclass definition. The *__slots__* declaration takes a sequence of\ninstance variables and reserves just enough space in each instance to\nhold a value for each variable. Space is saved because *__dict__* is\nnot created for each instance.\n\n__slots__\n\n This class variable can be assigned a string, iterable, or sequence\n of strings with variable names used by instances. If defined in a\n new-style class, *__slots__* reserves space for the declared\n variables and prevents the automatic creation of *__dict__* and\n *__weakref__* for each instance.\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\nNotes on using *__slots__*\n\n* When inheriting from a class without *__slots__*, the *__dict__*\n attribute of that class will always be accessible, so a *__slots__*\n definition in the subclass is meaningless.\n\n* Without a *__dict__* variable, instances cannot be assigned new\n variables not listed in the *__slots__* definition. Attempts to\n assign to an unlisted variable name raises "AttributeError". If\n dynamic assignment of new variables is desired, then add\n "\'__dict__\'" to the sequence of strings in the *__slots__*\n declaration.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Previously, adding "\'__dict__\'" to the\n *__slots__* declaration would not enable the assignment of new\n attributes not specifically listed in the sequence of instance\n variable names.\n\n* Without a *__weakref__* variable for each instance, classes\n defining *__slots__* do not support weak references to its\n instances. If weak reference support is needed, then add\n "\'__weakref__\'" to the sequence of strings in the *__slots__*\n declaration.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Previously, adding "\'__weakref__\'" to the\n *__slots__* declaration would not enable support for weak\n references.\n\n* *__slots__* are implemented at the class level by creating\n descriptors (*Implementing Descriptors*) for each variable name. As\n a result, class attributes cannot be used to set default values for\n instance variables defined by *__slots__*; otherwise, the class\n attribute would overwrite the descriptor assignment.\n\n* The action of a *__slots__* declaration is limited to the class\n where it is defined. As a result, subclasses will have a *__dict__*\n unless they also define *__slots__* (which must only contain names\n of any *additional* slots).\n\n* If a class defines a slot also defined in a base class, the\n instance variable defined by the base class slot is inaccessible\n (except by retrieving its descriptor directly from the base class).\n This renders the meaning of the program undefined. In the future, a\n check may be added to prevent this.\n\n* Nonempty *__slots__* does not work for classes derived from\n "variable-length" built-in types such as "long", "str" and "tuple".\n\n* Any non-string iterable may be assigned to *__slots__*. Mappings\n may also be used; however, in the future, special meaning may be\n assigned to the values corresponding to each key.\n\n* *__class__* assignment works only if both classes have the same\n *__slots__*.\n\n Changed in version 2.6: Previously, *__class__* assignment raised an\n error if either new or old class had *__slots__*.\n\n\nCustomizing class creation\n==========================\n\nBy default, new-style classes are constructed using "type()". A class\ndefinition is read into a separate namespace and the value of class\nname is bound to the result of "type(name, bases, dict)".\n\nWhen the class definition is read, if *__metaclass__* is defined then\nthe callable assigned to it will be called instead of "type()". This\nallows classes or functions to be written which monitor or alter the\nclass creation process:\n\n* Modifying the class dictionary prior to the class being created.\n\n* Returning an instance of another class -- essentially performing\n the role of a factory function.\n\nThese steps will have to be performed in the metaclass\'s "__new__()"\nmethod -- "type.__new__()" can then be called from this method to\ncreate a class with different properties. This example adds a new\nelement to the class dictionary before creating the class:\n\n class metacls(type):\n def __new__(mcs, name, bases, dict):\n dict[\'foo\'] = \'metacls was here\'\n return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, dict)\n\nYou can of course also override other class methods (or add new\nmethods); for example defining a custom "__call__()" method in the\nmetaclass allows custom behavior when the class is called, e.g. not\nalways creating a new instance.\n\n__metaclass__\n\n This variable can be any callable accepting arguments for "name",\n "bases", and "dict". Upon class creation, the callable is used\n instead of the built-in "type()".\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\nThe appropriate metaclass is determined by the following precedence\nrules:\n\n* If "dict[\'__metaclass__\']" exists, it is used.\n\n* Otherwise, if there is at least one base class, its metaclass is\n used (this looks for a *__class__* attribute first and if not found,\n uses its type).\n\n* Otherwise, if a global variable named __metaclass__ exists, it is\n used.\n\n* Otherwise, the old-style, classic metaclass (types.ClassType) is\n used.\n\nThe potential uses for metaclasses are boundless. Some ideas that have\nbeen explored including logging, interface checking, automatic\ndelegation, automatic property creation, proxies, frameworks, and\nautomatic resource locking/synchronization.\n\n\nCustomizing instance and subclass checks\n========================================\n\nNew in version 2.6.\n\nThe following methods are used to override the default behavior of the\n"isinstance()" and "issubclass()" built-in functions.\n\nIn particular, the metaclass "abc.ABCMeta" implements these methods in\norder to allow the addition of Abstract Base Classes (ABCs) as\n"virtual base classes" to any class or type (including built-in\ntypes), including other ABCs.\n\nclass.__instancecheck__(self, instance)\n\n Return true if *instance* should be considered a (direct or\n indirect) instance of *class*. If defined, called to implement\n "isinstance(instance, class)".\n\nclass.__subclasscheck__(self, subclass)\n\n Return true if *subclass* should be considered a (direct or\n indirect) subclass of *class*. If defined, called to implement\n "issubclass(subclass, class)".\n\nNote that these methods are looked up on the type (metaclass) of a\nclass. They cannot be defined as class methods in the actual class.\nThis is consistent with the lookup of special methods that are called\non instances, only in this case the instance is itself a class.\n\nSee also: **PEP 3119** - Introducing Abstract Base Classes\n\n Includes the specification for customizing "isinstance()" and\n "issubclass()" behavior through "__instancecheck__()" and\n "__subclasscheck__()", with motivation for this functionality in\n the context of adding Abstract Base Classes (see the "abc"\n module) to the language.\n\n\nEmulating callable objects\n==========================\n\nobject.__call__(self[, args...])\n\n Called when the instance is "called" as a function; if this method\n is defined, "x(arg1, arg2, ...)" is a shorthand for\n "x.__call__(arg1, arg2, ...)".\n\n\nEmulating container types\n=========================\n\nThe following methods can be defined to implement container objects.\nContainers usually are sequences (such as lists or tuples) or mappings\n(like dictionaries), but can represent other containers as well. The\nfirst set of methods is used either to emulate a sequence or to\nemulate a mapping; the difference is that for a sequence, the\nallowable keys should be the integers *k* for which "0 <= k < N" where\n*N* is the length of the sequence, or slice objects, which define a\nrange of items. (For backwards compatibility, the method\n"__getslice__()" (see below) can also be defined to handle simple, but\nnot extended slices.) It is also recommended that mappings provide the\nmethods "keys()", "values()", "items()", "has_key()", "get()",\n"clear()", "setdefault()", "iterkeys()", "itervalues()",\n"iteritems()", "pop()", "popitem()", "copy()", and "update()" behaving\nsimilar to those for Python\'s standard dictionary objects. The\n"UserDict" module provides a "DictMixin" class to help create those\nmethods from a base set of "__getitem__()", "__setitem__()",\n"__delitem__()", and "keys()". Mutable sequences should provide\nmethods "append()", "count()", "index()", "extend()", "insert()",\n"pop()", "remove()", "reverse()" and "sort()", like Python standard\nlist objects. Finally, sequence types should implement addition\n(meaning concatenation) and multiplication (meaning repetition) by\ndefining the methods "__add__()", "__radd__()", "__iadd__()",\n"__mul__()", "__rmul__()" and "__imul__()" described below; they\nshould not define "__coerce__()" or other numerical operators. It is\nrecommended that both mappings and sequences implement the\n"__contains__()" method to allow efficient use of the "in" operator;\nfor mappings, "in" should be equivalent of "has_key()"; for sequences,\nit should search through the values. It is further recommended that\nboth mappings and sequences implement the "__iter__()" method to allow\nefficient iteration through the container; for mappings, "__iter__()"\nshould be the same as "iterkeys()"; for sequences, it should iterate\nthrough the values.\n\nobject.__len__(self)\n\n Called to implement the built-in function "len()". Should return\n the length of the object, an integer ">=" 0. Also, an object that\n doesn\'t define a "__nonzero__()" method and whose "__len__()"\n method returns zero is considered to be false in a Boolean context.\n\nobject.__getitem__(self, key)\n\n Called to implement evaluation of "self[key]". For sequence types,\n the accepted keys should be integers and slice objects. Note that\n the special interpretation of negative indexes (if the class wishes\n to emulate a sequence type) is up to the "__getitem__()" method. If\n *key* is of an inappropriate type, "TypeError" may be raised; if of\n a value outside the set of indexes for the sequence (after any\n special interpretation of negative values), "IndexError" should be\n raised. For mapping types, if *key* is missing (not in the\n container), "KeyError" should be raised.\n\n Note: "for" loops expect that an "IndexError" will be raised for\n illegal indexes to allow proper detection of the end of the\n sequence.\n\nobject.__setitem__(self, key, value)\n\n Called to implement assignment to "self[key]". Same note as for\n "__getitem__()". This should only be implemented for mappings if\n the objects support changes to the values for keys, or if new keys\n can be added, or for sequences if elements can be replaced. The\n same exceptions should be raised for improper *key* values as for\n the "__getitem__()" method.\n\nobject.__delitem__(self, key)\n\n Called to implement deletion of "self[key]". Same note as for\n "__getitem__()". This should only be implemented for mappings if\n the objects support removal of keys, or for sequences if elements\n can be removed from the sequence. The same exceptions should be\n raised for improper *key* values as for the "__getitem__()" method.\n\nobject.__iter__(self)\n\n This method is called when an iterator is required for a container.\n This method should return a new iterator object that can iterate\n over all the objects in the container. For mappings, it should\n iterate over the keys of the container, and should also be made\n available as the method "iterkeys()".\n\n Iterator objects also need to implement this method; they are\n required to return themselves. For more information on iterator\n objects, see *Iterator Types*.\n\nobject.__reversed__(self)\n\n Called (if present) by the "reversed()" built-in to implement\n reverse iteration. It should return a new iterator object that\n iterates over all the objects in the container in reverse order.\n\n If the "__reversed__()" method is not provided, the "reversed()"\n built-in will fall back to using the sequence protocol ("__len__()"\n and "__getitem__()"). Objects that support the sequence protocol\n should only provide "__reversed__()" if they can provide an\n implementation that is more efficient than the one provided by\n "reversed()".\n\n New in version 2.6.\n\nThe membership test operators ("in" and "not in") are normally\nimplemented as an iteration through a sequence. However, container\nobjects can supply the following special method with a more efficient\nimplementation, which also does not require the object be a sequence.\n\nobject.__contains__(self, item)\n\n Called to implement membership test operators. Should return true\n if *item* is in *self*, false otherwise. For mapping objects, this\n should consider the keys of the mapping rather than the values or\n the key-item pairs.\n\n For objects that don\'t define "__contains__()", the membership test\n first tries iteration via "__iter__()", then the old sequence\n iteration protocol via "__getitem__()", see *this section in the\n language reference*.\n\n\nAdditional methods for emulation of sequence types\n==================================================\n\nThe following optional methods can be defined to further emulate\nsequence objects. Immutable sequences methods should at most only\ndefine "__getslice__()"; mutable sequences might define all three\nmethods.\n\nobject.__getslice__(self, i, j)\n\n Deprecated since version 2.0: Support slice objects as parameters\n to the "__getitem__()" method. (However, built-in types in CPython\n currently still implement "__getslice__()". Therefore, you have to\n override it in derived classes when implementing slicing.)\n\n Called to implement evaluation of "self[i:j]". The returned object\n should be of the same type as *self*. Note that missing *i* or *j*\n in the slice expression are replaced by zero or "sys.maxint",\n respectively. If negative indexes are used in the slice, the\n length of the sequence is added to that index. If the instance does\n not implement the "__len__()" method, an "AttributeError" is\n raised. No guarantee is made that indexes adjusted this way are not\n still negative. Indexes which are greater than the length of the\n sequence are not modified. If no "__getslice__()" is found, a slice\n object is created instead, and passed to "__getitem__()" instead.\n\nobject.__setslice__(self, i, j, sequence)\n\n Called to implement assignment to "self[i:j]". Same notes for *i*\n and *j* as for "__getslice__()".\n\n This method is deprecated. If no "__setslice__()" is found, or for\n extended slicing of the form "self[i:j:k]", a slice object is\n created, and passed to "__setitem__()", instead of "__setslice__()"\n being called.\n\nobject.__delslice__(self, i, j)\n\n Called to implement deletion of "self[i:j]". Same notes for *i* and\n *j* as for "__getslice__()". This method is deprecated. If no\n "__delslice__()" is found, or for extended slicing of the form\n "self[i:j:k]", a slice object is created, and passed to\n "__delitem__()", instead of "__delslice__()" being called.\n\nNotice that these methods are only invoked when a single slice with a\nsingle colon is used, and the slice method is available. For slice\noperations involving extended slice notation, or in absence of the\nslice methods, "__getitem__()", "__setitem__()" or "__delitem__()" is\ncalled with a slice object as argument.\n\nThe following example demonstrate how to make your program or module\ncompatible with earlier versions of Python (assuming that methods\n"__getitem__()", "__setitem__()" and "__delitem__()" support slice\nobjects as arguments):\n\n class MyClass:\n ...\n def __getitem__(self, index):\n ...\n def __setitem__(self, index, value):\n ...\n def __delitem__(self, index):\n ...\n\n if sys.version_info < (2, 0):\n # They won\'t be defined if version is at least 2.0 final\n\n def __getslice__(self, i, j):\n return self[max(0, i):max(0, j):]\n def __setslice__(self, i, j, seq):\n self[max(0, i):max(0, j):] = seq\n def __delslice__(self, i, j):\n del self[max(0, i):max(0, j):]\n ...\n\nNote the calls to "max()"; these are necessary because of the handling\nof negative indices before the "__*slice__()" methods are called.\nWhen negative indexes are used, the "__*item__()" methods receive them\nas provided, but the "__*slice__()" methods get a "cooked" form of the\nindex values. For each negative index value, the length of the\nsequence is added to the index before calling the method (which may\nstill result in a negative index); this is the customary handling of\nnegative indexes by the built-in sequence types, and the "__*item__()"\nmethods are expected to do this as well. However, since they should\nalready be doing that, negative indexes cannot be passed in; they must\nbe constrained to the bounds of the sequence before being passed to\nthe "__*item__()" methods. Calling "max(0, i)" conveniently returns\nthe proper value.\n\n\nEmulating numeric types\n=======================\n\nThe following methods can be defined to emulate numeric objects.\nMethods corresponding to operations that are not supported by the\nparticular kind of number implemented (e.g., bitwise operations for\nnon-integral numbers) should be left undefined.\n\nobject.__add__(self, other)\nobject.__sub__(self, other)\nobject.__mul__(self, other)\nobject.__floordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__mod__(self, other)\nobject.__divmod__(self, other)\nobject.__pow__(self, other[, modulo])\nobject.__lshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rshift__(self, other)\nobject.__and__(self, other)\nobject.__xor__(self, other)\nobject.__or__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic\n operations ("+", "-", "*", "//", "%", "divmod()", "pow()", "**",\n "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|"). For instance, to evaluate the\n expression "x + y", where *x* is an instance of a class that has an\n "__add__()" method, "x.__add__(y)" is called. The "__divmod__()"\n method should be the equivalent to using "__floordiv__()" and\n "__mod__()"; it should not be related to "__truediv__()" (described\n below). Note that "__pow__()" should be defined to accept an\n optional third argument if the ternary version of the built-in\n "pow()" function is to be supported.\n\n If one of those methods does not support the operation with the\n supplied arguments, it should return "NotImplemented".\n\nobject.__div__(self, other)\nobject.__truediv__(self, other)\n\n The division operator ("/") is implemented by these methods. The\n "__truediv__()" method is used when "__future__.division" is in\n effect, otherwise "__div__()" is used. If only one of these two\n methods is defined, the object will not support division in the\n alternate context; "TypeError" will be raised instead.\n\nobject.__radd__(self, other)\nobject.__rsub__(self, other)\nobject.__rmul__(self, other)\nobject.__rdiv__(self, other)\nobject.__rtruediv__(self, other)\nobject.__rfloordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__rmod__(self, other)\nobject.__rdivmod__(self, other)\nobject.__rpow__(self, other)\nobject.__rlshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rrshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rand__(self, other)\nobject.__rxor__(self, other)\nobject.__ror__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic\n operations ("+", "-", "*", "/", "%", "divmod()", "pow()", "**",\n "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|") with reflected (swapped) operands.\n These functions are only called if the left operand does not\n support the corresponding operation and the operands are of\n different types. [2] For instance, to evaluate the expression "x -\n y", where *y* is an instance of a class that has an "__rsub__()"\n method, "y.__rsub__(x)" is called if "x.__sub__(y)" returns\n *NotImplemented*.\n\n Note that ternary "pow()" will not try calling "__rpow__()" (the\n coercion rules would become too complicated).\n\n Note: If the right operand\'s type is a subclass of the left\n operand\'s type and that subclass provides the reflected method\n for the operation, this method will be called before the left\n operand\'s non-reflected method. This behavior allows subclasses\n to override their ancestors\' operations.\n\nobject.__iadd__(self, other)\nobject.__isub__(self, other)\nobject.__imul__(self, other)\nobject.__idiv__(self, other)\nobject.__itruediv__(self, other)\nobject.__ifloordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__imod__(self, other)\nobject.__ipow__(self, other[, modulo])\nobject.__ilshift__(self, other)\nobject.__irshift__(self, other)\nobject.__iand__(self, other)\nobject.__ixor__(self, other)\nobject.__ior__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the augmented arithmetic\n assignments ("+=", "-=", "*=", "/=", "//=", "%=", "**=", "<<=",\n ">>=", "&=", "^=", "|="). These methods should attempt to do the\n operation in-place (modifying *self*) and return the result (which\n could be, but does not have to be, *self*). If a specific method\n is not defined, the augmented assignment falls back to the normal\n methods. For instance, to execute the statement "x += y", where\n *x* is an instance of a class that has an "__iadd__()" method,\n "x.__iadd__(y)" is called. If *x* is an instance of a class that\n does not define a "__iadd__()" method, "x.__add__(y)" and\n "y.__radd__(x)" are considered, as with the evaluation of "x + y".\n\nobject.__neg__(self)\nobject.__pos__(self)\nobject.__abs__(self)\nobject.__invert__(self)\n\n Called to implement the unary arithmetic operations ("-", "+",\n "abs()" and "~").\n\nobject.__complex__(self)\nobject.__int__(self)\nobject.__long__(self)\nobject.__float__(self)\n\n Called to implement the built-in functions "complex()", "int()",\n "long()", and "float()". Should return a value of the appropriate\n type.\n\nobject.__oct__(self)\nobject.__hex__(self)\n\n Called to implement the built-in functions "oct()" and "hex()".\n Should return a string value.\n\nobject.__index__(self)\n\n Called to implement "operator.index()". Also called whenever\n Python needs an integer object (such as in slicing). Must return\n an integer (int or long).\n\n New in version 2.5.\n\nobject.__coerce__(self, other)\n\n Called to implement "mixed-mode" numeric arithmetic. Should either\n return a 2-tuple containing *self* and *other* converted to a\n common numeric type, or "None" if conversion is impossible. When\n the common type would be the type of "other", it is sufficient to\n return "None", since the interpreter will also ask the other object\n to attempt a coercion (but sometimes, if the implementation of the\n other type cannot be changed, it is useful to do the conversion to\n the other type here). A return value of "NotImplemented" is\n equivalent to returning "None".\n\n\nCoercion rules\n==============\n\nThis section used to document the rules for coercion. As the language\nhas evolved, the coercion rules have become hard to document\nprecisely; documenting what one version of one particular\nimplementation does is undesirable. Instead, here are some informal\nguidelines regarding coercion. In Python 3, coercion will not be\nsupported.\n\n* If the left operand of a % operator is a string or Unicode object,\n no coercion takes place and the string formatting operation is\n invoked instead.\n\n* It is no longer recommended to define a coercion operation. Mixed-\n mode operations on types that don\'t define coercion pass the\n original arguments to the operation.\n\n* New-style classes (those derived from "object") never invoke the\n "__coerce__()" method in response to a binary operator; the only\n time "__coerce__()" is invoked is when the built-in function\n "coerce()" is called.\n\n* For most intents and purposes, an operator that returns\n "NotImplemented" is treated the same as one that is not implemented\n at all.\n\n* Below, "__op__()" and "__rop__()" are used to signify the generic\n method names corresponding to an operator; "__iop__()" is used for\n the corresponding in-place operator. For example, for the operator\n \'"+"\', "__add__()" and "__radd__()" are used for the left and right\n variant of the binary operator, and "__iadd__()" for the in-place\n variant.\n\n* For objects *x* and *y*, first "x.__op__(y)" is tried. If this is\n not implemented or returns "NotImplemented", "y.__rop__(x)" is\n tried. If this is also not implemented or returns "NotImplemented",\n a "TypeError" exception is raised. But see the following exception:\n\n* Exception to the previous item: if the left operand is an instance\n of a built-in type or a new-style class, and the right operand is an\n instance of a proper subclass of that type or class and overrides\n the base\'s "__rop__()" method, the right operand\'s "__rop__()"\n method is tried *before* the left operand\'s "__op__()" method.\n\n This is done so that a subclass can completely override binary\n operators. Otherwise, the left operand\'s "__op__()" method would\n always accept the right operand: when an instance of a given class\n is expected, an instance of a subclass of that class is always\n acceptable.\n\n* When either operand type defines a coercion, this coercion is\n called before that type\'s "__op__()" or "__rop__()" method is\n called, but no sooner. If the coercion returns an object of a\n different type for the operand whose coercion is invoked, part of\n the process is redone using the new object.\n\n* When an in-place operator (like \'"+="\') is used, if the left\n operand implements "__iop__()", it is invoked without any coercion.\n When the operation falls back to "__op__()" and/or "__rop__()", the\n normal coercion rules apply.\n\n* In "x + y", if *x* is a sequence that implements sequence\n concatenation, sequence concatenation is invoked.\n\n* In "x * y", if one operand is a sequence that implements sequence\n repetition, and the other is an integer ("int" or "long"), sequence\n repetition is invoked.\n\n* Rich comparisons (implemented by methods "__eq__()" and so on)\n never use coercion. Three-way comparison (implemented by\n "__cmp__()") does use coercion under the same conditions as other\n binary operations use it.\n\n* In the current implementation, the built-in numeric types "int",\n "long", "float", and "complex" do not use coercion. All these types\n implement a "__coerce__()" method, for use by the built-in\n "coerce()" function.\n\n Changed in version 2.7: The complex type no longer makes implicit\n calls to the "__coerce__()" method for mixed-type binary arithmetic\n operations.\n\n\nWith Statement Context Managers\n===============================\n\nNew in version 2.5.\n\nA *context manager* is an object that defines the runtime context to\nbe established when executing a "with" statement. The context manager\nhandles the entry into, and the exit from, the desired runtime context\nfor the execution of the block of code. Context managers are normally\ninvoked using the "with" statement (described in section *The with\nstatement*), but can also be used by directly invoking their methods.\n\nTypical uses of context managers include saving and restoring various\nkinds of global state, locking and unlocking resources, closing opened\nfiles, etc.\n\nFor more information on context managers, see *Context Manager Types*.\n\nobject.__enter__(self)\n\n Enter the runtime context related to this object. The "with"\n statement will bind this method\'s return value to the target(s)\n specified in the "as" clause of the statement, if any.\n\nobject.__exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback)\n\n Exit the runtime context related to this object. The parameters\n describe the exception that caused the context to be exited. If the\n context was exited without an exception, all three arguments will\n be "None".\n\n If an exception is supplied, and the method wishes to suppress the\n exception (i.e., prevent it from being propagated), it should\n return a true value. Otherwise, the exception will be processed\n normally upon exit from this method.\n\n Note that "__exit__()" methods should not reraise the passed-in\n exception; this is the caller\'s responsibility.\n\nSee also: **PEP 0343** - The "with" statement\n\n The specification, background, and examples for the Python "with"\n statement.\n\n\nSpecial method lookup for old-style classes\n===========================================\n\nFor old-style classes, special methods are always looked up in exactly\nthe same way as any other method or attribute. This is the case\nregardless of whether the method is being looked up explicitly as in\n"x.__getitem__(i)" or implicitly as in "x[i]".\n\nThis behaviour means that special methods may exhibit different\nbehaviour for different instances of a single old-style class if the\nappropriate special attributes are set differently:\n\n >>> class C:\n ... pass\n ...\n >>> c1 = C()\n >>> c2 = C()\n >>> c1.__len__ = lambda: 5\n >>> c2.__len__ = lambda: 9\n >>> len(c1)\n 5\n >>> len(c2)\n 9\n\n\nSpecial method lookup for new-style classes\n===========================================\n\nFor new-style classes, implicit invocations of special methods are\nonly guaranteed to work correctly if defined on an object\'s type, not\nin the object\'s instance dictionary. That behaviour is the reason why\nthe following code raises an exception (unlike the equivalent example\nwith old-style classes):\n\n >>> class C(object):\n ... pass\n ...\n >>> c = C()\n >>> c.__len__ = lambda: 5\n >>> len(c)\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>\n TypeError: object of type \'C\' has no len()\n\nThe rationale behind this behaviour lies with a number of special\nmethods such as "__hash__()" and "__repr__()" that are implemented by\nall objects, including type objects. If the implicit lookup of these\nmethods used the conventional lookup process, they would fail when\ninvoked on the type object itself:\n\n >>> 1 .__hash__() == hash(1)\n True\n >>> int.__hash__() == hash(int)\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>\n TypeError: descriptor \'__hash__\' of \'int\' object needs an argument\n\nIncorrectly attempting to invoke an unbound method of a class in this\nway is sometimes referred to as \'metaclass confusion\', and is avoided\nby bypassing the instance when looking up special methods:\n\n >>> type(1).__hash__(1) == hash(1)\n True\n >>> type(int).__hash__(int) == hash(int)\n True\n\nIn addition to bypassing any instance attributes in the interest of\ncorrectness, implicit special method lookup generally also bypasses\nthe "__getattribute__()" method even of the object\'s metaclass:\n\n >>> class Meta(type):\n ... def __getattribute__(*args):\n ... print "Metaclass getattribute invoked"\n ... return type.__getattribute__(*args)\n ...\n >>> class C(object):\n ... __metaclass__ = Meta\n ... def __len__(self):\n ... return 10\n ... def __getattribute__(*args):\n ... print "Class getattribute invoked"\n ... return object.__getattribute__(*args)\n ...\n >>> c = C()\n >>> c.__len__() # Explicit lookup via instance\n Class getattribute invoked\n 10\n >>> type(c).__len__(c) # Explicit lookup via type\n Metaclass getattribute invoked\n 10\n >>> len(c) # Implicit lookup\n 10\n\nBypassing the "__getattribute__()" machinery in this fashion provides\nsignificant scope for speed optimisations within the interpreter, at\nthe cost of some flexibility in the handling of special methods (the\nspecial method *must* be set on the class object itself in order to be\nconsistently invoked by the interpreter).\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] It *is* possible in some cases to change an object\'s type,\n under certain controlled conditions. It generally isn\'t a good\n idea though, since it can lead to some very strange behaviour if\n it is handled incorrectly.\n\n[2] For operands of the same type, it is assumed that if the non-\n reflected method (such as "__add__()") fails the operation is not\n supported, which is why the reflected method is not called.\n', - 'string-methods': u'\nString Methods\n**************\n\nBelow are listed the string methods which both 8-bit strings and\nUnicode objects support. Some of them are also available on\n"bytearray" objects.\n\nIn addition, Python\'s strings support the sequence type methods\ndescribed in the *Sequence Types --- str, unicode, list, tuple,\nbytearray, buffer, xrange* section. To output formatted strings use\ntemplate strings or the "%" operator described in the *String\nFormatting Operations* section. Also, see the "re" module for string\nfunctions based on regular expressions.\n\nstr.capitalize()\n\n Return a copy of the string with its first character capitalized\n and the rest lowercased.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.center(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return centered in a string of length *width*. Padding is done\n using the specified *fillchar* (default is a space).\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Support for the *fillchar* argument.\n\nstr.count(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring *sub*\n in the range [*start*, *end*]. Optional arguments *start* and\n *end* are interpreted as in slice notation.\n\nstr.decode([encoding[, errors]])\n\n Decodes the string using the codec registered for *encoding*.\n *encoding* defaults to the default string encoding. *errors* may\n be given to set a different error handling scheme. The default is\n "\'strict\'", meaning that encoding errors raise "UnicodeError".\n Other possible values are "\'ignore\'", "\'replace\'" and any other\n name registered via "codecs.register_error()", see section *Codec\n Base Classes*.\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Support for other error handling schemes\n added.\n\n Changed in version 2.7: Support for keyword arguments added.\n\nstr.encode([encoding[, errors]])\n\n Return an encoded version of the string. Default encoding is the\n current default string encoding. *errors* may be given to set a\n different error handling scheme. The default for *errors* is\n "\'strict\'", meaning that encoding errors raise a "UnicodeError".\n Other possible values are "\'ignore\'", "\'replace\'",\n "\'xmlcharrefreplace\'", "\'backslashreplace\'" and any other name\n registered via "codecs.register_error()", see section *Codec Base\n Classes*. For a list of possible encodings, see section *Standard\n Encodings*.\n\n New in version 2.0.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Support for "\'xmlcharrefreplace\'" and\n "\'backslashreplace\'" and other error handling schemes added.\n\n Changed in version 2.7: Support for keyword arguments added.\n\nstr.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]])\n\n Return "True" if the string ends with the specified *suffix*,\n otherwise return "False". *suffix* can also be a tuple of suffixes\n to look for. With optional *start*, test beginning at that\n position. With optional *end*, stop comparing at that position.\n\n Changed in version 2.5: Accept tuples as *suffix*.\n\nstr.expandtabs([tabsize])\n\n Return a copy of the string where all tab characters are replaced\n by one or more spaces, depending on the current column and the\n given tab size. Tab positions occur every *tabsize* characters\n (default is 8, giving tab positions at columns 0, 8, 16 and so on).\n To expand the string, the current column is set to zero and the\n string is examined character by character. If the character is a\n tab ("\\t"), one or more space characters are inserted in the result\n until the current column is equal to the next tab position. (The\n tab character itself is not copied.) If the character is a newline\n ("\\n") or return ("\\r"), it is copied and the current column is\n reset to zero. Any other character is copied unchanged and the\n current column is incremented by one regardless of how the\n character is represented when printed.\n\n >>> \'01\\t012\\t0123\\t01234\'.expandtabs()\n \'01 012 0123 01234\'\n >>> \'01\\t012\\t0123\\t01234\'.expandtabs(4)\n \'01 012 0123 01234\'\n\nstr.find(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the lowest index in the string where substring *sub* is\n found, such that *sub* is contained in the slice "s[start:end]".\n Optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in slice\n notation. Return "-1" if *sub* is not found.\n\n Note: The "find()" method should be used only if you need to know\n the position of *sub*. To check if *sub* is a substring or not,\n use the "in" operator:\n\n >>> \'Py\' in \'Python\'\n True\n\nstr.format(*args, **kwargs)\n\n Perform a string formatting operation. The string on which this\n method is called can contain literal text or replacement fields\n delimited by braces "{}". Each replacement field contains either\n the numeric index of a positional argument, or the name of a\n keyword argument. Returns a copy of the string where each\n replacement field is replaced with the string value of the\n corresponding argument.\n\n >>> "The sum of 1 + 2 is {0}".format(1+2)\n \'The sum of 1 + 2 is 3\'\n\n See *Format String Syntax* for a description of the various\n formatting options that can be specified in format strings.\n\n This method of string formatting is the new standard in Python 3,\n and should be preferred to the "%" formatting described in *String\n Formatting Operations* in new code.\n\n New in version 2.6.\n\nstr.index(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Like "find()", but raise "ValueError" when the substring is not\n found.\n\nstr.isalnum()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are alphanumeric and\n there is at least one character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.isalpha()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are alphabetic and\n there is at least one character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.isdigit()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are digits and there is\n at least one character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.islower()\n\n Return true if all cased characters [4] in the string are lowercase\n and there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.isspace()\n\n Return true if there are only whitespace characters in the string\n and there is at least one character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.istitle()\n\n Return true if the string is a titlecased string and there is at\n least one character, for example uppercase characters may only\n follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.\n Return false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.isupper()\n\n Return true if all cased characters [4] in the string are uppercase\n and there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.join(iterable)\n\n Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the\n *iterable* *iterable*. The separator between elements is the\n string providing this method.\n\nstr.ljust(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return the string left justified in a string of length *width*.\n Padding is done using the specified *fillchar* (default is a\n space). The original string is returned if *width* is less than or\n equal to "len(s)".\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Support for the *fillchar* argument.\n\nstr.lower()\n\n Return a copy of the string with all the cased characters [4]\n converted to lowercase.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.lstrip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. The\n *chars* argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be\n removed. If omitted or "None", the *chars* argument defaults to\n removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is not a prefix; rather,\n all combinations of its values are stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.lstrip()\n \'spacious \'\n >>> \'www.example.com\'.lstrip(\'cmowz.\')\n \'example.com\'\n\n Changed in version 2.2.2: Support for the *chars* argument.\n\nstr.partition(sep)\n\n Split the string at the first occurrence of *sep*, and return a\n 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator\n itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not\n found, return a 3-tuple containing the string itself, followed by\n two empty strings.\n\n New in version 2.5.\n\nstr.replace(old, new[, count])\n\n Return a copy of the string with all occurrences of substring *old*\n replaced by *new*. If the optional argument *count* is given, only\n the first *count* occurrences are replaced.\n\nstr.rfind(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the highest index in the string where substring *sub* is\n found, such that *sub* is contained within "s[start:end]".\n Optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in slice\n notation. Return "-1" on failure.\n\nstr.rindex(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Like "rfind()" but raises "ValueError" when the substring *sub* is\n not found.\n\nstr.rjust(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return the string right justified in a string of length *width*.\n Padding is done using the specified *fillchar* (default is a\n space). The original string is returned if *width* is less than or\n equal to "len(s)".\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Support for the *fillchar* argument.\n\nstr.rpartition(sep)\n\n Split the string at the last occurrence of *sep*, and return a\n 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator\n itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not\n found, return a 3-tuple containing two empty strings, followed by\n the string itself.\n\n New in version 2.5.\n\nstr.rsplit([sep[, maxsplit]])\n\n Return a list of the words in the string, using *sep* as the\n delimiter string. If *maxsplit* is given, at most *maxsplit* splits\n are done, the *rightmost* ones. If *sep* is not specified or\n "None", any whitespace string is a separator. Except for splitting\n from the right, "rsplit()" behaves like "split()" which is\n described in detail below.\n\n New in version 2.4.\n\nstr.rstrip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. The\n *chars* argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be\n removed. If omitted or "None", the *chars* argument defaults to\n removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is not a suffix; rather,\n all combinations of its values are stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.rstrip()\n \' spacious\'\n >>> \'mississippi\'.rstrip(\'ipz\')\n \'mississ\'\n\n Changed in version 2.2.2: Support for the *chars* argument.\n\nstr.split([sep[, maxsplit]])\n\n Return a list of the words in the string, using *sep* as the\n delimiter string. If *maxsplit* is given, at most *maxsplit*\n splits are done (thus, the list will have at most "maxsplit+1"\n elements). If *maxsplit* is not specified or "-1", then there is\n no limit on the number of splits (all possible splits are made).\n\n If *sep* is given, consecutive delimiters are not grouped together\n and are deemed to delimit empty strings (for example,\n "\'1,,2\'.split(\',\')" returns "[\'1\', \'\', \'2\']"). The *sep* argument\n may consist of multiple characters (for example,\n "\'1<>2<>3\'.split(\'<>\')" returns "[\'1\', \'2\', \'3\']"). Splitting an\n empty string with a specified separator returns "[\'\']".\n\n If *sep* is not specified or is "None", a different splitting\n algorithm is applied: runs of consecutive whitespace are regarded\n as a single separator, and the result will contain no empty strings\n at the start or end if the string has leading or trailing\n whitespace. Consequently, splitting an empty string or a string\n consisting of just whitespace with a "None" separator returns "[]".\n\n For example, "\' 1 2 3 \'.split()" returns "[\'1\', \'2\', \'3\']", and\n "\' 1 2 3 \'.split(None, 1)" returns "[\'1\', \'2 3 \']".\n\nstr.splitlines([keepends])\n\n Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line\n boundaries. This method uses the *universal newlines* approach to\n splitting lines. Line breaks are not included in the resulting list\n unless *keepends* is given and true.\n\n For example, "\'ab c\\n\\nde fg\\rkl\\r\\n\'.splitlines()" returns "[\'ab\n c\', \'\', \'de fg\', \'kl\']", while the same call with\n "splitlines(True)" returns "[\'ab c\\n\', \'\\n\', \'de fg\\r\', \'kl\\r\\n\']".\n\n Unlike "split()" when a delimiter string *sep* is given, this\n method returns an empty list for the empty string, and a terminal\n line break does not result in an extra line.\n\nstr.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]])\n\n Return "True" if string starts with the *prefix*, otherwise return\n "False". *prefix* can also be a tuple of prefixes to look for.\n With optional *start*, test string beginning at that position.\n With optional *end*, stop comparing string at that position.\n\n Changed in version 2.5: Accept tuples as *prefix*.\n\nstr.strip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with the leading and trailing\n characters removed. The *chars* argument is a string specifying the\n set of characters to be removed. If omitted or "None", the *chars*\n argument defaults to removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is\n not a prefix or suffix; rather, all combinations of its values are\n stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.strip()\n \'spacious\'\n >>> \'www.example.com\'.strip(\'cmowz.\')\n \'example\'\n\n Changed in version 2.2.2: Support for the *chars* argument.\n\nstr.swapcase()\n\n Return a copy of the string with uppercase characters converted to\n lowercase and vice versa.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.title()\n\n Return a titlecased version of the string where words start with an\n uppercase character and the remaining characters are lowercase.\n\n The algorithm uses a simple language-independent definition of a\n word as groups of consecutive letters. The definition works in\n many contexts but it means that apostrophes in contractions and\n possessives form word boundaries, which may not be the desired\n result:\n\n >>> "they\'re bill\'s friends from the UK".title()\n "They\'Re Bill\'S Friends From The Uk"\n\n A workaround for apostrophes can be constructed using regular\n expressions:\n\n >>> import re\n >>> def titlecase(s):\n ... return re.sub(r"[A-Za-z]+(\'[A-Za-z]+)?",\n ... lambda mo: mo.group(0)[0].upper() +\n ... mo.group(0)[1:].lower(),\n ... s)\n ...\n >>> titlecase("they\'re bill\'s friends.")\n "They\'re Bill\'s Friends."\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.translate(table[, deletechars])\n\n Return a copy of the string where all characters occurring in the\n optional argument *deletechars* are removed, and the remaining\n characters have been mapped through the given translation table,\n which must be a string of length 256.\n\n You can use the "maketrans()" helper function in the "string"\n module to create a translation table. For string objects, set the\n *table* argument to "None" for translations that only delete\n characters:\n\n >>> \'read this short text\'.translate(None, \'aeiou\')\n \'rd ths shrt txt\'\n\n New in version 2.6: Support for a "None" *table* argument.\n\n For Unicode objects, the "translate()" method does not accept the\n optional *deletechars* argument. Instead, it returns a copy of the\n *s* where all characters have been mapped through the given\n translation table which must be a mapping of Unicode ordinals to\n Unicode ordinals, Unicode strings or "None". Unmapped characters\n are left untouched. Characters mapped to "None" are deleted. Note,\n a more flexible approach is to create a custom character mapping\n codec using the "codecs" module (see "encodings.cp1251" for an\n example).\n\nstr.upper()\n\n Return a copy of the string with all the cased characters [4]\n converted to uppercase. Note that "str.upper().isupper()" might be\n "False" if "s" contains uncased characters or if the Unicode\n category of the resulting character(s) is not "Lu" (Letter,\n uppercase), but e.g. "Lt" (Letter, titlecase).\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.zfill(width)\n\n Return the numeric string left filled with zeros in a string of\n length *width*. A sign prefix is handled correctly. The original\n string is returned if *width* is less than or equal to "len(s)".\n\n New in version 2.2.2.\n\nThe following methods are present only on unicode objects:\n\nunicode.isnumeric()\n\n Return "True" if there are only numeric characters in S, "False"\n otherwise. Numeric characters include digit characters, and all\n characters that have the Unicode numeric value property, e.g.\n U+2155, VULGAR FRACTION ONE FIFTH.\n\nunicode.isdecimal()\n\n Return "True" if there are only decimal characters in S, "False"\n otherwise. Decimal characters include digit characters, and all\n characters that can be used to form decimal-radix numbers, e.g.\n U+0660, ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO.\n', - 'strings': u'\nString literals\n***************\n\nString literals are described by the following lexical definitions:\n\n stringliteral ::= [stringprefix](shortstring | longstring)\n stringprefix ::= "r" | "u" | "ur" | "R" | "U" | "UR" | "Ur" | "uR"\n | "b" | "B" | "br" | "Br" | "bR" | "BR"\n shortstring ::= "\'" shortstringitem* "\'" | \'"\' shortstringitem* \'"\'\n longstring ::= "\'\'\'" longstringitem* "\'\'\'"\n | \'"""\' longstringitem* \'"""\'\n shortstringitem ::= shortstringchar | escapeseq\n longstringitem ::= longstringchar | escapeseq\n shortstringchar ::= <any source character except "\\" or newline or the quote>\n longstringchar ::= <any source character except "\\">\n escapeseq ::= "\\" <any ASCII character>\n\nOne syntactic restriction not indicated by these productions is that\nwhitespace is not allowed between the "stringprefix" and the rest of\nthe string literal. The source character set is defined by the\nencoding declaration; it is ASCII if no encoding declaration is given\nin the source file; see section *Encoding declarations*.\n\nIn plain English: String literals can be enclosed in matching single\nquotes ("\'") or double quotes ("""). They can also be enclosed in\nmatching groups of three single or double quotes (these are generally\nreferred to as *triple-quoted strings*). The backslash ("\\")\ncharacter is used to escape characters that otherwise have a special\nmeaning, such as newline, backslash itself, or the quote character.\nString literals may optionally be prefixed with a letter "\'r\'" or\n"\'R\'"; such strings are called *raw strings* and use different rules\nfor interpreting backslash escape sequences. A prefix of "\'u\'" or\n"\'U\'" makes the string a Unicode string. Unicode strings use the\nUnicode character set as defined by the Unicode Consortium and ISO\n10646. Some additional escape sequences, described below, are\navailable in Unicode strings. A prefix of "\'b\'" or "\'B\'" is ignored in\nPython 2; it indicates that the literal should become a bytes literal\nin Python 3 (e.g. when code is automatically converted with 2to3). A\n"\'u\'" or "\'b\'" prefix may be followed by an "\'r\'" prefix.\n\nIn triple-quoted strings, unescaped newlines and quotes are allowed\n(and are retained), except that three unescaped quotes in a row\nterminate the string. (A "quote" is the character used to open the\nstring, i.e. either "\'" or """.)\n\nUnless an "\'r\'" or "\'R\'" prefix is present, escape sequences in\nstrings are interpreted according to rules similar to those used by\nStandard C. The recognized escape sequences are:\n\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| Escape Sequence | Meaning | Notes |\n+===================+===================================+=========+\n| "\\newline" | Ignored | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\\\" | Backslash ("\\") | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\\'" | Single quote ("\'") | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\"" | Double quote (""") | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\a" | ASCII Bell (BEL) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\b" | ASCII Backspace (BS) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\f" | ASCII Formfeed (FF) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\n" | ASCII Linefeed (LF) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\N{name}" | Character named *name* in the | |\n| | Unicode database (Unicode only) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\r" | ASCII Carriage Return (CR) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\t" | ASCII Horizontal Tab (TAB) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\uxxxx" | Character with 16-bit hex value | (1) |\n| | *xxxx* (Unicode only) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\Uxxxxxxxx" | Character with 32-bit hex value | (2) |\n| | *xxxxxxxx* (Unicode only) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\v" | ASCII Vertical Tab (VT) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\ooo" | Character with octal value *ooo* | (3,5) |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\xhh" | Character with hex value *hh* | (4,5) |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n\nNotes:\n\n1. Individual code units which form parts of a surrogate pair can\n be encoded using this escape sequence.\n\n2. Any Unicode character can be encoded this way, but characters\n outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) will be encoded using a\n surrogate pair if Python is compiled to use 16-bit code units (the\n default).\n\n3. As in Standard C, up to three octal digits are accepted.\n\n4. Unlike in Standard C, exactly two hex digits are required.\n\n5. In a string literal, hexadecimal and octal escapes denote the\n byte with the given value; it is not necessary that the byte\n encodes a character in the source character set. In a Unicode\n literal, these escapes denote a Unicode character with the given\n value.\n\nUnlike Standard C, all unrecognized escape sequences are left in the\nstring unchanged, i.e., *the backslash is left in the string*. (This\nbehavior is useful when debugging: if an escape sequence is mistyped,\nthe resulting output is more easily recognized as broken.) It is also\nimportant to note that the escape sequences marked as "(Unicode only)"\nin the table above fall into the category of unrecognized escapes for\nnon-Unicode string literals.\n\nWhen an "\'r\'" or "\'R\'" prefix is present, a character following a\nbackslash is included in the string without change, and *all\nbackslashes are left in the string*. For example, the string literal\n"r"\\n"" consists of two characters: a backslash and a lowercase "\'n\'".\nString quotes can be escaped with a backslash, but the backslash\nremains in the string; for example, "r"\\""" is a valid string literal\nconsisting of two characters: a backslash and a double quote; "r"\\""\nis not a valid string literal (even a raw string cannot end in an odd\nnumber of backslashes). Specifically, *a raw string cannot end in a\nsingle backslash* (since the backslash would escape the following\nquote character). Note also that a single backslash followed by a\nnewline is interpreted as those two characters as part of the string,\n*not* as a line continuation.\n\nWhen an "\'r\'" or "\'R\'" prefix is used in conjunction with a "\'u\'" or\n"\'U\'" prefix, then the "\\uXXXX" and "\\UXXXXXXXX" escape sequences are\nprocessed while *all other backslashes are left in the string*. For\nexample, the string literal "ur"\\u0062\\n"" consists of three Unicode\ncharacters: \'LATIN SMALL LETTER B\', \'REVERSE SOLIDUS\', and \'LATIN\nSMALL LETTER N\'. Backslashes can be escaped with a preceding\nbackslash; however, both remain in the string. As a result, "\\uXXXX"\nescape sequences are only recognized when there are an odd number of\nbackslashes.\n', + 'slicings': u'\nSlicings\n********\n\nA slicing selects a range of items in a sequence object (e.g., a\nstring, tuple or list). Slicings may be used as expressions or as\ntargets in assignment or "del" statements. The syntax for a slicing:\n\n slicing ::= simple_slicing | extended_slicing\n simple_slicing ::= primary "[" short_slice "]"\n extended_slicing ::= primary "[" slice_list "]"\n slice_list ::= slice_item ("," slice_item)* [","]\n slice_item ::= expression | proper_slice | ellipsis\n proper_slice ::= short_slice | long_slice\n short_slice ::= [lower_bound] ":" [upper_bound]\n long_slice ::= short_slice ":" [stride]\n lower_bound ::= expression\n upper_bound ::= expression\n stride ::= expression\n ellipsis ::= "..."\n\nThere is ambiguity in the formal syntax here: anything that looks like\nan expression list also looks like a slice list, so any subscription\ncan be interpreted as a slicing. Rather than further complicating the\nsyntax, this is disambiguated by defining that in this case the\ninterpretation as a subscription takes priority over the\ninterpretation as a slicing (this is the case if the slice list\ncontains no proper slice nor ellipses). Similarly, when the slice\nlist has exactly one short slice and no trailing comma, the\ninterpretation as a simple slicing takes priority over that as an\nextended slicing.\n\nThe semantics for a simple slicing are as follows. The primary must\nevaluate to a sequence object. The lower and upper bound expressions,\nif present, must evaluate to plain integers; defaults are zero and the\n"sys.maxint", respectively. If either bound is negative, the\nsequence\'s length is added to it. The slicing now selects all items\nwith index *k* such that "i <= k < j" where *i* and *j* are the\nspecified lower and upper bounds. This may be an empty sequence. It\nis not an error if *i* or *j* lie outside the range of valid indexes\n(such items don\'t exist so they aren\'t selected).\n\nThe semantics for an extended slicing are as follows. The primary\nmust evaluate to a mapping object, and it is indexed with a key that\nis constructed from the slice list, as follows. If the slice list\ncontains at least one comma, the key is a tuple containing the\nconversion of the slice items; otherwise, the conversion of the lone\nslice item is the key. The conversion of a slice item that is an\nexpression is that expression. The conversion of an ellipsis slice\nitem is the built-in "Ellipsis" object. The conversion of a proper\nslice is a slice object (see section The standard type hierarchy)\nwhose "start", "stop" and "step" attributes are the values of the\nexpressions given as lower bound, upper bound and stride,\nrespectively, substituting "None" for missing expressions.\n', + 'specialattrs': u'\nSpecial Attributes\n******************\n\nThe implementation adds a few special read-only attributes to several\nobject types, where they are relevant. Some of these are not reported\nby the "dir()" built-in function.\n\nobject.__dict__\n\n A dictionary or other mapping object used to store an object\'s\n (writable) attributes.\n\nobject.__methods__\n\n Deprecated since version 2.2: Use the built-in function "dir()" to\n get a list of an object\'s attributes. This attribute is no longer\n available.\n\nobject.__members__\n\n Deprecated since version 2.2: Use the built-in function "dir()" to\n get a list of an object\'s attributes. This attribute is no longer\n available.\n\ninstance.__class__\n\n The class to which a class instance belongs.\n\nclass.__bases__\n\n The tuple of base classes of a class object.\n\nclass.__name__\n\n The name of the class or type.\n\nThe following attributes are only supported by *new-style class*es.\n\nclass.__mro__\n\n This attribute is a tuple of classes that are considered when\n looking for base classes during method resolution.\n\nclass.mro()\n\n This method can be overridden by a metaclass to customize the\n method resolution order for its instances. It is called at class\n instantiation, and its result is stored in "__mro__".\n\nclass.__subclasses__()\n\n Each new-style class keeps a list of weak references to its\n immediate subclasses. This method returns a list of all those\n references still alive. Example:\n\n >>> int.__subclasses__()\n [<type \'bool\'>]\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] Additional information on these special methods may be found\n in the Python Reference Manual (Basic customization).\n\n[2] As a consequence, the list "[1, 2]" is considered equal to\n "[1.0, 2.0]", and similarly for tuples.\n\n[3] They must have since the parser can\'t tell the type of the\n operands.\n\n[4] Cased characters are those with general category property\n being one of "Lu" (Letter, uppercase), "Ll" (Letter, lowercase),\n or "Lt" (Letter, titlecase).\n\n[5] To format only a tuple you should therefore provide a\n singleton tuple whose only element is the tuple to be formatted.\n\n[6] The advantage of leaving the newline on is that returning an\n empty string is then an unambiguous EOF indication. It is also\n possible (in cases where it might matter, for example, if you want\n to make an exact copy of a file while scanning its lines) to tell\n whether the last line of a file ended in a newline or not (yes\n this happens!).\n', + 'specialnames': u'\nSpecial method names\n********************\n\nA class can implement certain operations that are invoked by special\nsyntax (such as arithmetic operations or subscripting and slicing) by\ndefining methods with special names. This is Python\'s approach to\n*operator overloading*, allowing classes to define their own behavior\nwith respect to language operators. For instance, if a class defines\na method named "__getitem__()", and "x" is an instance of this class,\nthen "x[i]" is roughly equivalent to "x.__getitem__(i)" for old-style\nclasses and "type(x).__getitem__(x, i)" for new-style classes. Except\nwhere mentioned, attempts to execute an operation raise an exception\nwhen no appropriate method is defined (typically "AttributeError" or\n"TypeError").\n\nWhen implementing a class that emulates any built-in type, it is\nimportant that the emulation only be implemented to the degree that it\nmakes sense for the object being modelled. For example, some\nsequences may work well with retrieval of individual elements, but\nextracting a slice may not make sense. (One example of this is the\n"NodeList" interface in the W3C\'s Document Object Model.)\n\n\nBasic customization\n===================\n\nobject.__new__(cls[, ...])\n\n Called to create a new instance of class *cls*. "__new__()" is a\n static method (special-cased so you need not declare it as such)\n that takes the class of which an instance was requested as its\n first argument. The remaining arguments are those passed to the\n object constructor expression (the call to the class). The return\n value of "__new__()" should be the new object instance (usually an\n instance of *cls*).\n\n Typical implementations create a new instance of the class by\n invoking the superclass\'s "__new__()" method using\n "super(currentclass, cls).__new__(cls[, ...])" with appropriate\n arguments and then modifying the newly-created instance as\n necessary before returning it.\n\n If "__new__()" returns an instance of *cls*, then the new\n instance\'s "__init__()" method will be invoked like\n "__init__(self[, ...])", where *self* is the new instance and the\n remaining arguments are the same as were passed to "__new__()".\n\n If "__new__()" does not return an instance of *cls*, then the new\n instance\'s "__init__()" method will not be invoked.\n\n "__new__()" is intended mainly to allow subclasses of immutable\n types (like int, str, or tuple) to customize instance creation. It\n is also commonly overridden in custom metaclasses in order to\n customize class creation.\n\nobject.__init__(self[, ...])\n\n Called after the instance has been created (by "__new__()"), but\n before it is returned to the caller. The arguments are those\n passed to the class constructor expression. If a base class has an\n "__init__()" method, the derived class\'s "__init__()" method, if\n any, must explicitly call it to ensure proper initialization of the\n base class part of the instance; for example:\n "BaseClass.__init__(self, [args...])".\n\n Because "__new__()" and "__init__()" work together in constructing\n objects ("__new__()" to create it, and "__init__()" to customise\n it), no non-"None" value may be returned by "__init__()"; doing so\n will cause a "TypeError" to be raised at runtime.\n\nobject.__del__(self)\n\n Called when the instance is about to be destroyed. This is also\n called a destructor. If a base class has a "__del__()" method, the\n derived class\'s "__del__()" method, if any, must explicitly call it\n to ensure proper deletion of the base class part of the instance.\n Note that it is possible (though not recommended!) for the\n "__del__()" method to postpone destruction of the instance by\n creating a new reference to it. It may then be called at a later\n time when this new reference is deleted. It is not guaranteed that\n "__del__()" methods are called for objects that still exist when\n the interpreter exits.\n\n Note: "del x" doesn\'t directly call "x.__del__()" --- the former\n decrements the reference count for "x" by one, and the latter is\n only called when "x"\'s reference count reaches zero. Some common\n situations that may prevent the reference count of an object from\n going to zero include: circular references between objects (e.g.,\n a doubly-linked list or a tree data structure with parent and\n child pointers); a reference to the object on the stack frame of\n a function that caught an exception (the traceback stored in\n "sys.exc_traceback" keeps the stack frame alive); or a reference\n to the object on the stack frame that raised an unhandled\n exception in interactive mode (the traceback stored in\n "sys.last_traceback" keeps the stack frame alive). The first\n situation can only be remedied by explicitly breaking the cycles;\n the latter two situations can be resolved by storing "None" in\n "sys.exc_traceback" or "sys.last_traceback". Circular references\n which are garbage are detected when the option cycle detector is\n enabled (it\'s on by default), but can only be cleaned up if there\n are no Python-level "__del__()" methods involved. Refer to the\n documentation for the "gc" module for more information about how\n "__del__()" methods are handled by the cycle detector,\n particularly the description of the "garbage" value.\n\n Warning: Due to the precarious circumstances under which\n "__del__()" methods are invoked, exceptions that occur during\n their execution are ignored, and a warning is printed to\n "sys.stderr" instead. Also, when "__del__()" is invoked in\n response to a module being deleted (e.g., when execution of the\n program is done), other globals referenced by the "__del__()"\n method may already have been deleted or in the process of being\n torn down (e.g. the import machinery shutting down). For this\n reason, "__del__()" methods should do the absolute minimum needed\n to maintain external invariants. Starting with version 1.5,\n Python guarantees that globals whose name begins with a single\n underscore are deleted from their module before other globals are\n deleted; if no other references to such globals exist, this may\n help in assuring that imported modules are still available at the\n time when the "__del__()" method is called.\n\n See also the "-R" command-line option.\n\nobject.__repr__(self)\n\n Called by the "repr()" built-in function and by string conversions\n (reverse quotes) to compute the "official" string representation of\n an object. If at all possible, this should look like a valid\n Python expression that could be used to recreate an object with the\n same value (given an appropriate environment). If this is not\n possible, a string of the form "<...some useful description...>"\n should be returned. The return value must be a string object. If a\n class defines "__repr__()" but not "__str__()", then "__repr__()"\n is also used when an "informal" string representation of instances\n of that class is required.\n\n This is typically used for debugging, so it is important that the\n representation is information-rich and unambiguous.\n\nobject.__str__(self)\n\n Called by the "str()" built-in function and by the "print"\n statement to compute the "informal" string representation of an\n object. This differs from "__repr__()" in that it does not have to\n be a valid Python expression: a more convenient or concise\n representation may be used instead. The return value must be a\n string object.\n\nobject.__lt__(self, other)\nobject.__le__(self, other)\nobject.__eq__(self, other)\nobject.__ne__(self, other)\nobject.__gt__(self, other)\nobject.__ge__(self, other)\n\n New in version 2.1.\n\n These are the so-called "rich comparison" methods, and are called\n for comparison operators in preference to "__cmp__()" below. The\n correspondence between operator symbols and method names is as\n follows: "x<y" calls "x.__lt__(y)", "x<=y" calls "x.__le__(y)",\n "x==y" calls "x.__eq__(y)", "x!=y" and "x<>y" call "x.__ne__(y)",\n "x>y" calls "x.__gt__(y)", and "x>=y" calls "x.__ge__(y)".\n\n A rich comparison method may return the singleton "NotImplemented"\n if it does not implement the operation for a given pair of\n arguments. By convention, "False" and "True" are returned for a\n successful comparison. However, these methods can return any value,\n so if the comparison operator is used in a Boolean context (e.g.,\n in the condition of an "if" statement), Python will call "bool()"\n on the value to determine if the result is true or false.\n\n There are no implied relationships among the comparison operators.\n The truth of "x==y" does not imply that "x!=y" is false.\n Accordingly, when defining "__eq__()", one should also define\n "__ne__()" so that the operators will behave as expected. See the\n paragraph on "__hash__()" for some important notes on creating\n *hashable* objects which support custom comparison operations and\n are usable as dictionary keys.\n\n There are no swapped-argument versions of these methods (to be used\n when the left argument does not support the operation but the right\n argument does); rather, "__lt__()" and "__gt__()" are each other\'s\n reflection, "__le__()" and "__ge__()" are each other\'s reflection,\n and "__eq__()" and "__ne__()" are their own reflection.\n\n Arguments to rich comparison methods are never coerced.\n\n To automatically generate ordering operations from a single root\n operation, see "functools.total_ordering()".\n\nobject.__cmp__(self, other)\n\n Called by comparison operations if rich comparison (see above) is\n not defined. Should return a negative integer if "self < other",\n zero if "self == other", a positive integer if "self > other". If\n no "__cmp__()", "__eq__()" or "__ne__()" operation is defined,\n class instances are compared by object identity ("address"). See\n also the description of "__hash__()" for some important notes on\n creating *hashable* objects which support custom comparison\n operations and are usable as dictionary keys. (Note: the\n restriction that exceptions are not propagated by "__cmp__()" has\n been removed since Python 1.5.)\n\nobject.__rcmp__(self, other)\n\n Changed in version 2.1: No longer supported.\n\nobject.__hash__(self)\n\n Called by built-in function "hash()" and for operations on members\n of hashed collections including "set", "frozenset", and "dict".\n "__hash__()" should return an integer. The only required property\n is that objects which compare equal have the same hash value; it is\n advised to somehow mix together (e.g. using exclusive or) the hash\n values for the components of the object that also play a part in\n comparison of objects.\n\n If a class does not define a "__cmp__()" or "__eq__()" method it\n should not define a "__hash__()" operation either; if it defines\n "__cmp__()" or "__eq__()" but not "__hash__()", its instances will\n not be usable in hashed collections. If a class defines mutable\n objects and implements a "__cmp__()" or "__eq__()" method, it\n should not implement "__hash__()", since hashable collection\n implementations require that a object\'s hash value is immutable (if\n the object\'s hash value changes, it will be in the wrong hash\n bucket).\n\n User-defined classes have "__cmp__()" and "__hash__()" methods by\n default; with them, all objects compare unequal (except with\n themselves) and "x.__hash__()" returns a result derived from\n "id(x)".\n\n Classes which inherit a "__hash__()" method from a parent class but\n change the meaning of "__cmp__()" or "__eq__()" such that the hash\n value returned is no longer appropriate (e.g. by switching to a\n value-based concept of equality instead of the default identity\n based equality) can explicitly flag themselves as being unhashable\n by setting "__hash__ = None" in the class definition. Doing so\n means that not only will instances of the class raise an\n appropriate "TypeError" when a program attempts to retrieve their\n hash value, but they will also be correctly identified as\n unhashable when checking "isinstance(obj, collections.Hashable)"\n (unlike classes which define their own "__hash__()" to explicitly\n raise "TypeError").\n\n Changed in version 2.5: "__hash__()" may now also return a long\n integer object; the 32-bit integer is then derived from the hash of\n that object.\n\n Changed in version 2.6: "__hash__" may now be set to "None" to\n explicitly flag instances of a class as unhashable.\n\nobject.__nonzero__(self)\n\n Called to implement truth value testing and the built-in operation\n "bool()"; should return "False" or "True", or their integer\n equivalents "0" or "1". When this method is not defined,\n "__len__()" is called, if it is defined, and the object is\n considered true if its result is nonzero. If a class defines\n neither "__len__()" nor "__nonzero__()", all its instances are\n considered true.\n\nobject.__unicode__(self)\n\n Called to implement "unicode()" built-in; should return a Unicode\n object. When this method is not defined, string conversion is\n attempted, and the result of string conversion is converted to\n Unicode using the system default encoding.\n\n\nCustomizing attribute access\n============================\n\nThe following methods can be defined to customize the meaning of\nattribute access (use of, assignment to, or deletion of "x.name") for\nclass instances.\n\nobject.__getattr__(self, name)\n\n Called when an attribute lookup has not found the attribute in the\n usual places (i.e. it is not an instance attribute nor is it found\n in the class tree for "self"). "name" is the attribute name. This\n method should return the (computed) attribute value or raise an\n "AttributeError" exception.\n\n Note that if the attribute is found through the normal mechanism,\n "__getattr__()" is not called. (This is an intentional asymmetry\n between "__getattr__()" and "__setattr__()".) This is done both for\n efficiency reasons and because otherwise "__getattr__()" would have\n no way to access other attributes of the instance. Note that at\n least for instance variables, you can fake total control by not\n inserting any values in the instance attribute dictionary (but\n instead inserting them in another object). See the\n "__getattribute__()" method below for a way to actually get total\n control in new-style classes.\n\nobject.__setattr__(self, name, value)\n\n Called when an attribute assignment is attempted. This is called\n instead of the normal mechanism (i.e. store the value in the\n instance dictionary). *name* is the attribute name, *value* is the\n value to be assigned to it.\n\n If "__setattr__()" wants to assign to an instance attribute, it\n should not simply execute "self.name = value" --- this would cause\n a recursive call to itself. Instead, it should insert the value in\n the dictionary of instance attributes, e.g., "self.__dict__[name] =\n value". For new-style classes, rather than accessing the instance\n dictionary, it should call the base class method with the same\n name, for example, "object.__setattr__(self, name, value)".\n\nobject.__delattr__(self, name)\n\n Like "__setattr__()" but for attribute deletion instead of\n assignment. This should only be implemented if "del obj.name" is\n meaningful for the object.\n\n\nMore attribute access for new-style classes\n-------------------------------------------\n\nThe following methods only apply to new-style classes.\n\nobject.__getattribute__(self, name)\n\n Called unconditionally to implement attribute accesses for\n instances of the class. If the class also defines "__getattr__()",\n the latter will not be called unless "__getattribute__()" either\n calls it explicitly or raises an "AttributeError". This method\n should return the (computed) attribute value or raise an\n "AttributeError" exception. In order to avoid infinite recursion in\n this method, its implementation should always call the base class\n method with the same name to access any attributes it needs, for\n example, "object.__getattribute__(self, name)".\n\n Note: This method may still be bypassed when looking up special\n methods as the result of implicit invocation via language syntax\n or built-in functions. See Special method lookup for new-style\n classes.\n\n\nImplementing Descriptors\n------------------------\n\nThe following methods only apply when an instance of the class\ncontaining the method (a so-called *descriptor* class) appears in an\n*owner* class (the descriptor must be in either the owner\'s class\ndictionary or in the class dictionary for one of its parents). In the\nexamples below, "the attribute" refers to the attribute whose name is\nthe key of the property in the owner class\' "__dict__".\n\nobject.__get__(self, instance, owner)\n\n Called to get the attribute of the owner class (class attribute\n access) or of an instance of that class (instance attribute\n access). *owner* is always the owner class, while *instance* is the\n instance that the attribute was accessed through, or "None" when\n the attribute is accessed through the *owner*. This method should\n return the (computed) attribute value or raise an "AttributeError"\n exception.\n\nobject.__set__(self, instance, value)\n\n Called to set the attribute on an instance *instance* of the owner\n class to a new value, *value*.\n\nobject.__delete__(self, instance)\n\n Called to delete the attribute on an instance *instance* of the\n owner class.\n\n\nInvoking Descriptors\n--------------------\n\nIn general, a descriptor is an object attribute with "binding\nbehavior", one whose attribute access has been overridden by methods\nin the descriptor protocol: "__get__()", "__set__()", and\n"__delete__()". If any of those methods are defined for an object, it\nis said to be a descriptor.\n\nThe default behavior for attribute access is to get, set, or delete\nthe attribute from an object\'s dictionary. For instance, "a.x" has a\nlookup chain starting with "a.__dict__[\'x\']", then\n"type(a).__dict__[\'x\']", and continuing through the base classes of\n"type(a)" excluding metaclasses.\n\nHowever, if the looked-up value is an object defining one of the\ndescriptor methods, then Python may override the default behavior and\ninvoke the descriptor method instead. Where this occurs in the\nprecedence chain depends on which descriptor methods were defined and\nhow they were called. Note that descriptors are only invoked for new\nstyle objects or classes (ones that subclass "object()" or "type()").\n\nThe starting point for descriptor invocation is a binding, "a.x". How\nthe arguments are assembled depends on "a":\n\nDirect Call\n The simplest and least common call is when user code directly\n invokes a descriptor method: "x.__get__(a)".\n\nInstance Binding\n If binding to a new-style object instance, "a.x" is transformed\n into the call: "type(a).__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(a, type(a))".\n\nClass Binding\n If binding to a new-style class, "A.x" is transformed into the\n call: "A.__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(None, A)".\n\nSuper Binding\n If "a" is an instance of "super", then the binding "super(B,\n obj).m()" searches "obj.__class__.__mro__" for the base class "A"\n immediately preceding "B" and then invokes the descriptor with the\n call: "A.__dict__[\'m\'].__get__(obj, obj.__class__)".\n\nFor instance bindings, the precedence of descriptor invocation depends\non the which descriptor methods are defined. A descriptor can define\nany combination of "__get__()", "__set__()" and "__delete__()". If it\ndoes not define "__get__()", then accessing the attribute will return\nthe descriptor object itself unless there is a value in the object\'s\ninstance dictionary. If the descriptor defines "__set__()" and/or\n"__delete__()", it is a data descriptor; if it defines neither, it is\na non-data descriptor. Normally, data descriptors define both\n"__get__()" and "__set__()", while non-data descriptors have just the\n"__get__()" method. Data descriptors with "__set__()" and "__get__()"\ndefined always override a redefinition in an instance dictionary. In\ncontrast, non-data descriptors can be overridden by instances.\n\nPython methods (including "staticmethod()" and "classmethod()") are\nimplemented as non-data descriptors. Accordingly, instances can\nredefine and override methods. This allows individual instances to\nacquire behaviors that differ from other instances of the same class.\n\nThe "property()" function is implemented as a data descriptor.\nAccordingly, instances cannot override the behavior of a property.\n\n\n__slots__\n---------\n\nBy default, instances of both old and new-style classes have a\ndictionary for attribute storage. This wastes space for objects\nhaving very few instance variables. The space consumption can become\nacute when creating large numbers of instances.\n\nThe default can be overridden by defining *__slots__* in a new-style\nclass definition. The *__slots__* declaration takes a sequence of\ninstance variables and reserves just enough space in each instance to\nhold a value for each variable. Space is saved because *__dict__* is\nnot created for each instance.\n\n__slots__\n\n This class variable can be assigned a string, iterable, or sequence\n of strings with variable names used by instances. If defined in a\n new-style class, *__slots__* reserves space for the declared\n variables and prevents the automatic creation of *__dict__* and\n *__weakref__* for each instance.\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\nNotes on using *__slots__*\n\n* When inheriting from a class without *__slots__*, the *__dict__*\n attribute of that class will always be accessible, so a *__slots__*\n definition in the subclass is meaningless.\n\n* Without a *__dict__* variable, instances cannot be assigned new\n variables not listed in the *__slots__* definition. Attempts to\n assign to an unlisted variable name raises "AttributeError". If\n dynamic assignment of new variables is desired, then add\n "\'__dict__\'" to the sequence of strings in the *__slots__*\n declaration.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Previously, adding "\'__dict__\'" to the\n *__slots__* declaration would not enable the assignment of new\n attributes not specifically listed in the sequence of instance\n variable names.\n\n* Without a *__weakref__* variable for each instance, classes\n defining *__slots__* do not support weak references to its\n instances. If weak reference support is needed, then add\n "\'__weakref__\'" to the sequence of strings in the *__slots__*\n declaration.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Previously, adding "\'__weakref__\'" to the\n *__slots__* declaration would not enable support for weak\n references.\n\n* *__slots__* are implemented at the class level by creating\n descriptors (Implementing Descriptors) for each variable name. As a\n result, class attributes cannot be used to set default values for\n instance variables defined by *__slots__*; otherwise, the class\n attribute would overwrite the descriptor assignment.\n\n* The action of a *__slots__* declaration is limited to the class\n where it is defined. As a result, subclasses will have a *__dict__*\n unless they also define *__slots__* (which must only contain names\n of any *additional* slots).\n\n* If a class defines a slot also defined in a base class, the\n instance variable defined by the base class slot is inaccessible\n (except by retrieving its descriptor directly from the base class).\n This renders the meaning of the program undefined. In the future, a\n check may be added to prevent this.\n\n* Nonempty *__slots__* does not work for classes derived from\n "variable-length" built-in types such as "long", "str" and "tuple".\n\n* Any non-string iterable may be assigned to *__slots__*. Mappings\n may also be used; however, in the future, special meaning may be\n assigned to the values corresponding to each key.\n\n* *__class__* assignment works only if both classes have the same\n *__slots__*.\n\n Changed in version 2.6: Previously, *__class__* assignment raised an\n error if either new or old class had *__slots__*.\n\n\nCustomizing class creation\n==========================\n\nBy default, new-style classes are constructed using "type()". A class\ndefinition is read into a separate namespace and the value of class\nname is bound to the result of "type(name, bases, dict)".\n\nWhen the class definition is read, if *__metaclass__* is defined then\nthe callable assigned to it will be called instead of "type()". This\nallows classes or functions to be written which monitor or alter the\nclass creation process:\n\n* Modifying the class dictionary prior to the class being created.\n\n* Returning an instance of another class -- essentially performing\n the role of a factory function.\n\nThese steps will have to be performed in the metaclass\'s "__new__()"\nmethod -- "type.__new__()" can then be called from this method to\ncreate a class with different properties. This example adds a new\nelement to the class dictionary before creating the class:\n\n class metacls(type):\n def __new__(mcs, name, bases, dict):\n dict[\'foo\'] = \'metacls was here\'\n return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, dict)\n\nYou can of course also override other class methods (or add new\nmethods); for example defining a custom "__call__()" method in the\nmetaclass allows custom behavior when the class is called, e.g. not\nalways creating a new instance.\n\n__metaclass__\n\n This variable can be any callable accepting arguments for "name",\n "bases", and "dict". Upon class creation, the callable is used\n instead of the built-in "type()".\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\nThe appropriate metaclass is determined by the following precedence\nrules:\n\n* If "dict[\'__metaclass__\']" exists, it is used.\n\n* Otherwise, if there is at least one base class, its metaclass is\n used (this looks for a *__class__* attribute first and if not found,\n uses its type).\n\n* Otherwise, if a global variable named __metaclass__ exists, it is\n used.\n\n* Otherwise, the old-style, classic metaclass (types.ClassType) is\n used.\n\nThe potential uses for metaclasses are boundless. Some ideas that have\nbeen explored including logging, interface checking, automatic\ndelegation, automatic property creation, proxies, frameworks, and\nautomatic resource locking/synchronization.\n\n\nCustomizing instance and subclass checks\n========================================\n\nNew in version 2.6.\n\nThe following methods are used to override the default behavior of the\n"isinstance()" and "issubclass()" built-in functions.\n\nIn particular, the metaclass "abc.ABCMeta" implements these methods in\norder to allow the addition of Abstract Base Classes (ABCs) as\n"virtual base classes" to any class or type (including built-in\ntypes), including other ABCs.\n\nclass.__instancecheck__(self, instance)\n\n Return true if *instance* should be considered a (direct or\n indirect) instance of *class*. If defined, called to implement\n "isinstance(instance, class)".\n\nclass.__subclasscheck__(self, subclass)\n\n Return true if *subclass* should be considered a (direct or\n indirect) subclass of *class*. If defined, called to implement\n "issubclass(subclass, class)".\n\nNote that these methods are looked up on the type (metaclass) of a\nclass. They cannot be defined as class methods in the actual class.\nThis is consistent with the lookup of special methods that are called\non instances, only in this case the instance is itself a class.\n\nSee also: **PEP 3119** - Introducing Abstract Base Classes\n\n Includes the specification for customizing "isinstance()" and\n "issubclass()" behavior through "__instancecheck__()" and\n "__subclasscheck__()", with motivation for this functionality in\n the context of adding Abstract Base Classes (see the "abc"\n module) to the language.\n\n\nEmulating callable objects\n==========================\n\nobject.__call__(self[, args...])\n\n Called when the instance is "called" as a function; if this method\n is defined, "x(arg1, arg2, ...)" is a shorthand for\n "x.__call__(arg1, arg2, ...)".\n\n\nEmulating container types\n=========================\n\nThe following methods can be defined to implement container objects.\nContainers usually are sequences (such as lists or tuples) or mappings\n(like dictionaries), but can represent other containers as well. The\nfirst set of methods is used either to emulate a sequence or to\nemulate a mapping; the difference is that for a sequence, the\nallowable keys should be the integers *k* for which "0 <= k < N" where\n*N* is the length of the sequence, or slice objects, which define a\nrange of items. (For backwards compatibility, the method\n"__getslice__()" (see below) can also be defined to handle simple, but\nnot extended slices.) It is also recommended that mappings provide the\nmethods "keys()", "values()", "items()", "has_key()", "get()",\n"clear()", "setdefault()", "iterkeys()", "itervalues()",\n"iteritems()", "pop()", "popitem()", "copy()", and "update()" behaving\nsimilar to those for Python\'s standard dictionary objects. The\n"UserDict" module provides a "DictMixin" class to help create those\nmethods from a base set of "__getitem__()", "__setitem__()",\n"__delitem__()", and "keys()". Mutable sequences should provide\nmethods "append()", "count()", "index()", "extend()", "insert()",\n"pop()", "remove()", "reverse()" and "sort()", like Python standard\nlist objects. Finally, sequence types should implement addition\n(meaning concatenation) and multiplication (meaning repetition) by\ndefining the methods "__add__()", "__radd__()", "__iadd__()",\n"__mul__()", "__rmul__()" and "__imul__()" described below; they\nshould not define "__coerce__()" or other numerical operators. It is\nrecommended that both mappings and sequences implement the\n"__contains__()" method to allow efficient use of the "in" operator;\nfor mappings, "in" should be equivalent of "has_key()"; for sequences,\nit should search through the values. It is further recommended that\nboth mappings and sequences implement the "__iter__()" method to allow\nefficient iteration through the container; for mappings, "__iter__()"\nshould be the same as "iterkeys()"; for sequences, it should iterate\nthrough the values.\n\nobject.__len__(self)\n\n Called to implement the built-in function "len()". Should return\n the length of the object, an integer ">=" 0. Also, an object that\n doesn\'t define a "__nonzero__()" method and whose "__len__()"\n method returns zero is considered to be false in a Boolean context.\n\nobject.__getitem__(self, key)\n\n Called to implement evaluation of "self[key]". For sequence types,\n the accepted keys should be integers and slice objects. Note that\n the special interpretation of negative indexes (if the class wishes\n to emulate a sequence type) is up to the "__getitem__()" method. If\n *key* is of an inappropriate type, "TypeError" may be raised; if of\n a value outside the set of indexes for the sequence (after any\n special interpretation of negative values), "IndexError" should be\n raised. For mapping types, if *key* is missing (not in the\n container), "KeyError" should be raised.\n\n Note: "for" loops expect that an "IndexError" will be raised for\n illegal indexes to allow proper detection of the end of the\n sequence.\n\nobject.__missing__(self, key)\n\n Called by "dict"."__getitem__()" to implement "self[key]" for dict\n subclasses when key is not in the dictionary.\n\nobject.__setitem__(self, key, value)\n\n Called to implement assignment to "self[key]". Same note as for\n "__getitem__()". This should only be implemented for mappings if\n the objects support changes to the values for keys, or if new keys\n can be added, or for sequences if elements can be replaced. The\n same exceptions should be raised for improper *key* values as for\n the "__getitem__()" method.\n\nobject.__delitem__(self, key)\n\n Called to implement deletion of "self[key]". Same note as for\n "__getitem__()". This should only be implemented for mappings if\n the objects support removal of keys, or for sequences if elements\n can be removed from the sequence. The same exceptions should be\n raised for improper *key* values as for the "__getitem__()" method.\n\nobject.__iter__(self)\n\n This method is called when an iterator is required for a container.\n This method should return a new iterator object that can iterate\n over all the objects in the container. For mappings, it should\n iterate over the keys of the container, and should also be made\n available as the method "iterkeys()".\n\n Iterator objects also need to implement this method; they are\n required to return themselves. For more information on iterator\n objects, see Iterator Types.\n\nobject.__reversed__(self)\n\n Called (if present) by the "reversed()" built-in to implement\n reverse iteration. It should return a new iterator object that\n iterates over all the objects in the container in reverse order.\n\n If the "__reversed__()" method is not provided, the "reversed()"\n built-in will fall back to using the sequence protocol ("__len__()"\n and "__getitem__()"). Objects that support the sequence protocol\n should only provide "__reversed__()" if they can provide an\n implementation that is more efficient than the one provided by\n "reversed()".\n\n New in version 2.6.\n\nThe membership test operators ("in" and "not in") are normally\nimplemented as an iteration through a sequence. However, container\nobjects can supply the following special method with a more efficient\nimplementation, which also does not require the object be a sequence.\n\nobject.__contains__(self, item)\n\n Called to implement membership test operators. Should return true\n if *item* is in *self*, false otherwise. For mapping objects, this\n should consider the keys of the mapping rather than the values or\n the key-item pairs.\n\n For objects that don\'t define "__contains__()", the membership test\n first tries iteration via "__iter__()", then the old sequence\n iteration protocol via "__getitem__()", see this section in the\n language reference.\n\n\nAdditional methods for emulation of sequence types\n==================================================\n\nThe following optional methods can be defined to further emulate\nsequence objects. Immutable sequences methods should at most only\ndefine "__getslice__()"; mutable sequences might define all three\nmethods.\n\nobject.__getslice__(self, i, j)\n\n Deprecated since version 2.0: Support slice objects as parameters\n to the "__getitem__()" method. (However, built-in types in CPython\n currently still implement "__getslice__()". Therefore, you have to\n override it in derived classes when implementing slicing.)\n\n Called to implement evaluation of "self[i:j]". The returned object\n should be of the same type as *self*. Note that missing *i* or *j*\n in the slice expression are replaced by zero or "sys.maxsize",\n respectively. If negative indexes are used in the slice, the\n length of the sequence is added to that index. If the instance does\n not implement the "__len__()" method, an "AttributeError" is\n raised. No guarantee is made that indexes adjusted this way are not\n still negative. Indexes which are greater than the length of the\n sequence are not modified. If no "__getslice__()" is found, a slice\n object is created instead, and passed to "__getitem__()" instead.\n\nobject.__setslice__(self, i, j, sequence)\n\n Called to implement assignment to "self[i:j]". Same notes for *i*\n and *j* as for "__getslice__()".\n\n This method is deprecated. If no "__setslice__()" is found, or for\n extended slicing of the form "self[i:j:k]", a slice object is\n created, and passed to "__setitem__()", instead of "__setslice__()"\n being called.\n\nobject.__delslice__(self, i, j)\n\n Called to implement deletion of "self[i:j]". Same notes for *i* and\n *j* as for "__getslice__()". This method is deprecated. If no\n "__delslice__()" is found, or for extended slicing of the form\n "self[i:j:k]", a slice object is created, and passed to\n "__delitem__()", instead of "__delslice__()" being called.\n\nNotice that these methods are only invoked when a single slice with a\nsingle colon is used, and the slice method is available. For slice\noperations involving extended slice notation, or in absence of the\nslice methods, "__getitem__()", "__setitem__()" or "__delitem__()" is\ncalled with a slice object as argument.\n\nThe following example demonstrate how to make your program or module\ncompatible with earlier versions of Python (assuming that methods\n"__getitem__()", "__setitem__()" and "__delitem__()" support slice\nobjects as arguments):\n\n class MyClass:\n ...\n def __getitem__(self, index):\n ...\n def __setitem__(self, index, value):\n ...\n def __delitem__(self, index):\n ...\n\n if sys.version_info < (2, 0):\n # They won\'t be defined if version is at least 2.0 final\n\n def __getslice__(self, i, j):\n return self[max(0, i):max(0, j):]\n def __setslice__(self, i, j, seq):\n self[max(0, i):max(0, j):] = seq\n def __delslice__(self, i, j):\n del self[max(0, i):max(0, j):]\n ...\n\nNote the calls to "max()"; these are necessary because of the handling\nof negative indices before the "__*slice__()" methods are called.\nWhen negative indexes are used, the "__*item__()" methods receive them\nas provided, but the "__*slice__()" methods get a "cooked" form of the\nindex values. For each negative index value, the length of the\nsequence is added to the index before calling the method (which may\nstill result in a negative index); this is the customary handling of\nnegative indexes by the built-in sequence types, and the "__*item__()"\nmethods are expected to do this as well. However, since they should\nalready be doing that, negative indexes cannot be passed in; they must\nbe constrained to the bounds of the sequence before being passed to\nthe "__*item__()" methods. Calling "max(0, i)" conveniently returns\nthe proper value.\n\n\nEmulating numeric types\n=======================\n\nThe following methods can be defined to emulate numeric objects.\nMethods corresponding to operations that are not supported by the\nparticular kind of number implemented (e.g., bitwise operations for\nnon-integral numbers) should be left undefined.\n\nobject.__add__(self, other)\nobject.__sub__(self, other)\nobject.__mul__(self, other)\nobject.__floordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__mod__(self, other)\nobject.__divmod__(self, other)\nobject.__pow__(self, other[, modulo])\nobject.__lshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rshift__(self, other)\nobject.__and__(self, other)\nobject.__xor__(self, other)\nobject.__or__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic\n operations ("+", "-", "*", "//", "%", "divmod()", "pow()", "**",\n "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|"). For instance, to evaluate the\n expression "x + y", where *x* is an instance of a class that has an\n "__add__()" method, "x.__add__(y)" is called. The "__divmod__()"\n method should be the equivalent to using "__floordiv__()" and\n "__mod__()"; it should not be related to "__truediv__()" (described\n below). Note that "__pow__()" should be defined to accept an\n optional third argument if the ternary version of the built-in\n "pow()" function is to be supported.\n\n If one of those methods does not support the operation with the\n supplied arguments, it should return "NotImplemented".\n\nobject.__div__(self, other)\nobject.__truediv__(self, other)\n\n The division operator ("/") is implemented by these methods. The\n "__truediv__()" method is used when "__future__.division" is in\n effect, otherwise "__div__()" is used. If only one of these two\n methods is defined, the object will not support division in the\n alternate context; "TypeError" will be raised instead.\n\nobject.__radd__(self, other)\nobject.__rsub__(self, other)\nobject.__rmul__(self, other)\nobject.__rdiv__(self, other)\nobject.__rtruediv__(self, other)\nobject.__rfloordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__rmod__(self, other)\nobject.__rdivmod__(self, other)\nobject.__rpow__(self, other)\nobject.__rlshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rrshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rand__(self, other)\nobject.__rxor__(self, other)\nobject.__ror__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic\n operations ("+", "-", "*", "/", "%", "divmod()", "pow()", "**",\n "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|") with reflected (swapped) operands.\n These functions are only called if the left operand does not\n support the corresponding operation and the operands are of\n different types. [2] For instance, to evaluate the expression "x -\n y", where *y* is an instance of a class that has an "__rsub__()"\n method, "y.__rsub__(x)" is called if "x.__sub__(y)" returns\n *NotImplemented*.\n\n Note that ternary "pow()" will not try calling "__rpow__()" (the\n coercion rules would become too complicated).\n\n Note: If the right operand\'s type is a subclass of the left\n operand\'s type and that subclass provides the reflected method\n for the operation, this method will be called before the left\n operand\'s non-reflected method. This behavior allows subclasses\n to override their ancestors\' operations.\n\nobject.__iadd__(self, other)\nobject.__isub__(self, other)\nobject.__imul__(self, other)\nobject.__idiv__(self, other)\nobject.__itruediv__(self, other)\nobject.__ifloordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__imod__(self, other)\nobject.__ipow__(self, other[, modulo])\nobject.__ilshift__(self, other)\nobject.__irshift__(self, other)\nobject.__iand__(self, other)\nobject.__ixor__(self, other)\nobject.__ior__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the augmented arithmetic\n assignments ("+=", "-=", "*=", "/=", "//=", "%=", "**=", "<<=",\n ">>=", "&=", "^=", "|="). These methods should attempt to do the\n operation in-place (modifying *self*) and return the result (which\n could be, but does not have to be, *self*). If a specific method\n is not defined, the augmented assignment falls back to the normal\n methods. For instance, to execute the statement "x += y", where\n *x* is an instance of a class that has an "__iadd__()" method,\n "x.__iadd__(y)" is called. If *x* is an instance of a class that\n does not define a "__iadd__()" method, "x.__add__(y)" and\n "y.__radd__(x)" are considered, as with the evaluation of "x + y".\n\nobject.__neg__(self)\nobject.__pos__(self)\nobject.__abs__(self)\nobject.__invert__(self)\n\n Called to implement the unary arithmetic operations ("-", "+",\n "abs()" and "~").\n\nobject.__complex__(self)\nobject.__int__(self)\nobject.__long__(self)\nobject.__float__(self)\n\n Called to implement the built-in functions "complex()", "int()",\n "long()", and "float()". Should return a value of the appropriate\n type.\n\nobject.__oct__(self)\nobject.__hex__(self)\n\n Called to implement the built-in functions "oct()" and "hex()".\n Should return a string value.\n\nobject.__index__(self)\n\n Called to implement "operator.index()". Also called whenever\n Python needs an integer object (such as in slicing). Must return\n an integer (int or long).\n\n New in version 2.5.\n\nobject.__coerce__(self, other)\n\n Called to implement "mixed-mode" numeric arithmetic. Should either\n return a 2-tuple containing *self* and *other* converted to a\n common numeric type, or "None" if conversion is impossible. When\n the common type would be the type of "other", it is sufficient to\n return "None", since the interpreter will also ask the other object\n to attempt a coercion (but sometimes, if the implementation of the\n other type cannot be changed, it is useful to do the conversion to\n the other type here). A return value of "NotImplemented" is\n equivalent to returning "None".\n\n\nCoercion rules\n==============\n\nThis section used to document the rules for coercion. As the language\nhas evolved, the coercion rules have become hard to document\nprecisely; documenting what one version of one particular\nimplementation does is undesirable. Instead, here are some informal\nguidelines regarding coercion. In Python 3, coercion will not be\nsupported.\n\n* If the left operand of a % operator is a string or Unicode object,\n no coercion takes place and the string formatting operation is\n invoked instead.\n\n* It is no longer recommended to define a coercion operation. Mixed-\n mode operations on types that don\'t define coercion pass the\n original arguments to the operation.\n\n* New-style classes (those derived from "object") never invoke the\n "__coerce__()" method in response to a binary operator; the only\n time "__coerce__()" is invoked is when the built-in function\n "coerce()" is called.\n\n* For most intents and purposes, an operator that returns\n "NotImplemented" is treated the same as one that is not implemented\n at all.\n\n* Below, "__op__()" and "__rop__()" are used to signify the generic\n method names corresponding to an operator; "__iop__()" is used for\n the corresponding in-place operator. For example, for the operator\n \'"+"\', "__add__()" and "__radd__()" are used for the left and right\n variant of the binary operator, and "__iadd__()" for the in-place\n variant.\n\n* For objects *x* and *y*, first "x.__op__(y)" is tried. If this is\n not implemented or returns "NotImplemented", "y.__rop__(x)" is\n tried. If this is also not implemented or returns "NotImplemented",\n a "TypeError" exception is raised. But see the following exception:\n\n* Exception to the previous item: if the left operand is an instance\n of a built-in type or a new-style class, and the right operand is an\n instance of a proper subclass of that type or class and overrides\n the base\'s "__rop__()" method, the right operand\'s "__rop__()"\n method is tried *before* the left operand\'s "__op__()" method.\n\n This is done so that a subclass can completely override binary\n operators. Otherwise, the left operand\'s "__op__()" method would\n always accept the right operand: when an instance of a given class\n is expected, an instance of a subclass of that class is always\n acceptable.\n\n* When either operand type defines a coercion, this coercion is\n called before that type\'s "__op__()" or "__rop__()" method is\n called, but no sooner. If the coercion returns an object of a\n different type for the operand whose coercion is invoked, part of\n the process is redone using the new object.\n\n* When an in-place operator (like \'"+="\') is used, if the left\n operand implements "__iop__()", it is invoked without any coercion.\n When the operation falls back to "__op__()" and/or "__rop__()", the\n normal coercion rules apply.\n\n* In "x + y", if *x* is a sequence that implements sequence\n concatenation, sequence concatenation is invoked.\n\n* In "x * y", if one operand is a sequence that implements sequence\n repetition, and the other is an integer ("int" or "long"), sequence\n repetition is invoked.\n\n* Rich comparisons (implemented by methods "__eq__()" and so on)\n never use coercion. Three-way comparison (implemented by\n "__cmp__()") does use coercion under the same conditions as other\n binary operations use it.\n\n* In the current implementation, the built-in numeric types "int",\n "long", "float", and "complex" do not use coercion. All these types\n implement a "__coerce__()" method, for use by the built-in\n "coerce()" function.\n\n Changed in version 2.7: The complex type no longer makes implicit\n calls to the "__coerce__()" method for mixed-type binary arithmetic\n operations.\n\n\nWith Statement Context Managers\n===============================\n\nNew in version 2.5.\n\nA *context manager* is an object that defines the runtime context to\nbe established when executing a "with" statement. The context manager\nhandles the entry into, and the exit from, the desired runtime context\nfor the execution of the block of code. Context managers are normally\ninvoked using the "with" statement (described in section The with\nstatement), but can also be used by directly invoking their methods.\n\nTypical uses of context managers include saving and restoring various\nkinds of global state, locking and unlocking resources, closing opened\nfiles, etc.\n\nFor more information on context managers, see Context Manager Types.\n\nobject.__enter__(self)\n\n Enter the runtime context related to this object. The "with"\n statement will bind this method\'s return value to the target(s)\n specified in the "as" clause of the statement, if any.\n\nobject.__exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback)\n\n Exit the runtime context related to this object. The parameters\n describe the exception that caused the context to be exited. If the\n context was exited without an exception, all three arguments will\n be "None".\n\n If an exception is supplied, and the method wishes to suppress the\n exception (i.e., prevent it from being propagated), it should\n return a true value. Otherwise, the exception will be processed\n normally upon exit from this method.\n\n Note that "__exit__()" methods should not reraise the passed-in\n exception; this is the caller\'s responsibility.\n\nSee also: **PEP 0343** - The "with" statement\n\n The specification, background, and examples for the Python "with"\n statement.\n\n\nSpecial method lookup for old-style classes\n===========================================\n\nFor old-style classes, special methods are always looked up in exactly\nthe same way as any other method or attribute. This is the case\nregardless of whether the method is being looked up explicitly as in\n"x.__getitem__(i)" or implicitly as in "x[i]".\n\nThis behaviour means that special methods may exhibit different\nbehaviour for different instances of a single old-style class if the\nappropriate special attributes are set differently:\n\n >>> class C:\n ... pass\n ...\n >>> c1 = C()\n >>> c2 = C()\n >>> c1.__len__ = lambda: 5\n >>> c2.__len__ = lambda: 9\n >>> len(c1)\n 5\n >>> len(c2)\n 9\n\n\nSpecial method lookup for new-style classes\n===========================================\n\nFor new-style classes, implicit invocations of special methods are\nonly guaranteed to work correctly if defined on an object\'s type, not\nin the object\'s instance dictionary. That behaviour is the reason why\nthe following code raises an exception (unlike the equivalent example\nwith old-style classes):\n\n >>> class C(object):\n ... pass\n ...\n >>> c = C()\n >>> c.__len__ = lambda: 5\n >>> len(c)\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>\n TypeError: object of type \'C\' has no len()\n\nThe rationale behind this behaviour lies with a number of special\nmethods such as "__hash__()" and "__repr__()" that are implemented by\nall objects, including type objects. If the implicit lookup of these\nmethods used the conventional lookup process, they would fail when\ninvoked on the type object itself:\n\n >>> 1 .__hash__() == hash(1)\n True\n >>> int.__hash__() == hash(int)\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>\n TypeError: descriptor \'__hash__\' of \'int\' object needs an argument\n\nIncorrectly attempting to invoke an unbound method of a class in this\nway is sometimes referred to as \'metaclass confusion\', and is avoided\nby bypassing the instance when looking up special methods:\n\n >>> type(1).__hash__(1) == hash(1)\n True\n >>> type(int).__hash__(int) == hash(int)\n True\n\nIn addition to bypassing any instance attributes in the interest of\ncorrectness, implicit special method lookup generally also bypasses\nthe "__getattribute__()" method even of the object\'s metaclass:\n\n >>> class Meta(type):\n ... def __getattribute__(*args):\n ... print "Metaclass getattribute invoked"\n ... return type.__getattribute__(*args)\n ...\n >>> class C(object):\n ... __metaclass__ = Meta\n ... def __len__(self):\n ... return 10\n ... def __getattribute__(*args):\n ... print "Class getattribute invoked"\n ... return object.__getattribute__(*args)\n ...\n >>> c = C()\n >>> c.__len__() # Explicit lookup via instance\n Class getattribute invoked\n 10\n >>> type(c).__len__(c) # Explicit lookup via type\n Metaclass getattribute invoked\n 10\n >>> len(c) # Implicit lookup\n 10\n\nBypassing the "__getattribute__()" machinery in this fashion provides\nsignificant scope for speed optimisations within the interpreter, at\nthe cost of some flexibility in the handling of special methods (the\nspecial method *must* be set on the class object itself in order to be\nconsistently invoked by the interpreter).\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] It *is* possible in some cases to change an object\'s type,\n under certain controlled conditions. It generally isn\'t a good\n idea though, since it can lead to some very strange behaviour if\n it is handled incorrectly.\n\n[2] For operands of the same type, it is assumed that if the non-\n reflected method (such as "__add__()") fails the operation is not\n supported, which is why the reflected method is not called.\n', + 'string-methods': u'\nString Methods\n**************\n\nBelow are listed the string methods which both 8-bit strings and\nUnicode objects support. Some of them are also available on\n"bytearray" objects.\n\nIn addition, Python\'s strings support the sequence type methods\ndescribed in the Sequence Types --- str, unicode, list, tuple,\nbytearray, buffer, xrange section. To output formatted strings use\ntemplate strings or the "%" operator described in the String\nFormatting Operations section. Also, see the "re" module for string\nfunctions based on regular expressions.\n\nstr.capitalize()\n\n Return a copy of the string with its first character capitalized\n and the rest lowercased.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.center(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return centered in a string of length *width*. Padding is done\n using the specified *fillchar* (default is a space).\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Support for the *fillchar* argument.\n\nstr.count(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring *sub*\n in the range [*start*, *end*]. Optional arguments *start* and\n *end* are interpreted as in slice notation.\n\nstr.decode([encoding[, errors]])\n\n Decodes the string using the codec registered for *encoding*.\n *encoding* defaults to the default string encoding. *errors* may\n be given to set a different error handling scheme. The default is\n "\'strict\'", meaning that encoding errors raise "UnicodeError".\n Other possible values are "\'ignore\'", "\'replace\'" and any other\n name registered via "codecs.register_error()", see section Codec\n Base Classes.\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Support for other error handling schemes\n added.\n\n Changed in version 2.7: Support for keyword arguments added.\n\nstr.encode([encoding[, errors]])\n\n Return an encoded version of the string. Default encoding is the\n current default string encoding. *errors* may be given to set a\n different error handling scheme. The default for *errors* is\n "\'strict\'", meaning that encoding errors raise a "UnicodeError".\n Other possible values are "\'ignore\'", "\'replace\'",\n "\'xmlcharrefreplace\'", "\'backslashreplace\'" and any other name\n registered via "codecs.register_error()", see section Codec Base\n Classes. For a list of possible encodings, see section Standard\n Encodings.\n\n New in version 2.0.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Support for "\'xmlcharrefreplace\'" and\n "\'backslashreplace\'" and other error handling schemes added.\n\n Changed in version 2.7: Support for keyword arguments added.\n\nstr.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]])\n\n Return "True" if the string ends with the specified *suffix*,\n otherwise return "False". *suffix* can also be a tuple of suffixes\n to look for. With optional *start*, test beginning at that\n position. With optional *end*, stop comparing at that position.\n\n Changed in version 2.5: Accept tuples as *suffix*.\n\nstr.expandtabs([tabsize])\n\n Return a copy of the string where all tab characters are replaced\n by one or more spaces, depending on the current column and the\n given tab size. Tab positions occur every *tabsize* characters\n (default is 8, giving tab positions at columns 0, 8, 16 and so on).\n To expand the string, the current column is set to zero and the\n string is examined character by character. If the character is a\n tab ("\\t"), one or more space characters are inserted in the result\n until the current column is equal to the next tab position. (The\n tab character itself is not copied.) If the character is a newline\n ("\\n") or return ("\\r"), it is copied and the current column is\n reset to zero. Any other character is copied unchanged and the\n current column is incremented by one regardless of how the\n character is represented when printed.\n\n >>> \'01\\t012\\t0123\\t01234\'.expandtabs()\n \'01 012 0123 01234\'\n >>> \'01\\t012\\t0123\\t01234\'.expandtabs(4)\n \'01 012 0123 01234\'\n\nstr.find(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the lowest index in the string where substring *sub* is\n found, such that *sub* is contained in the slice "s[start:end]".\n Optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in slice\n notation. Return "-1" if *sub* is not found.\n\n Note: The "find()" method should be used only if you need to know\n the position of *sub*. To check if *sub* is a substring or not,\n use the "in" operator:\n\n >>> \'Py\' in \'Python\'\n True\n\nstr.format(*args, **kwargs)\n\n Perform a string formatting operation. The string on which this\n method is called can contain literal text or replacement fields\n delimited by braces "{}". Each replacement field contains either\n the numeric index of a positional argument, or the name of a\n keyword argument. Returns a copy of the string where each\n replacement field is replaced with the string value of the\n corresponding argument.\n\n >>> "The sum of 1 + 2 is {0}".format(1+2)\n \'The sum of 1 + 2 is 3\'\n\n See Format String Syntax for a description of the various\n formatting options that can be specified in format strings.\n\n This method of string formatting is the new standard in Python 3,\n and should be preferred to the "%" formatting described in String\n Formatting Operations in new code.\n\n New in version 2.6.\n\nstr.index(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Like "find()", but raise "ValueError" when the substring is not\n found.\n\nstr.isalnum()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are alphanumeric and\n there is at least one character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.isalpha()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are alphabetic and\n there is at least one character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.isdigit()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are digits and there is\n at least one character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.islower()\n\n Return true if all cased characters [4] in the string are lowercase\n and there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.isspace()\n\n Return true if there are only whitespace characters in the string\n and there is at least one character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.istitle()\n\n Return true if the string is a titlecased string and there is at\n least one character, for example uppercase characters may only\n follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.\n Return false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.isupper()\n\n Return true if all cased characters [4] in the string are uppercase\n and there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.join(iterable)\n\n Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the\n *iterable* *iterable*. The separator between elements is the\n string providing this method.\n\nstr.ljust(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return the string left justified in a string of length *width*.\n Padding is done using the specified *fillchar* (default is a\n space). The original string is returned if *width* is less than or\n equal to "len(s)".\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Support for the *fillchar* argument.\n\nstr.lower()\n\n Return a copy of the string with all the cased characters [4]\n converted to lowercase.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.lstrip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. The\n *chars* argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be\n removed. If omitted or "None", the *chars* argument defaults to\n removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is not a prefix; rather,\n all combinations of its values are stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.lstrip()\n \'spacious \'\n >>> \'www.example.com\'.lstrip(\'cmowz.\')\n \'example.com\'\n\n Changed in version 2.2.2: Support for the *chars* argument.\n\nstr.partition(sep)\n\n Split the string at the first occurrence of *sep*, and return a\n 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator\n itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not\n found, return a 3-tuple containing the string itself, followed by\n two empty strings.\n\n New in version 2.5.\n\nstr.replace(old, new[, count])\n\n Return a copy of the string with all occurrences of substring *old*\n replaced by *new*. If the optional argument *count* is given, only\n the first *count* occurrences are replaced.\n\nstr.rfind(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the highest index in the string where substring *sub* is\n found, such that *sub* is contained within "s[start:end]".\n Optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in slice\n notation. Return "-1" on failure.\n\nstr.rindex(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Like "rfind()" but raises "ValueError" when the substring *sub* is\n not found.\n\nstr.rjust(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return the string right justified in a string of length *width*.\n Padding is done using the specified *fillchar* (default is a\n space). The original string is returned if *width* is less than or\n equal to "len(s)".\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Support for the *fillchar* argument.\n\nstr.rpartition(sep)\n\n Split the string at the last occurrence of *sep*, and return a\n 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator\n itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not\n found, return a 3-tuple containing two empty strings, followed by\n the string itself.\n\n New in version 2.5.\n\nstr.rsplit([sep[, maxsplit]])\n\n Return a list of the words in the string, using *sep* as the\n delimiter string. If *maxsplit* is given, at most *maxsplit* splits\n are done, the *rightmost* ones. If *sep* is not specified or\n "None", any whitespace string is a separator. Except for splitting\n from the right, "rsplit()" behaves like "split()" which is\n described in detail below.\n\n New in version 2.4.\n\nstr.rstrip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. The\n *chars* argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be\n removed. If omitted or "None", the *chars* argument defaults to\n removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is not a suffix; rather,\n all combinations of its values are stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.rstrip()\n \' spacious\'\n >>> \'mississippi\'.rstrip(\'ipz\')\n \'mississ\'\n\n Changed in version 2.2.2: Support for the *chars* argument.\n\nstr.split([sep[, maxsplit]])\n\n Return a list of the words in the string, using *sep* as the\n delimiter string. If *maxsplit* is given, at most *maxsplit*\n splits are done (thus, the list will have at most "maxsplit+1"\n elements). If *maxsplit* is not specified or "-1", then there is\n no limit on the number of splits (all possible splits are made).\n\n If *sep* is given, consecutive delimiters are not grouped together\n and are deemed to delimit empty strings (for example,\n "\'1,,2\'.split(\',\')" returns "[\'1\', \'\', \'2\']"). The *sep* argument\n may consist of multiple characters (for example,\n "\'1<>2<>3\'.split(\'<>\')" returns "[\'1\', \'2\', \'3\']"). Splitting an\n empty string with a specified separator returns "[\'\']".\n\n If *sep* is not specified or is "None", a different splitting\n algorithm is applied: runs of consecutive whitespace are regarded\n as a single separator, and the result will contain no empty strings\n at the start or end if the string has leading or trailing\n whitespace. Consequently, splitting an empty string or a string\n consisting of just whitespace with a "None" separator returns "[]".\n\n For example, "\' 1 2 3 \'.split()" returns "[\'1\', \'2\', \'3\']", and\n "\' 1 2 3 \'.split(None, 1)" returns "[\'1\', \'2 3 \']".\n\nstr.splitlines([keepends])\n\n Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line\n boundaries. This method uses the *universal newlines* approach to\n splitting lines. Line breaks are not included in the resulting list\n unless *keepends* is given and true.\n\n For example, "\'ab c\\n\\nde fg\\rkl\\r\\n\'.splitlines()" returns "[\'ab\n c\', \'\', \'de fg\', \'kl\']", while the same call with\n "splitlines(True)" returns "[\'ab c\\n\', \'\\n\', \'de fg\\r\', \'kl\\r\\n\']".\n\n Unlike "split()" when a delimiter string *sep* is given, this\n method returns an empty list for the empty string, and a terminal\n line break does not result in an extra line.\n\nstr.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]])\n\n Return "True" if string starts with the *prefix*, otherwise return\n "False". *prefix* can also be a tuple of prefixes to look for.\n With optional *start*, test string beginning at that position.\n With optional *end*, stop comparing string at that position.\n\n Changed in version 2.5: Accept tuples as *prefix*.\n\nstr.strip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with the leading and trailing\n characters removed. The *chars* argument is a string specifying the\n set of characters to be removed. If omitted or "None", the *chars*\n argument defaults to removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is\n not a prefix or suffix; rather, all combinations of its values are\n stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.strip()\n \'spacious\'\n >>> \'www.example.com\'.strip(\'cmowz.\')\n \'example\'\n\n Changed in version 2.2.2: Support for the *chars* argument.\n\nstr.swapcase()\n\n Return a copy of the string with uppercase characters converted to\n lowercase and vice versa.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.title()\n\n Return a titlecased version of the string where words start with an\n uppercase character and the remaining characters are lowercase.\n\n The algorithm uses a simple language-independent definition of a\n word as groups of consecutive letters. The definition works in\n many contexts but it means that apostrophes in contractions and\n possessives form word boundaries, which may not be the desired\n result:\n\n >>> "they\'re bill\'s friends from the UK".title()\n "They\'Re Bill\'S Friends From The Uk"\n\n A workaround for apostrophes can be constructed using regular\n expressions:\n\n >>> import re\n >>> def titlecase(s):\n ... return re.sub(r"[A-Za-z]+(\'[A-Za-z]+)?",\n ... lambda mo: mo.group(0)[0].upper() +\n ... mo.group(0)[1:].lower(),\n ... s)\n ...\n >>> titlecase("they\'re bill\'s friends.")\n "They\'re Bill\'s Friends."\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.translate(table[, deletechars])\n\n Return a copy of the string where all characters occurring in the\n optional argument *deletechars* are removed, and the remaining\n characters have been mapped through the given translation table,\n which must be a string of length 256.\n\n You can use the "maketrans()" helper function in the "string"\n module to create a translation table. For string objects, set the\n *table* argument to "None" for translations that only delete\n characters:\n\n >>> \'read this short text\'.translate(None, \'aeiou\')\n \'rd ths shrt txt\'\n\n New in version 2.6: Support for a "None" *table* argument.\n\n For Unicode objects, the "translate()" method does not accept the\n optional *deletechars* argument. Instead, it returns a copy of the\n *s* where all characters have been mapped through the given\n translation table which must be a mapping of Unicode ordinals to\n Unicode ordinals, Unicode strings or "None". Unmapped characters\n are left untouched. Characters mapped to "None" are deleted. Note,\n a more flexible approach is to create a custom character mapping\n codec using the "codecs" module (see "encodings.cp1251" for an\n example).\n\nstr.upper()\n\n Return a copy of the string with all the cased characters [4]\n converted to uppercase. Note that "str.upper().isupper()" might be\n "False" if "s" contains uncased characters or if the Unicode\n category of the resulting character(s) is not "Lu" (Letter,\n uppercase), but e.g. "Lt" (Letter, titlecase).\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.zfill(width)\n\n Return the numeric string left filled with zeros in a string of\n length *width*. A sign prefix is handled correctly. The original\n string is returned if *width* is less than or equal to "len(s)".\n\n New in version 2.2.2.\n\nThe following methods are present only on unicode objects:\n\nunicode.isnumeric()\n\n Return "True" if there are only numeric characters in S, "False"\n otherwise. Numeric characters include digit characters, and all\n characters that have the Unicode numeric value property, e.g.\n U+2155, VULGAR FRACTION ONE FIFTH.\n\nunicode.isdecimal()\n\n Return "True" if there are only decimal characters in S, "False"\n otherwise. Decimal characters include digit characters, and all\n characters that can be used to form decimal-radix numbers, e.g.\n U+0660, ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO.\n', + 'strings': u'\nString literals\n***************\n\nString literals are described by the following lexical definitions:\n\n stringliteral ::= [stringprefix](shortstring | longstring)\n stringprefix ::= "r" | "u" | "ur" | "R" | "U" | "UR" | "Ur" | "uR"\n | "b" | "B" | "br" | "Br" | "bR" | "BR"\n shortstring ::= "\'" shortstringitem* "\'" | \'"\' shortstringitem* \'"\'\n longstring ::= "\'\'\'" longstringitem* "\'\'\'"\n | \'"""\' longstringitem* \'"""\'\n shortstringitem ::= shortstringchar | escapeseq\n longstringitem ::= longstringchar | escapeseq\n shortstringchar ::= <any source character except "\\" or newline or the quote>\n longstringchar ::= <any source character except "\\">\n escapeseq ::= "\\" <any ASCII character>\n\nOne syntactic restriction not indicated by these productions is that\nwhitespace is not allowed between the "stringprefix" and the rest of\nthe string literal. The source character set is defined by the\nencoding declaration; it is ASCII if no encoding declaration is given\nin the source file; see section Encoding declarations.\n\nIn plain English: String literals can be enclosed in matching single\nquotes ("\'") or double quotes ("""). They can also be enclosed in\nmatching groups of three single or double quotes (these are generally\nreferred to as *triple-quoted strings*). The backslash ("\\")\ncharacter is used to escape characters that otherwise have a special\nmeaning, such as newline, backslash itself, or the quote character.\nString literals may optionally be prefixed with a letter "\'r\'" or\n"\'R\'"; such strings are called *raw strings* and use different rules\nfor interpreting backslash escape sequences. A prefix of "\'u\'" or\n"\'U\'" makes the string a Unicode string. Unicode strings use the\nUnicode character set as defined by the Unicode Consortium and ISO\n10646. Some additional escape sequences, described below, are\navailable in Unicode strings. A prefix of "\'b\'" or "\'B\'" is ignored in\nPython 2; it indicates that the literal should become a bytes literal\nin Python 3 (e.g. when code is automatically converted with 2to3). A\n"\'u\'" or "\'b\'" prefix may be followed by an "\'r\'" prefix.\n\nIn triple-quoted strings, unescaped newlines and quotes are allowed\n(and are retained), except that three unescaped quotes in a row\nterminate the string. (A "quote" is the character used to open the\nstring, i.e. either "\'" or """.)\n\nUnless an "\'r\'" or "\'R\'" prefix is present, escape sequences in\nstrings are interpreted according to rules similar to those used by\nStandard C. The recognized escape sequences are:\n\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| Escape Sequence | Meaning | Notes |\n+===================+===================================+=========+\n| "\\newline" | Ignored | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\\\" | Backslash ("\\") | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\\'" | Single quote ("\'") | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\"" | Double quote (""") | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\a" | ASCII Bell (BEL) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\b" | ASCII Backspace (BS) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\f" | ASCII Formfeed (FF) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\n" | ASCII Linefeed (LF) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\N{name}" | Character named *name* in the | |\n| | Unicode database (Unicode only) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\r" | ASCII Carriage Return (CR) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\t" | ASCII Horizontal Tab (TAB) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\uxxxx" | Character with 16-bit hex value | (1) |\n| | *xxxx* (Unicode only) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\Uxxxxxxxx" | Character with 32-bit hex value | (2) |\n| | *xxxxxxxx* (Unicode only) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\v" | ASCII Vertical Tab (VT) | |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\ooo" | Character with octal value *ooo* | (3,5) |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\xhh" | Character with hex value *hh* | (4,5) |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n\nNotes:\n\n1. Individual code units which form parts of a surrogate pair can\n be encoded using this escape sequence.\n\n2. Any Unicode character can be encoded this way, but characters\n outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) will be encoded using a\n surrogate pair if Python is compiled to use 16-bit code units (the\n default).\n\n3. As in Standard C, up to three octal digits are accepted.\n\n4. Unlike in Standard C, exactly two hex digits are required.\n\n5. In a string literal, hexadecimal and octal escapes denote the\n byte with the given value; it is not necessary that the byte\n encodes a character in the source character set. In a Unicode\n literal, these escapes denote a Unicode character with the given\n value.\n\nUnlike Standard C, all unrecognized escape sequences are left in the\nstring unchanged, i.e., *the backslash is left in the string*. (This\nbehavior is useful when debugging: if an escape sequence is mistyped,\nthe resulting output is more easily recognized as broken.) It is also\nimportant to note that the escape sequences marked as "(Unicode only)"\nin the table above fall into the category of unrecognized escapes for\nnon-Unicode string literals.\n\nWhen an "\'r\'" or "\'R\'" prefix is present, a character following a\nbackslash is included in the string without change, and *all\nbackslashes are left in the string*. For example, the string literal\n"r"\\n"" consists of two characters: a backslash and a lowercase "\'n\'".\nString quotes can be escaped with a backslash, but the backslash\nremains in the string; for example, "r"\\""" is a valid string literal\nconsisting of two characters: a backslash and a double quote; "r"\\""\nis not a valid string literal (even a raw string cannot end in an odd\nnumber of backslashes). Specifically, *a raw string cannot end in a\nsingle backslash* (since the backslash would escape the following\nquote character). Note also that a single backslash followed by a\nnewline is interpreted as those two characters as part of the string,\n*not* as a line continuation.\n\nWhen an "\'r\'" or "\'R\'" prefix is used in conjunction with a "\'u\'" or\n"\'U\'" prefix, then the "\\uXXXX" and "\\UXXXXXXXX" escape sequences are\nprocessed while *all other backslashes are left in the string*. For\nexample, the string literal "ur"\\u0062\\n"" consists of three Unicode\ncharacters: \'LATIN SMALL LETTER B\', \'REVERSE SOLIDUS\', and \'LATIN\nSMALL LETTER N\'. Backslashes can be escaped with a preceding\nbackslash; however, both remain in the string. As a result, "\\uXXXX"\nescape sequences are only recognized when there are an odd number of\nbackslashes.\n', 'subscriptions': u'\nSubscriptions\n*************\n\nA subscription selects an item of a sequence (string, tuple or list)\nor mapping (dictionary) object:\n\n subscription ::= primary "[" expression_list "]"\n\nThe primary must evaluate to an object of a sequence or mapping type.\n\nIf the primary is a mapping, the expression list must evaluate to an\nobject whose value is one of the keys of the mapping, and the\nsubscription selects the value in the mapping that corresponds to that\nkey. (The expression list is a tuple except if it has exactly one\nitem.)\n\nIf the primary is a sequence, the expression (list) must evaluate to a\nplain integer. If this value is negative, the length of the sequence\nis added to it (so that, e.g., "x[-1]" selects the last item of "x".)\nThe resulting value must be a nonnegative integer less than the number\nof items in the sequence, and the subscription selects the item whose\nindex is that value (counting from zero).\n\nA string\'s items are characters. A character is not a separate data\ntype but a string of exactly one character.\n', 'truth': u'\nTruth Value Testing\n*******************\n\nAny object can be tested for truth value, for use in an "if" or\n"while" condition or as operand of the Boolean operations below. The\nfollowing values are considered false:\n\n* "None"\n\n* "False"\n\n* zero of any numeric type, for example, "0", "0L", "0.0", "0j".\n\n* any empty sequence, for example, "\'\'", "()", "[]".\n\n* any empty mapping, for example, "{}".\n\n* instances of user-defined classes, if the class defines a\n "__nonzero__()" or "__len__()" method, when that method returns the\n integer zero or "bool" value "False". [1]\n\nAll other values are considered true --- so objects of many types are\nalways true.\n\nOperations and built-in functions that have a Boolean result always\nreturn "0" or "False" for false and "1" or "True" for true, unless\notherwise stated. (Important exception: the Boolean operations "or"\nand "and" always return one of their operands.)\n', - 'try': u'\nThe "try" statement\n*******************\n\nThe "try" statement specifies exception handlers and/or cleanup code\nfor a group of statements:\n\n try_stmt ::= try1_stmt | try2_stmt\n try1_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n ("except" [expression [("as" | ",") identifier]] ":" suite)+\n ["else" ":" suite]\n ["finally" ":" suite]\n try2_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n "finally" ":" suite\n\nChanged in version 2.5: In previous versions of Python,\n"try"..."except"..."finally" did not work. "try"..."except" had to be\nnested in "try"..."finally".\n\nThe "except" clause(s) specify one or more exception handlers. When no\nexception occurs in the "try" clause, no exception handler is\nexecuted. When an exception occurs in the "try" suite, a search for an\nexception handler is started. This search inspects the except clauses\nin turn until one is found that matches the exception. An expression-\nless except clause, if present, must be last; it matches any\nexception. For an except clause with an expression, that expression\nis evaluated, and the clause matches the exception if the resulting\nobject is "compatible" with the exception. An object is compatible\nwith an exception if it is the class or a base class of the exception\nobject, or a tuple containing an item compatible with the exception.\n\nIf no except clause matches the exception, the search for an exception\nhandler continues in the surrounding code and on the invocation stack.\n[1]\n\nIf the evaluation of an expression in the header of an except clause\nraises an exception, the original search for a handler is canceled and\na search starts for the new exception in the surrounding code and on\nthe call stack (it is treated as if the entire "try" statement raised\nthe exception).\n\nWhen a matching except clause is found, the exception is assigned to\nthe target specified in that except clause, if present, and the except\nclause\'s suite is executed. All except clauses must have an\nexecutable block. When the end of this block is reached, execution\ncontinues normally after the entire try statement. (This means that\nif two nested handlers exist for the same exception, and the exception\noccurs in the try clause of the inner handler, the outer handler will\nnot handle the exception.)\n\nBefore an except clause\'s suite is executed, details about the\nexception are assigned to three variables in the "sys" module:\n"sys.exc_type" receives the object identifying the exception;\n"sys.exc_value" receives the exception\'s parameter;\n"sys.exc_traceback" receives a traceback object (see section *The\nstandard type hierarchy*) identifying the point in the program where\nthe exception occurred. These details are also available through the\n"sys.exc_info()" function, which returns a tuple "(exc_type,\nexc_value, exc_traceback)". Use of the corresponding variables is\ndeprecated in favor of this function, since their use is unsafe in a\nthreaded program. As of Python 1.5, the variables are restored to\ntheir previous values (before the call) when returning from a function\nthat handled an exception.\n\nThe optional "else" clause is executed if and when control flows off\nthe end of the "try" clause. [2] Exceptions in the "else" clause are\nnot handled by the preceding "except" clauses.\n\nIf "finally" is present, it specifies a \'cleanup\' handler. The "try"\nclause is executed, including any "except" and "else" clauses. If an\nexception occurs in any of the clauses and is not handled, the\nexception is temporarily saved. The "finally" clause is executed. If\nthere is a saved exception, it is re-raised at the end of the\n"finally" clause. If the "finally" clause raises another exception or\nexecutes a "return" or "break" statement, the saved exception is\ndiscarded:\n\n >>> def f():\n ... try:\n ... 1/0\n ... finally:\n ... return 42\n ...\n >>> f()\n 42\n\nThe exception information is not available to the program during\nexecution of the "finally" clause.\n\nWhen a "return", "break" or "continue" statement is executed in the\n"try" suite of a "try"..."finally" statement, the "finally" clause is\nalso executed \'on the way out.\' A "continue" statement is illegal in\nthe "finally" clause. (The reason is a problem with the current\nimplementation --- this restriction may be lifted in the future).\n\nThe return value of a function is determined by the last "return"\nstatement executed. Since the "finally" clause always executes, a\n"return" statement executed in the "finally" clause will always be the\nlast one executed:\n\n >>> def foo():\n ... try:\n ... return \'try\'\n ... finally:\n ... return \'finally\'\n ...\n >>> foo()\n \'finally\'\n\nAdditional information on exceptions can be found in section\n*Exceptions*, and information on using the "raise" statement to\ngenerate exceptions may be found in section *The raise statement*.\n', - 'types': u'\nThe standard type hierarchy\n***************************\n\nBelow is a list of the types that are built into Python. Extension\nmodules (written in C, Java, or other languages, depending on the\nimplementation) can define additional types. Future versions of\nPython may add types to the type hierarchy (e.g., rational numbers,\nefficiently stored arrays of integers, etc.).\n\nSome of the type descriptions below contain a paragraph listing\n\'special attributes.\' These are attributes that provide access to the\nimplementation and are not intended for general use. Their definition\nmay change in the future.\n\nNone\n This type has a single value. There is a single object with this\n value. This object is accessed through the built-in name "None". It\n is used to signify the absence of a value in many situations, e.g.,\n it is returned from functions that don\'t explicitly return\n anything. Its truth value is false.\n\nNotImplemented\n This type has a single value. There is a single object with this\n value. This object is accessed through the built-in name\n "NotImplemented". Numeric methods and rich comparison methods may\n return this value if they do not implement the operation for the\n operands provided. (The interpreter will then try the reflected\n operation, or some other fallback, depending on the operator.) Its\n truth value is true.\n\nEllipsis\n This type has a single value. There is a single object with this\n value. This object is accessed through the built-in name\n "Ellipsis". It is used to indicate the presence of the "..." syntax\n in a slice. Its truth value is true.\n\n"numbers.Number"\n These are created by numeric literals and returned as results by\n arithmetic operators and arithmetic built-in functions. Numeric\n objects are immutable; once created their value never changes.\n Python numbers are of course strongly related to mathematical\n numbers, but subject to the limitations of numerical representation\n in computers.\n\n Python distinguishes between integers, floating point numbers, and\n complex numbers:\n\n "numbers.Integral"\n These represent elements from the mathematical set of integers\n (positive and negative).\n\n There are three types of integers:\n\n Plain integers\n These represent numbers in the range -2147483648 through\n 2147483647. (The range may be larger on machines with a\n larger natural word size, but not smaller.) When the result\n of an operation would fall outside this range, the result is\n normally returned as a long integer (in some cases, the\n exception "OverflowError" is raised instead). For the\n purpose of shift and mask operations, integers are assumed to\n have a binary, 2\'s complement notation using 32 or more bits,\n and hiding no bits from the user (i.e., all 4294967296\n different bit patterns correspond to different values).\n\n Long integers\n These represent numbers in an unlimited range, subject to\n available (virtual) memory only. For the purpose of shift\n and mask operations, a binary representation is assumed, and\n negative numbers are represented in a variant of 2\'s\n complement which gives the illusion of an infinite string of\n sign bits extending to the left.\n\n Booleans\n These represent the truth values False and True. The two\n objects representing the values "False" and "True" are the\n only Boolean objects. The Boolean type is a subtype of plain\n integers, and Boolean values behave like the values 0 and 1,\n respectively, in almost all contexts, the exception being\n that when converted to a string, the strings ""False"" or\n ""True"" are returned, respectively.\n\n The rules for integer representation are intended to give the\n most meaningful interpretation of shift and mask operations\n involving negative integers and the least surprises when\n switching between the plain and long integer domains. Any\n operation, if it yields a result in the plain integer domain,\n will yield the same result in the long integer domain or when\n using mixed operands. The switch between domains is transparent\n to the programmer.\n\n "numbers.Real" ("float")\n These represent machine-level double precision floating point\n numbers. You are at the mercy of the underlying machine\n architecture (and C or Java implementation) for the accepted\n range and handling of overflow. Python does not support single-\n precision floating point numbers; the savings in processor and\n memory usage that are usually the reason for using these are\n dwarfed by the overhead of using objects in Python, so there is\n no reason to complicate the language with two kinds of floating\n point numbers.\n\n "numbers.Complex"\n These represent complex numbers as a pair of machine-level\n double precision floating point numbers. The same caveats apply\n as for floating point numbers. The real and imaginary parts of a\n complex number "z" can be retrieved through the read-only\n attributes "z.real" and "z.imag".\n\nSequences\n These represent finite ordered sets indexed by non-negative\n numbers. The built-in function "len()" returns the number of items\n of a sequence. When the length of a sequence is *n*, the index set\n contains the numbers 0, 1, ..., *n*-1. Item *i* of sequence *a* is\n selected by "a[i]".\n\n Sequences also support slicing: "a[i:j]" selects all items with\n index *k* such that *i* "<=" *k* "<" *j*. When used as an\n expression, a slice is a sequence of the same type. This implies\n that the index set is renumbered so that it starts at 0.\n\n Some sequences also support "extended slicing" with a third "step"\n parameter: "a[i:j:k]" selects all items of *a* with index *x* where\n "x = i + n*k", *n* ">=" "0" and *i* "<=" *x* "<" *j*.\n\n Sequences are distinguished according to their mutability:\n\n Immutable sequences\n An object of an immutable sequence type cannot change once it is\n created. (If the object contains references to other objects,\n these other objects may be mutable and may be changed; however,\n the collection of objects directly referenced by an immutable\n object cannot change.)\n\n The following types are immutable sequences:\n\n Strings\n The items of a string are characters. There is no separate\n character type; a character is represented by a string of one\n item. Characters represent (at least) 8-bit bytes. The\n built-in functions "chr()" and "ord()" convert between\n characters and nonnegative integers representing the byte\n values. Bytes with the values 0-127 usually represent the\n corresponding ASCII values, but the interpretation of values\n is up to the program. The string data type is also used to\n represent arrays of bytes, e.g., to hold data read from a\n file.\n\n (On systems whose native character set is not ASCII, strings\n may use EBCDIC in their internal representation, provided the\n functions "chr()" and "ord()" implement a mapping between\n ASCII and EBCDIC, and string comparison preserves the ASCII\n order. Or perhaps someone can propose a better rule?)\n\n Unicode\n The items of a Unicode object are Unicode code units. A\n Unicode code unit is represented by a Unicode object of one\n item and can hold either a 16-bit or 32-bit value\n representing a Unicode ordinal (the maximum value for the\n ordinal is given in "sys.maxunicode", and depends on how\n Python is configured at compile time). Surrogate pairs may\n be present in the Unicode object, and will be reported as two\n separate items. The built-in functions "unichr()" and\n "ord()" convert between code units and nonnegative integers\n representing the Unicode ordinals as defined in the Unicode\n Standard 3.0. Conversion from and to other encodings are\n possible through the Unicode method "encode()" and the built-\n in function "unicode()".\n\n Tuples\n The items of a tuple are arbitrary Python objects. Tuples of\n two or more items are formed by comma-separated lists of\n expressions. A tuple of one item (a \'singleton\') can be\n formed by affixing a comma to an expression (an expression by\n itself does not create a tuple, since parentheses must be\n usable for grouping of expressions). An empty tuple can be\n formed by an empty pair of parentheses.\n\n Mutable sequences\n Mutable sequences can be changed after they are created. The\n subscription and slicing notations can be used as the target of\n assignment and "del" (delete) statements.\n\n There are currently two intrinsic mutable sequence types:\n\n Lists\n The items of a list are arbitrary Python objects. Lists are\n formed by placing a comma-separated list of expressions in\n square brackets. (Note that there are no special cases needed\n to form lists of length 0 or 1.)\n\n Byte Arrays\n A bytearray object is a mutable array. They are created by\n the built-in "bytearray()" constructor. Aside from being\n mutable (and hence unhashable), byte arrays otherwise provide\n the same interface and functionality as immutable bytes\n objects.\n\n The extension module "array" provides an additional example of a\n mutable sequence type.\n\nSet types\n These represent unordered, finite sets of unique, immutable\n objects. As such, they cannot be indexed by any subscript. However,\n they can be iterated over, and the built-in function "len()"\n returns the number of items in a set. Common uses for sets are fast\n membership testing, removing duplicates from a sequence, and\n computing mathematical operations such as intersection, union,\n difference, and symmetric difference.\n\n For set elements, the same immutability rules apply as for\n dictionary keys. Note that numeric types obey the normal rules for\n numeric comparison: if two numbers compare equal (e.g., "1" and\n "1.0"), only one of them can be contained in a set.\n\n There are currently two intrinsic set types:\n\n Sets\n These represent a mutable set. They are created by the built-in\n "set()" constructor and can be modified afterwards by several\n methods, such as "add()".\n\n Frozen sets\n These represent an immutable set. They are created by the\n built-in "frozenset()" constructor. As a frozenset is immutable\n and *hashable*, it can be used again as an element of another\n set, or as a dictionary key.\n\nMappings\n These represent finite sets of objects indexed by arbitrary index\n sets. The subscript notation "a[k]" selects the item indexed by "k"\n from the mapping "a"; this can be used in expressions and as the\n target of assignments or "del" statements. The built-in function\n "len()" returns the number of items in a mapping.\n\n There is currently a single intrinsic mapping type:\n\n Dictionaries\n These represent finite sets of objects indexed by nearly\n arbitrary values. The only types of values not acceptable as\n keys are values containing lists or dictionaries or other\n mutable types that are compared by value rather than by object\n identity, the reason being that the efficient implementation of\n dictionaries requires a key\'s hash value to remain constant.\n Numeric types used for keys obey the normal rules for numeric\n comparison: if two numbers compare equal (e.g., "1" and "1.0")\n then they can be used interchangeably to index the same\n dictionary entry.\n\n Dictionaries are mutable; they can be created by the "{...}"\n notation (see section *Dictionary displays*).\n\n The extension modules "dbm", "gdbm", and "bsddb" provide\n additional examples of mapping types.\n\nCallable types\n These are the types to which the function call operation (see\n section *Calls*) can be applied:\n\n User-defined functions\n A user-defined function object is created by a function\n definition (see section *Function definitions*). It should be\n called with an argument list containing the same number of items\n as the function\'s formal parameter list.\n\n Special attributes:\n\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | Attribute | Meaning | |\n +=========================+=================================+=============+\n | "__doc__" "func_doc" | The function\'s documentation | Writable |\n | | string, or "None" if | |\n | | unavailable. | |\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | "__name__" "func_name" | The function\'s name. | Writable |\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | "__module__" | The name of the module the | Writable |\n | | function was defined in, or | |\n | | "None" if unavailable. | |\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | "__defaults__" | A tuple containing default | Writable |\n | "func_defaults" | argument values for those | |\n | | arguments that have defaults, | |\n | | or "None" if no arguments have | |\n | | a default value. | |\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | "__code__" "func_code" | The code object representing | Writable |\n | | the compiled function body. | |\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | "__globals__" | A reference to the dictionary | Read-only |\n | "func_globals" | that holds the function\'s | |\n | | global variables --- the global | |\n | | namespace of the module in | |\n | | which the function was defined. | |\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | "__dict__" "func_dict" | The namespace supporting | Writable |\n | | arbitrary function attributes. | |\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | "__closure__" | "None" or a tuple of cells that | Read-only |\n | "func_closure" | contain bindings for the | |\n | | function\'s free variables. | |\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n\n Most of the attributes labelled "Writable" check the type of the\n assigned value.\n\n Changed in version 2.4: "func_name" is now writable.\n\n Changed in version 2.6: The double-underscore attributes\n "__closure__", "__code__", "__defaults__", and "__globals__"\n were introduced as aliases for the corresponding "func_*"\n attributes for forwards compatibility with Python 3.\n\n Function objects also support getting and setting arbitrary\n attributes, which can be used, for example, to attach metadata\n to functions. Regular attribute dot-notation is used to get and\n set such attributes. *Note that the current implementation only\n supports function attributes on user-defined functions. Function\n attributes on built-in functions may be supported in the\n future.*\n\n Additional information about a function\'s definition can be\n retrieved from its code object; see the description of internal\n types below.\n\n User-defined methods\n A user-defined method object combines a class, a class instance\n (or "None") and any callable object (normally a user-defined\n function).\n\n Special read-only attributes: "im_self" is the class instance\n object, "im_func" is the function object; "im_class" is the\n class of "im_self" for bound methods or the class that asked for\n the method for unbound methods; "__doc__" is the method\'s\n documentation (same as "im_func.__doc__"); "__name__" is the\n method name (same as "im_func.__name__"); "__module__" is the\n name of the module the method was defined in, or "None" if\n unavailable.\n\n Changed in version 2.2: "im_self" used to refer to the class\n that defined the method.\n\n Changed in version 2.6: For Python 3 forward-compatibility,\n "im_func" is also available as "__func__", and "im_self" as\n "__self__".\n\n Methods also support accessing (but not setting) the arbitrary\n function attributes on the underlying function object.\n\n User-defined method objects may be created when getting an\n attribute of a class (perhaps via an instance of that class), if\n that attribute is a user-defined function object, an unbound\n user-defined method object, or a class method object. When the\n attribute is a user-defined method object, a new method object\n is only created if the class from which it is being retrieved is\n the same as, or a derived class of, the class stored in the\n original method object; otherwise, the original method object is\n used as it is.\n\n When a user-defined method object is created by retrieving a\n user-defined function object from a class, its "im_self"\n attribute is "None" and the method object is said to be unbound.\n When one is created by retrieving a user-defined function object\n from a class via one of its instances, its "im_self" attribute\n is the instance, and the method object is said to be bound. In\n either case, the new method\'s "im_class" attribute is the class\n from which the retrieval takes place, and its "im_func"\n attribute is the original function object.\n\n When a user-defined method object is created by retrieving\n another method object from a class or instance, the behaviour is\n the same as for a function object, except that the "im_func"\n attribute of the new instance is not the original method object\n but its "im_func" attribute.\n\n When a user-defined method object is created by retrieving a\n class method object from a class or instance, its "im_self"\n attribute is the class itself, and its "im_func" attribute is\n the function object underlying the class method.\n\n When an unbound user-defined method object is called, the\n underlying function ("im_func") is called, with the restriction\n that the first argument must be an instance of the proper class\n ("im_class") or of a derived class thereof.\n\n When a bound user-defined method object is called, the\n underlying function ("im_func") is called, inserting the class\n instance ("im_self") in front of the argument list. For\n instance, when "C" is a class which contains a definition for a\n function "f()", and "x" is an instance of "C", calling "x.f(1)"\n is equivalent to calling "C.f(x, 1)".\n\n When a user-defined method object is derived from a class method\n object, the "class instance" stored in "im_self" will actually\n be the class itself, so that calling either "x.f(1)" or "C.f(1)"\n is equivalent to calling "f(C,1)" where "f" is the underlying\n function.\n\n Note that the transformation from function object to (unbound or\n bound) method object happens each time the attribute is\n retrieved from the class or instance. In some cases, a fruitful\n optimization is to assign the attribute to a local variable and\n call that local variable. Also notice that this transformation\n only happens for user-defined functions; other callable objects\n (and all non-callable objects) are retrieved without\n transformation. It is also important to note that user-defined\n functions which are attributes of a class instance are not\n converted to bound methods; this *only* happens when the\n function is an attribute of the class.\n\n Generator functions\n A function or method which uses the "yield" statement (see\n section *The yield statement*) is called a *generator function*.\n Such a function, when called, always returns an iterator object\n which can be used to execute the body of the function: calling\n the iterator\'s "next()" method will cause the function to\n execute until it provides a value using the "yield" statement.\n When the function executes a "return" statement or falls off the\n end, a "StopIteration" exception is raised and the iterator will\n have reached the end of the set of values to be returned.\n\n Built-in functions\n A built-in function object is a wrapper around a C function.\n Examples of built-in functions are "len()" and "math.sin()"\n ("math" is a standard built-in module). The number and type of\n the arguments are determined by the C function. Special read-\n only attributes: "__doc__" is the function\'s documentation\n string, or "None" if unavailable; "__name__" is the function\'s\n name; "__self__" is set to "None" (but see the next item);\n "__module__" is the name of the module the function was defined\n in or "None" if unavailable.\n\n Built-in methods\n This is really a different disguise of a built-in function, this\n time containing an object passed to the C function as an\n implicit extra argument. An example of a built-in method is\n "alist.append()", assuming *alist* is a list object. In this\n case, the special read-only attribute "__self__" is set to the\n object denoted by *alist*.\n\n Class Types\n Class types, or "new-style classes," are callable. These\n objects normally act as factories for new instances of\n themselves, but variations are possible for class types that\n override "__new__()". The arguments of the call are passed to\n "__new__()" and, in the typical case, to "__init__()" to\n initialize the new instance.\n\n Classic Classes\n Class objects are described below. When a class object is\n called, a new class instance (also described below) is created\n and returned. This implies a call to the class\'s "__init__()"\n method if it has one. Any arguments are passed on to the\n "__init__()" method. If there is no "__init__()" method, the\n class must be called without arguments.\n\n Class instances\n Class instances are described below. Class instances are\n callable only when the class has a "__call__()" method;\n "x(arguments)" is a shorthand for "x.__call__(arguments)".\n\nModules\n Modules are imported by the "import" statement (see section *The\n import statement*). A module object has a namespace implemented by\n a dictionary object (this is the dictionary referenced by the\n func_globals attribute of functions defined in the module).\n Attribute references are translated to lookups in this dictionary,\n e.g., "m.x" is equivalent to "m.__dict__["x"]". A module object\n does not contain the code object used to initialize the module\n (since it isn\'t needed once the initialization is done).\n\n Attribute assignment updates the module\'s namespace dictionary,\n e.g., "m.x = 1" is equivalent to "m.__dict__["x"] = 1".\n\n Special read-only attribute: "__dict__" is the module\'s namespace\n as a dictionary object.\n\n **CPython implementation detail:** Because of the way CPython\n clears module dictionaries, the module dictionary will be cleared\n when the module falls out of scope even if the dictionary still has\n live references. To avoid this, copy the dictionary or keep the\n module around while using its dictionary directly.\n\n Predefined (writable) attributes: "__name__" is the module\'s name;\n "__doc__" is the module\'s documentation string, or "None" if\n unavailable; "__file__" is the pathname of the file from which the\n module was loaded, if it was loaded from a file. The "__file__"\n attribute is not present for C modules that are statically linked\n into the interpreter; for extension modules loaded dynamically from\n a shared library, it is the pathname of the shared library file.\n\nClasses\n Both class types (new-style classes) and class objects (old-\n style/classic classes) are typically created by class definitions\n (see section *Class definitions*). A class has a namespace\n implemented by a dictionary object. Class attribute references are\n translated to lookups in this dictionary, e.g., "C.x" is translated\n to "C.__dict__["x"]" (although for new-style classes in particular\n there are a number of hooks which allow for other means of locating\n attributes). When the attribute name is not found there, the\n attribute search continues in the base classes. For old-style\n classes, the search is depth-first, left-to-right in the order of\n occurrence in the base class list. New-style classes use the more\n complex C3 method resolution order which behaves correctly even in\n the presence of \'diamond\' inheritance structures where there are\n multiple inheritance paths leading back to a common ancestor.\n Additional details on the C3 MRO used by new-style classes can be\n found in the documentation accompanying the 2.3 release at\n https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.3/mro/.\n\n When a class attribute reference (for class "C", say) would yield a\n user-defined function object or an unbound user-defined method\n object whose associated class is either "C" or one of its base\n classes, it is transformed into an unbound user-defined method\n object whose "im_class" attribute is "C". When it would yield a\n class method object, it is transformed into a bound user-defined\n method object whose "im_self" attribute is "C". When it would\n yield a static method object, it is transformed into the object\n wrapped by the static method object. See section *Implementing\n Descriptors* for another way in which attributes retrieved from a\n class may differ from those actually contained in its "__dict__"\n (note that only new-style classes support descriptors).\n\n Class attribute assignments update the class\'s dictionary, never\n the dictionary of a base class.\n\n A class object can be called (see above) to yield a class instance\n (see below).\n\n Special attributes: "__name__" is the class name; "__module__" is\n the module name in which the class was defined; "__dict__" is the\n dictionary containing the class\'s namespace; "__bases__" is a tuple\n (possibly empty or a singleton) containing the base classes, in the\n order of their occurrence in the base class list; "__doc__" is the\n class\'s documentation string, or None if undefined.\n\nClass instances\n A class instance is created by calling a class object (see above).\n A class instance has a namespace implemented as a dictionary which\n is the first place in which attribute references are searched.\n When an attribute is not found there, and the instance\'s class has\n an attribute by that name, the search continues with the class\n attributes. If a class attribute is found that is a user-defined\n function object or an unbound user-defined method object whose\n associated class is the class (call it "C") of the instance for\n which the attribute reference was initiated or one of its bases, it\n is transformed into a bound user-defined method object whose\n "im_class" attribute is "C" and whose "im_self" attribute is the\n instance. Static method and class method objects are also\n transformed, as if they had been retrieved from class "C"; see\n above under "Classes". See section *Implementing Descriptors* for\n another way in which attributes of a class retrieved via its\n instances may differ from the objects actually stored in the\n class\'s "__dict__". If no class attribute is found, and the\n object\'s class has a "__getattr__()" method, that is called to\n satisfy the lookup.\n\n Attribute assignments and deletions update the instance\'s\n dictionary, never a class\'s dictionary. If the class has a\n "__setattr__()" or "__delattr__()" method, this is called instead\n of updating the instance dictionary directly.\n\n Class instances can pretend to be numbers, sequences, or mappings\n if they have methods with certain special names. See section\n *Special method names*.\n\n Special attributes: "__dict__" is the attribute dictionary;\n "__class__" is the instance\'s class.\n\nFiles\n A file object represents an open file. File objects are created by\n the "open()" built-in function, and also by "os.popen()",\n "os.fdopen()", and the "makefile()" method of socket objects (and\n perhaps by other functions or methods provided by extension\n modules). The objects "sys.stdin", "sys.stdout" and "sys.stderr"\n are initialized to file objects corresponding to the interpreter\'s\n standard input, output and error streams. See *File Objects* for\n complete documentation of file objects.\n\nInternal types\n A few types used internally by the interpreter are exposed to the\n user. Their definitions may change with future versions of the\n interpreter, but they are mentioned here for completeness.\n\n Code objects\n Code objects represent *byte-compiled* executable Python code,\n or *bytecode*. The difference between a code object and a\n function object is that the function object contains an explicit\n reference to the function\'s globals (the module in which it was\n defined), while a code object contains no context; also the\n default argument values are stored in the function object, not\n in the code object (because they represent values calculated at\n run-time). Unlike function objects, code objects are immutable\n and contain no references (directly or indirectly) to mutable\n objects.\n\n Special read-only attributes: "co_name" gives the function name;\n "co_argcount" is the number of positional arguments (including\n arguments with default values); "co_nlocals" is the number of\n local variables used by the function (including arguments);\n "co_varnames" is a tuple containing the names of the local\n variables (starting with the argument names); "co_cellvars" is a\n tuple containing the names of local variables that are\n referenced by nested functions; "co_freevars" is a tuple\n containing the names of free variables; "co_code" is a string\n representing the sequence of bytecode instructions; "co_consts"\n is a tuple containing the literals used by the bytecode;\n "co_names" is a tuple containing the names used by the bytecode;\n "co_filename" is the filename from which the code was compiled;\n "co_firstlineno" is the first line number of the function;\n "co_lnotab" is a string encoding the mapping from bytecode\n offsets to line numbers (for details see the source code of the\n interpreter); "co_stacksize" is the required stack size\n (including local variables); "co_flags" is an integer encoding a\n number of flags for the interpreter.\n\n The following flag bits are defined for "co_flags": bit "0x04"\n is set if the function uses the "*arguments" syntax to accept an\n arbitrary number of positional arguments; bit "0x08" is set if\n the function uses the "**keywords" syntax to accept arbitrary\n keyword arguments; bit "0x20" is set if the function is a\n generator.\n\n Future feature declarations ("from __future__ import division")\n also use bits in "co_flags" to indicate whether a code object\n was compiled with a particular feature enabled: bit "0x2000" is\n set if the function was compiled with future division enabled;\n bits "0x10" and "0x1000" were used in earlier versions of\n Python.\n\n Other bits in "co_flags" are reserved for internal use.\n\n If a code object represents a function, the first item in\n "co_consts" is the documentation string of the function, or\n "None" if undefined.\n\n Frame objects\n Frame objects represent execution frames. They may occur in\n traceback objects (see below).\n\n Special read-only attributes: "f_back" is to the previous stack\n frame (towards the caller), or "None" if this is the bottom\n stack frame; "f_code" is the code object being executed in this\n frame; "f_locals" is the dictionary used to look up local\n variables; "f_globals" is used for global variables;\n "f_builtins" is used for built-in (intrinsic) names;\n "f_restricted" is a flag indicating whether the function is\n executing in restricted execution mode; "f_lasti" gives the\n precise instruction (this is an index into the bytecode string\n of the code object).\n\n Special writable attributes: "f_trace", if not "None", is a\n function called at the start of each source code line (this is\n used by the debugger); "f_exc_type", "f_exc_value",\n "f_exc_traceback" represent the last exception raised in the\n parent frame provided another exception was ever raised in the\n current frame (in all other cases they are None); "f_lineno" is\n the current line number of the frame --- writing to this from\n within a trace function jumps to the given line (only for the\n bottom-most frame). A debugger can implement a Jump command\n (aka Set Next Statement) by writing to f_lineno.\n\n Traceback objects\n Traceback objects represent a stack trace of an exception. A\n traceback object is created when an exception occurs. When the\n search for an exception handler unwinds the execution stack, at\n each unwound level a traceback object is inserted in front of\n the current traceback. When an exception handler is entered,\n the stack trace is made available to the program. (See section\n *The try statement*.) It is accessible as "sys.exc_traceback",\n and also as the third item of the tuple returned by\n "sys.exc_info()". The latter is the preferred interface, since\n it works correctly when the program is using multiple threads.\n When the program contains no suitable handler, the stack trace\n is written (nicely formatted) to the standard error stream; if\n the interpreter is interactive, it is also made available to the\n user as "sys.last_traceback".\n\n Special read-only attributes: "tb_next" is the next level in the\n stack trace (towards the frame where the exception occurred), or\n "None" if there is no next level; "tb_frame" points to the\n execution frame of the current level; "tb_lineno" gives the line\n number where the exception occurred; "tb_lasti" indicates the\n precise instruction. The line number and last instruction in\n the traceback may differ from the line number of its frame\n object if the exception occurred in a "try" statement with no\n matching except clause or with a finally clause.\n\n Slice objects\n Slice objects are used to represent slices when *extended slice\n syntax* is used. This is a slice using two colons, or multiple\n slices or ellipses separated by commas, e.g., "a[i:j:step]",\n "a[i:j, k:l]", or "a[..., i:j]". They are also created by the\n built-in "slice()" function.\n\n Special read-only attributes: "start" is the lower bound; "stop"\n is the upper bound; "step" is the step value; each is "None" if\n omitted. These attributes can have any type.\n\n Slice objects support one method:\n\n slice.indices(self, length)\n\n This method takes a single integer argument *length* and\n computes information about the extended slice that the slice\n object would describe if applied to a sequence of *length*\n items. It returns a tuple of three integers; respectively\n these are the *start* and *stop* indices and the *step* or\n stride length of the slice. Missing or out-of-bounds indices\n are handled in a manner consistent with regular slices.\n\n New in version 2.3.\n\n Static method objects\n Static method objects provide a way of defeating the\n transformation of function objects to method objects described\n above. A static method object is a wrapper around any other\n object, usually a user-defined method object. When a static\n method object is retrieved from a class or a class instance, the\n object actually returned is the wrapped object, which is not\n subject to any further transformation. Static method objects are\n not themselves callable, although the objects they wrap usually\n are. Static method objects are created by the built-in\n "staticmethod()" constructor.\n\n Class method objects\n A class method object, like a static method object, is a wrapper\n around another object that alters the way in which that object\n is retrieved from classes and class instances. The behaviour of\n class method objects upon such retrieval is described above,\n under "User-defined methods". Class method objects are created\n by the built-in "classmethod()" constructor.\n', - 'typesfunctions': u'\nFunctions\n*********\n\nFunction objects are created by function definitions. The only\noperation on a function object is to call it: "func(argument-list)".\n\nThere are really two flavors of function objects: built-in functions\nand user-defined functions. Both support the same operation (to call\nthe function), but the implementation is different, hence the\ndifferent object types.\n\nSee *Function definitions* for more information.\n', - 'typesmapping': u'\nMapping Types --- "dict"\n************************\n\nA *mapping* object maps *hashable* values to arbitrary objects.\nMappings are mutable objects. There is currently only one standard\nmapping type, the *dictionary*. (For other containers see the built\nin "list", "set", and "tuple" classes, and the "collections" module.)\n\nA dictionary\'s keys are *almost* arbitrary values. Values that are\nnot *hashable*, that is, values containing lists, dictionaries or\nother mutable types (that are compared by value rather than by object\nidentity) may not be used as keys. Numeric types used for keys obey\nthe normal rules for numeric comparison: if two numbers compare equal\n(such as "1" and "1.0") then they can be used interchangeably to index\nthe same dictionary entry. (Note however, that since computers store\nfloating-point numbers as approximations it is usually unwise to use\nthem as dictionary keys.)\n\nDictionaries can be created by placing a comma-separated list of "key:\nvalue" pairs within braces, for example: "{\'jack\': 4098, \'sjoerd\':\n4127}" or "{4098: \'jack\', 4127: \'sjoerd\'}", or by the "dict"\nconstructor.\n\nclass class dict(**kwarg)\nclass class dict(mapping, **kwarg)\nclass class dict(iterable, **kwarg)\n\n Return a new dictionary initialized from an optional positional\n argument and a possibly empty set of keyword arguments.\n\n If no positional argument is given, an empty dictionary is created.\n If a positional argument is given and it is a mapping object, a\n dictionary is created with the same key-value pairs as the mapping\n object. Otherwise, the positional argument must be an *iterable*\n object. Each item in the iterable must itself be an iterable with\n exactly two objects. The first object of each item becomes a key\n in the new dictionary, and the second object the corresponding\n value. If a key occurs more than once, the last value for that key\n becomes the corresponding value in the new dictionary.\n\n If keyword arguments are given, the keyword arguments and their\n values are added to the dictionary created from the positional\n argument. If a key being added is already present, the value from\n the keyword argument replaces the value from the positional\n argument.\n\n To illustrate, the following examples all return a dictionary equal\n to "{"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}":\n\n >>> a = dict(one=1, two=2, three=3)\n >>> b = {\'one\': 1, \'two\': 2, \'three\': 3}\n >>> c = dict(zip([\'one\', \'two\', \'three\'], [1, 2, 3]))\n >>> d = dict([(\'two\', 2), (\'one\', 1), (\'three\', 3)])\n >>> e = dict({\'three\': 3, \'one\': 1, \'two\': 2})\n >>> a == b == c == d == e\n True\n\n Providing keyword arguments as in the first example only works for\n keys that are valid Python identifiers. Otherwise, any valid keys\n can be used.\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Support for building a dictionary from\n keyword arguments added.\n\n These are the operations that dictionaries support (and therefore,\n custom mapping types should support too):\n\n len(d)\n\n Return the number of items in the dictionary *d*.\n\n d[key]\n\n Return the item of *d* with key *key*. Raises a "KeyError" if\n *key* is not in the map.\n\n New in version 2.5: If a subclass of dict defines a method\n "__missing__()", if the key *key* is not present, the "d[key]"\n operation calls that method with the key *key* as argument. The\n "d[key]" operation then returns or raises whatever is returned\n or raised by the "__missing__(key)" call if the key is not\n present. No other operations or methods invoke "__missing__()".\n If "__missing__()" is not defined, "KeyError" is raised.\n "__missing__()" must be a method; it cannot be an instance\n variable. For an example, see "collections.defaultdict".\n\n d[key] = value\n\n Set "d[key]" to *value*.\n\n del d[key]\n\n Remove "d[key]" from *d*. Raises a "KeyError" if *key* is not\n in the map.\n\n key in d\n\n Return "True" if *d* has a key *key*, else "False".\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\n key not in d\n\n Equivalent to "not key in d".\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\n iter(d)\n\n Return an iterator over the keys of the dictionary. This is a\n shortcut for "iterkeys()".\n\n clear()\n\n Remove all items from the dictionary.\n\n copy()\n\n Return a shallow copy of the dictionary.\n\n fromkeys(seq[, value])\n\n Create a new dictionary with keys from *seq* and values set to\n *value*.\n\n "fromkeys()" is a class method that returns a new dictionary.\n *value* defaults to "None".\n\n New in version 2.3.\n\n get(key[, default])\n\n Return the value for *key* if *key* is in the dictionary, else\n *default*. If *default* is not given, it defaults to "None", so\n that this method never raises a "KeyError".\n\n has_key(key)\n\n Test for the presence of *key* in the dictionary. "has_key()"\n is deprecated in favor of "key in d".\n\n items()\n\n Return a copy of the dictionary\'s list of "(key, value)" pairs.\n\n **CPython implementation detail:** Keys and values are listed in\n an arbitrary order which is non-random, varies across Python\n implementations, and depends on the dictionary\'s history of\n insertions and deletions.\n\n If "items()", "keys()", "values()", "iteritems()", "iterkeys()",\n and "itervalues()" are called with no intervening modifications\n to the dictionary, the lists will directly correspond. This\n allows the creation of "(value, key)" pairs using "zip()":\n "pairs = zip(d.values(), d.keys())". The same relationship\n holds for the "iterkeys()" and "itervalues()" methods: "pairs =\n zip(d.itervalues(), d.iterkeys())" provides the same value for\n "pairs". Another way to create the same list is "pairs = [(v, k)\n for (k, v) in d.iteritems()]".\n\n iteritems()\n\n Return an iterator over the dictionary\'s "(key, value)" pairs.\n See the note for "dict.items()".\n\n Using "iteritems()" while adding or deleting entries in the\n dictionary may raise a "RuntimeError" or fail to iterate over\n all entries.\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\n iterkeys()\n\n Return an iterator over the dictionary\'s keys. See the note for\n "dict.items()".\n\n Using "iterkeys()" while adding or deleting entries in the\n dictionary may raise a "RuntimeError" or fail to iterate over\n all entries.\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\n itervalues()\n\n Return an iterator over the dictionary\'s values. See the note\n for "dict.items()".\n\n Using "itervalues()" while adding or deleting entries in the\n dictionary may raise a "RuntimeError" or fail to iterate over\n all entries.\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\n keys()\n\n Return a copy of the dictionary\'s list of keys. See the note\n for "dict.items()".\n\n pop(key[, default])\n\n If *key* is in the dictionary, remove it and return its value,\n else return *default*. If *default* is not given and *key* is\n not in the dictionary, a "KeyError" is raised.\n\n New in version 2.3.\n\n popitem()\n\n Remove and return an arbitrary "(key, value)" pair from the\n dictionary.\n\n "popitem()" is useful to destructively iterate over a\n dictionary, as often used in set algorithms. If the dictionary\n is empty, calling "popitem()" raises a "KeyError".\n\n setdefault(key[, default])\n\n If *key* is in the dictionary, return its value. If not, insert\n *key* with a value of *default* and return *default*. *default*\n defaults to "None".\n\n update([other])\n\n Update the dictionary with the key/value pairs from *other*,\n overwriting existing keys. Return "None".\n\n "update()" accepts either another dictionary object or an\n iterable of key/value pairs (as tuples or other iterables of\n length two). If keyword arguments are specified, the dictionary\n is then updated with those key/value pairs: "d.update(red=1,\n blue=2)".\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Allowed the argument to be an iterable\n of key/value pairs and allowed keyword arguments.\n\n values()\n\n Return a copy of the dictionary\'s list of values. See the note\n for "dict.items()".\n\n viewitems()\n\n Return a new view of the dictionary\'s items ("(key, value)"\n pairs). See below for documentation of view objects.\n\n New in version 2.7.\n\n viewkeys()\n\n Return a new view of the dictionary\'s keys. See below for\n documentation of view objects.\n\n New in version 2.7.\n\n viewvalues()\n\n Return a new view of the dictionary\'s values. See below for\n documentation of view objects.\n\n New in version 2.7.\n\n\nDictionary view objects\n=======================\n\nThe objects returned by "dict.viewkeys()", "dict.viewvalues()" and\n"dict.viewitems()" are *view objects*. They provide a dynamic view on\nthe dictionary\'s entries, which means that when the dictionary\nchanges, the view reflects these changes.\n\nDictionary views can be iterated over to yield their respective data,\nand support membership tests:\n\nlen(dictview)\n\n Return the number of entries in the dictionary.\n\niter(dictview)\n\n Return an iterator over the keys, values or items (represented as\n tuples of "(key, value)") in the dictionary.\n\n Keys and values are iterated over in an arbitrary order which is\n non-random, varies across Python implementations, and depends on\n the dictionary\'s history of insertions and deletions. If keys,\n values and items views are iterated over with no intervening\n modifications to the dictionary, the order of items will directly\n correspond. This allows the creation of "(value, key)" pairs using\n "zip()": "pairs = zip(d.values(), d.keys())". Another way to\n create the same list is "pairs = [(v, k) for (k, v) in d.items()]".\n\n Iterating views while adding or deleting entries in the dictionary\n may raise a "RuntimeError" or fail to iterate over all entries.\n\nx in dictview\n\n Return "True" if *x* is in the underlying dictionary\'s keys, values\n or items (in the latter case, *x* should be a "(key, value)"\n tuple).\n\nKeys views are set-like since their entries are unique and hashable.\nIf all values are hashable, so that (key, value) pairs are unique and\nhashable, then the items view is also set-like. (Values views are not\ntreated as set-like since the entries are generally not unique.) Then\nthese set operations are available ("other" refers either to another\nview or a set):\n\ndictview & other\n\n Return the intersection of the dictview and the other object as a\n new set.\n\ndictview | other\n\n Return the union of the dictview and the other object as a new set.\n\ndictview - other\n\n Return the difference between the dictview and the other object\n (all elements in *dictview* that aren\'t in *other*) as a new set.\n\ndictview ^ other\n\n Return the symmetric difference (all elements either in *dictview*\n or *other*, but not in both) of the dictview and the other object\n as a new set.\n\nAn example of dictionary view usage:\n\n >>> dishes = {\'eggs\': 2, \'sausage\': 1, \'bacon\': 1, \'spam\': 500}\n >>> keys = dishes.viewkeys()\n >>> values = dishes.viewvalues()\n\n >>> # iteration\n >>> n = 0\n >>> for val in values:\n ... n += val\n >>> print(n)\n 504\n\n >>> # keys and values are iterated over in the same order\n >>> list(keys)\n [\'eggs\', \'bacon\', \'sausage\', \'spam\']\n >>> list(values)\n [2, 1, 1, 500]\n\n >>> # view objects are dynamic and reflect dict changes\n >>> del dishes[\'eggs\']\n >>> del dishes[\'sausage\']\n >>> list(keys)\n [\'spam\', \'bacon\']\n\n >>> # set operations\n >>> keys & {\'eggs\', \'bacon\', \'salad\'}\n {\'bacon\'}\n', - 'typesmethods': u'\nMethods\n*******\n\nMethods are functions that are called using the attribute notation.\nThere are two flavors: built-in methods (such as "append()" on lists)\nand class instance methods. Built-in methods are described with the\ntypes that support them.\n\nThe implementation adds two special read-only attributes to class\ninstance methods: "m.im_self" is the object on which the method\noperates, and "m.im_func" is the function implementing the method.\nCalling "m(arg-1, arg-2, ..., arg-n)" is completely equivalent to\ncalling "m.im_func(m.im_self, arg-1, arg-2, ..., arg-n)".\n\nClass instance methods are either *bound* or *unbound*, referring to\nwhether the method was accessed through an instance or a class,\nrespectively. When a method is unbound, its "im_self" attribute will\nbe "None" and if called, an explicit "self" object must be passed as\nthe first argument. In this case, "self" must be an instance of the\nunbound method\'s class (or a subclass of that class), otherwise a\n"TypeError" is raised.\n\nLike function objects, methods objects support getting arbitrary\nattributes. However, since method attributes are actually stored on\nthe underlying function object ("meth.im_func"), setting method\nattributes on either bound or unbound methods is disallowed.\nAttempting to set an attribute on a method results in an\n"AttributeError" being raised. In order to set a method attribute,\nyou need to explicitly set it on the underlying function object:\n\n >>> class C:\n ... def method(self):\n ... pass\n ...\n >>> c = C()\n >>> c.method.whoami = \'my name is method\' # can\'t set on the method\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>\n AttributeError: \'instancemethod\' object has no attribute \'whoami\'\n >>> c.method.im_func.whoami = \'my name is method\'\n >>> c.method.whoami\n \'my name is method\'\n\nSee *The standard type hierarchy* for more information.\n', + 'try': u'\nThe "try" statement\n*******************\n\nThe "try" statement specifies exception handlers and/or cleanup code\nfor a group of statements:\n\n try_stmt ::= try1_stmt | try2_stmt\n try1_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n ("except" [expression [("as" | ",") identifier]] ":" suite)+\n ["else" ":" suite]\n ["finally" ":" suite]\n try2_stmt ::= "try" ":" suite\n "finally" ":" suite\n\nChanged in version 2.5: In previous versions of Python,\n"try"..."except"..."finally" did not work. "try"..."except" had to be\nnested in "try"..."finally".\n\nThe "except" clause(s) specify one or more exception handlers. When no\nexception occurs in the "try" clause, no exception handler is\nexecuted. When an exception occurs in the "try" suite, a search for an\nexception handler is started. This search inspects the except clauses\nin turn until one is found that matches the exception. An expression-\nless except clause, if present, must be last; it matches any\nexception. For an except clause with an expression, that expression\nis evaluated, and the clause matches the exception if the resulting\nobject is "compatible" with the exception. An object is compatible\nwith an exception if it is the class or a base class of the exception\nobject, or a tuple containing an item compatible with the exception.\n\nIf no except clause matches the exception, the search for an exception\nhandler continues in the surrounding code and on the invocation stack.\n[1]\n\nIf the evaluation of an expression in the header of an except clause\nraises an exception, the original search for a handler is canceled and\na search starts for the new exception in the surrounding code and on\nthe call stack (it is treated as if the entire "try" statement raised\nthe exception).\n\nWhen a matching except clause is found, the exception is assigned to\nthe target specified in that except clause, if present, and the except\nclause\'s suite is executed. All except clauses must have an\nexecutable block. When the end of this block is reached, execution\ncontinues normally after the entire try statement. (This means that\nif two nested handlers exist for the same exception, and the exception\noccurs in the try clause of the inner handler, the outer handler will\nnot handle the exception.)\n\nBefore an except clause\'s suite is executed, details about the\nexception are assigned to three variables in the "sys" module:\n"sys.exc_type" receives the object identifying the exception;\n"sys.exc_value" receives the exception\'s parameter;\n"sys.exc_traceback" receives a traceback object (see section The\nstandard type hierarchy) identifying the point in the program where\nthe exception occurred. These details are also available through the\n"sys.exc_info()" function, which returns a tuple "(exc_type,\nexc_value, exc_traceback)". Use of the corresponding variables is\ndeprecated in favor of this function, since their use is unsafe in a\nthreaded program. As of Python 1.5, the variables are restored to\ntheir previous values (before the call) when returning from a function\nthat handled an exception.\n\nThe optional "else" clause is executed if and when control flows off\nthe end of the "try" clause. [2] Exceptions in the "else" clause are\nnot handled by the preceding "except" clauses.\n\nIf "finally" is present, it specifies a \'cleanup\' handler. The "try"\nclause is executed, including any "except" and "else" clauses. If an\nexception occurs in any of the clauses and is not handled, the\nexception is temporarily saved. The "finally" clause is executed. If\nthere is a saved exception, it is re-raised at the end of the\n"finally" clause. If the "finally" clause raises another exception or\nexecutes a "return" or "break" statement, the saved exception is\ndiscarded:\n\n >>> def f():\n ... try:\n ... 1/0\n ... finally:\n ... return 42\n ...\n >>> f()\n 42\n\nThe exception information is not available to the program during\nexecution of the "finally" clause.\n\nWhen a "return", "break" or "continue" statement is executed in the\n"try" suite of a "try"..."finally" statement, the "finally" clause is\nalso executed \'on the way out.\' A "continue" statement is illegal in\nthe "finally" clause. (The reason is a problem with the current\nimplementation --- this restriction may be lifted in the future).\n\nThe return value of a function is determined by the last "return"\nstatement executed. Since the "finally" clause always executes, a\n"return" statement executed in the "finally" clause will always be the\nlast one executed:\n\n >>> def foo():\n ... try:\n ... return \'try\'\n ... finally:\n ... return \'finally\'\n ...\n >>> foo()\n \'finally\'\n\nAdditional information on exceptions can be found in section\nExceptions, and information on using the "raise" statement to generate\nexceptions may be found in section The raise statement.\n', + 'types': u'\nThe standard type hierarchy\n***************************\n\nBelow is a list of the types that are built into Python. Extension\nmodules (written in C, Java, or other languages, depending on the\nimplementation) can define additional types. Future versions of\nPython may add types to the type hierarchy (e.g., rational numbers,\nefficiently stored arrays of integers, etc.).\n\nSome of the type descriptions below contain a paragraph listing\n\'special attributes.\' These are attributes that provide access to the\nimplementation and are not intended for general use. Their definition\nmay change in the future.\n\nNone\n This type has a single value. There is a single object with this\n value. This object is accessed through the built-in name "None". It\n is used to signify the absence of a value in many situations, e.g.,\n it is returned from functions that don\'t explicitly return\n anything. Its truth value is false.\n\nNotImplemented\n This type has a single value. There is a single object with this\n value. This object is accessed through the built-in name\n "NotImplemented". Numeric methods and rich comparison methods may\n return this value if they do not implement the operation for the\n operands provided. (The interpreter will then try the reflected\n operation, or some other fallback, depending on the operator.) Its\n truth value is true.\n\nEllipsis\n This type has a single value. There is a single object with this\n value. This object is accessed through the built-in name\n "Ellipsis". It is used to indicate the presence of the "..." syntax\n in a slice. Its truth value is true.\n\n"numbers.Number"\n These are created by numeric literals and returned as results by\n arithmetic operators and arithmetic built-in functions. Numeric\n objects are immutable; once created their value never changes.\n Python numbers are of course strongly related to mathematical\n numbers, but subject to the limitations of numerical representation\n in computers.\n\n Python distinguishes between integers, floating point numbers, and\n complex numbers:\n\n "numbers.Integral"\n These represent elements from the mathematical set of integers\n (positive and negative).\n\n There are three types of integers:\n\n Plain integers\n These represent numbers in the range -2147483648 through\n 2147483647. (The range may be larger on machines with a\n larger natural word size, but not smaller.) When the result\n of an operation would fall outside this range, the result is\n normally returned as a long integer (in some cases, the\n exception "OverflowError" is raised instead). For the\n purpose of shift and mask operations, integers are assumed to\n have a binary, 2\'s complement notation using 32 or more bits,\n and hiding no bits from the user (i.e., all 4294967296\n different bit patterns correspond to different values).\n\n Long integers\n These represent numbers in an unlimited range, subject to\n available (virtual) memory only. For the purpose of shift\n and mask operations, a binary representation is assumed, and\n negative numbers are represented in a variant of 2\'s\n complement which gives the illusion of an infinite string of\n sign bits extending to the left.\n\n Booleans\n These represent the truth values False and True. The two\n objects representing the values "False" and "True" are the\n only Boolean objects. The Boolean type is a subtype of plain\n integers, and Boolean values behave like the values 0 and 1,\n respectively, in almost all contexts, the exception being\n that when converted to a string, the strings ""False"" or\n ""True"" are returned, respectively.\n\n The rules for integer representation are intended to give the\n most meaningful interpretation of shift and mask operations\n involving negative integers and the least surprises when\n switching between the plain and long integer domains. Any\n operation, if it yields a result in the plain integer domain,\n will yield the same result in the long integer domain or when\n using mixed operands. The switch between domains is transparent\n to the programmer.\n\n "numbers.Real" ("float")\n These represent machine-level double precision floating point\n numbers. You are at the mercy of the underlying machine\n architecture (and C or Java implementation) for the accepted\n range and handling of overflow. Python does not support single-\n precision floating point numbers; the savings in processor and\n memory usage that are usually the reason for using these are\n dwarfed by the overhead of using objects in Python, so there is\n no reason to complicate the language with two kinds of floating\n point numbers.\n\n "numbers.Complex"\n These represent complex numbers as a pair of machine-level\n double precision floating point numbers. The same caveats apply\n as for floating point numbers. The real and imaginary parts of a\n complex number "z" can be retrieved through the read-only\n attributes "z.real" and "z.imag".\n\nSequences\n These represent finite ordered sets indexed by non-negative\n numbers. The built-in function "len()" returns the number of items\n of a sequence. When the length of a sequence is *n*, the index set\n contains the numbers 0, 1, ..., *n*-1. Item *i* of sequence *a* is\n selected by "a[i]".\n\n Sequences also support slicing: "a[i:j]" selects all items with\n index *k* such that *i* "<=" *k* "<" *j*. When used as an\n expression, a slice is a sequence of the same type. This implies\n that the index set is renumbered so that it starts at 0.\n\n Some sequences also support "extended slicing" with a third "step"\n parameter: "a[i:j:k]" selects all items of *a* with index *x* where\n "x = i + n*k", *n* ">=" "0" and *i* "<=" *x* "<" *j*.\n\n Sequences are distinguished according to their mutability:\n\n Immutable sequences\n An object of an immutable sequence type cannot change once it is\n created. (If the object contains references to other objects,\n these other objects may be mutable and may be changed; however,\n the collection of objects directly referenced by an immutable\n object cannot change.)\n\n The following types are immutable sequences:\n\n Strings\n The items of a string are characters. There is no separate\n character type; a character is represented by a string of one\n item. Characters represent (at least) 8-bit bytes. The\n built-in functions "chr()" and "ord()" convert between\n characters and nonnegative integers representing the byte\n values. Bytes with the values 0-127 usually represent the\n corresponding ASCII values, but the interpretation of values\n is up to the program. The string data type is also used to\n represent arrays of bytes, e.g., to hold data read from a\n file.\n\n (On systems whose native character set is not ASCII, strings\n may use EBCDIC in their internal representation, provided the\n functions "chr()" and "ord()" implement a mapping between\n ASCII and EBCDIC, and string comparison preserves the ASCII\n order. Or perhaps someone can propose a better rule?)\n\n Unicode\n The items of a Unicode object are Unicode code units. A\n Unicode code unit is represented by a Unicode object of one\n item and can hold either a 16-bit or 32-bit value\n representing a Unicode ordinal (the maximum value for the\n ordinal is given in "sys.maxunicode", and depends on how\n Python is configured at compile time). Surrogate pairs may\n be present in the Unicode object, and will be reported as two\n separate items. The built-in functions "unichr()" and\n "ord()" convert between code units and nonnegative integers\n representing the Unicode ordinals as defined in the Unicode\n Standard 3.0. Conversion from and to other encodings are\n possible through the Unicode method "encode()" and the built-\n in function "unicode()".\n\n Tuples\n The items of a tuple are arbitrary Python objects. Tuples of\n two or more items are formed by comma-separated lists of\n expressions. A tuple of one item (a \'singleton\') can be\n formed by affixing a comma to an expression (an expression by\n itself does not create a tuple, since parentheses must be\n usable for grouping of expressions). An empty tuple can be\n formed by an empty pair of parentheses.\n\n Mutable sequences\n Mutable sequences can be changed after they are created. The\n subscription and slicing notations can be used as the target of\n assignment and "del" (delete) statements.\n\n There are currently two intrinsic mutable sequence types:\n\n Lists\n The items of a list are arbitrary Python objects. Lists are\n formed by placing a comma-separated list of expressions in\n square brackets. (Note that there are no special cases needed\n to form lists of length 0 or 1.)\n\n Byte Arrays\n A bytearray object is a mutable array. They are created by\n the built-in "bytearray()" constructor. Aside from being\n mutable (and hence unhashable), byte arrays otherwise provide\n the same interface and functionality as immutable bytes\n objects.\n\n The extension module "array" provides an additional example of a\n mutable sequence type.\n\nSet types\n These represent unordered, finite sets of unique, immutable\n objects. As such, they cannot be indexed by any subscript. However,\n they can be iterated over, and the built-in function "len()"\n returns the number of items in a set. Common uses for sets are fast\n membership testing, removing duplicates from a sequence, and\n computing mathematical operations such as intersection, union,\n difference, and symmetric difference.\n\n For set elements, the same immutability rules apply as for\n dictionary keys. Note that numeric types obey the normal rules for\n numeric comparison: if two numbers compare equal (e.g., "1" and\n "1.0"), only one of them can be contained in a set.\n\n There are currently two intrinsic set types:\n\n Sets\n These represent a mutable set. They are created by the built-in\n "set()" constructor and can be modified afterwards by several\n methods, such as "add()".\n\n Frozen sets\n These represent an immutable set. They are created by the\n built-in "frozenset()" constructor. As a frozenset is immutable\n and *hashable*, it can be used again as an element of another\n set, or as a dictionary key.\n\nMappings\n These represent finite sets of objects indexed by arbitrary index\n sets. The subscript notation "a[k]" selects the item indexed by "k"\n from the mapping "a"; this can be used in expressions and as the\n target of assignments or "del" statements. The built-in function\n "len()" returns the number of items in a mapping.\n\n There is currently a single intrinsic mapping type:\n\n Dictionaries\n These represent finite sets of objects indexed by nearly\n arbitrary values. The only types of values not acceptable as\n keys are values containing lists or dictionaries or other\n mutable types that are compared by value rather than by object\n identity, the reason being that the efficient implementation of\n dictionaries requires a key\'s hash value to remain constant.\n Numeric types used for keys obey the normal rules for numeric\n comparison: if two numbers compare equal (e.g., "1" and "1.0")\n then they can be used interchangeably to index the same\n dictionary entry.\n\n Dictionaries are mutable; they can be created by the "{...}"\n notation (see section Dictionary displays).\n\n The extension modules "dbm", "gdbm", and "bsddb" provide\n additional examples of mapping types.\n\nCallable types\n These are the types to which the function call operation (see\n section Calls) can be applied:\n\n User-defined functions\n A user-defined function object is created by a function\n definition (see section Function definitions). It should be\n called with an argument list containing the same number of items\n as the function\'s formal parameter list.\n\n Special attributes:\n\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | Attribute | Meaning | |\n +=========================+=================================+=============+\n | "__doc__" "func_doc" | The function\'s documentation | Writable |\n | | string, or "None" if | |\n | | unavailable. | |\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | "__name__" "func_name" | The function\'s name. | Writable |\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | "__module__" | The name of the module the | Writable |\n | | function was defined in, or | |\n | | "None" if unavailable. | |\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | "__defaults__" | A tuple containing default | Writable |\n | "func_defaults" | argument values for those | |\n | | arguments that have defaults, | |\n | | or "None" if no arguments have | |\n | | a default value. | |\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | "__code__" "func_code" | The code object representing | Writable |\n | | the compiled function body. | |\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | "__globals__" | A reference to the dictionary | Read-only |\n | "func_globals" | that holds the function\'s | |\n | | global variables --- the global | |\n | | namespace of the module in | |\n | | which the function was defined. | |\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | "__dict__" "func_dict" | The namespace supporting | Writable |\n | | arbitrary function attributes. | |\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n | "__closure__" | "None" or a tuple of cells that | Read-only |\n | "func_closure" | contain bindings for the | |\n | | function\'s free variables. | |\n +-------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------+\n\n Most of the attributes labelled "Writable" check the type of the\n assigned value.\n\n Changed in version 2.4: "func_name" is now writable.\n\n Changed in version 2.6: The double-underscore attributes\n "__closure__", "__code__", "__defaults__", and "__globals__"\n were introduced as aliases for the corresponding "func_*"\n attributes for forwards compatibility with Python 3.\n\n Function objects also support getting and setting arbitrary\n attributes, which can be used, for example, to attach metadata\n to functions. Regular attribute dot-notation is used to get and\n set such attributes. *Note that the current implementation only\n supports function attributes on user-defined functions. Function\n attributes on built-in functions may be supported in the\n future.*\n\n Additional information about a function\'s definition can be\n retrieved from its code object; see the description of internal\n types below.\n\n User-defined methods\n A user-defined method object combines a class, a class instance\n (or "None") and any callable object (normally a user-defined\n function).\n\n Special read-only attributes: "im_self" is the class instance\n object, "im_func" is the function object; "im_class" is the\n class of "im_self" for bound methods or the class that asked for\n the method for unbound methods; "__doc__" is the method\'s\n documentation (same as "im_func.__doc__"); "__name__" is the\n method name (same as "im_func.__name__"); "__module__" is the\n name of the module the method was defined in, or "None" if\n unavailable.\n\n Changed in version 2.2: "im_self" used to refer to the class\n that defined the method.\n\n Changed in version 2.6: For Python 3 forward-compatibility,\n "im_func" is also available as "__func__", and "im_self" as\n "__self__".\n\n Methods also support accessing (but not setting) the arbitrary\n function attributes on the underlying function object.\n\n User-defined method objects may be created when getting an\n attribute of a class (perhaps via an instance of that class), if\n that attribute is a user-defined function object, an unbound\n user-defined method object, or a class method object. When the\n attribute is a user-defined method object, a new method object\n is only created if the class from which it is being retrieved is\n the same as, or a derived class of, the class stored in the\n original method object; otherwise, the original method object is\n used as it is.\n\n When a user-defined method object is created by retrieving a\n user-defined function object from a class, its "im_self"\n attribute is "None" and the method object is said to be unbound.\n When one is created by retrieving a user-defined function object\n from a class via one of its instances, its "im_self" attribute\n is the instance, and the method object is said to be bound. In\n either case, the new method\'s "im_class" attribute is the class\n from which the retrieval takes place, and its "im_func"\n attribute is the original function object.\n\n When a user-defined method object is created by retrieving\n another method object from a class or instance, the behaviour is\n the same as for a function object, except that the "im_func"\n attribute of the new instance is not the original method object\n but its "im_func" attribute.\n\n When a user-defined method object is created by retrieving a\n class method object from a class or instance, its "im_self"\n attribute is the class itself, and its "im_func" attribute is\n the function object underlying the class method.\n\n When an unbound user-defined method object is called, the\n underlying function ("im_func") is called, with the restriction\n that the first argument must be an instance of the proper class\n ("im_class") or of a derived class thereof.\n\n When a bound user-defined method object is called, the\n underlying function ("im_func") is called, inserting the class\n instance ("im_self") in front of the argument list. For\n instance, when "C" is a class which contains a definition for a\n function "f()", and "x" is an instance of "C", calling "x.f(1)"\n is equivalent to calling "C.f(x, 1)".\n\n When a user-defined method object is derived from a class method\n object, the "class instance" stored in "im_self" will actually\n be the class itself, so that calling either "x.f(1)" or "C.f(1)"\n is equivalent to calling "f(C,1)" where "f" is the underlying\n function.\n\n Note that the transformation from function object to (unbound or\n bound) method object happens each time the attribute is\n retrieved from the class or instance. In some cases, a fruitful\n optimization is to assign the attribute to a local variable and\n call that local variable. Also notice that this transformation\n only happens for user-defined functions; other callable objects\n (and all non-callable objects) are retrieved without\n transformation. It is also important to note that user-defined\n functions which are attributes of a class instance are not\n converted to bound methods; this *only* happens when the\n function is an attribute of the class.\n\n Generator functions\n A function or method which uses the "yield" statement (see\n section The yield statement) is called a *generator function*.\n Such a function, when called, always returns an iterator object\n which can be used to execute the body of the function: calling\n the iterator\'s "next()" method will cause the function to\n execute until it provides a value using the "yield" statement.\n When the function executes a "return" statement or falls off the\n end, a "StopIteration" exception is raised and the iterator will\n have reached the end of the set of values to be returned.\n\n Built-in functions\n A built-in function object is a wrapper around a C function.\n Examples of built-in functions are "len()" and "math.sin()"\n ("math" is a standard built-in module). The number and type of\n the arguments are determined by the C function. Special read-\n only attributes: "__doc__" is the function\'s documentation\n string, or "None" if unavailable; "__name__" is the function\'s\n name; "__self__" is set to "None" (but see the next item);\n "__module__" is the name of the module the function was defined\n in or "None" if unavailable.\n\n Built-in methods\n This is really a different disguise of a built-in function, this\n time containing an object passed to the C function as an\n implicit extra argument. An example of a built-in method is\n "alist.append()", assuming *alist* is a list object. In this\n case, the special read-only attribute "__self__" is set to the\n object denoted by *alist*.\n\n Class Types\n Class types, or "new-style classes," are callable. These\n objects normally act as factories for new instances of\n themselves, but variations are possible for class types that\n override "__new__()". The arguments of the call are passed to\n "__new__()" and, in the typical case, to "__init__()" to\n initialize the new instance.\n\n Classic Classes\n Class objects are described below. When a class object is\n called, a new class instance (also described below) is created\n and returned. This implies a call to the class\'s "__init__()"\n method if it has one. Any arguments are passed on to the\n "__init__()" method. If there is no "__init__()" method, the\n class must be called without arguments.\n\n Class instances\n Class instances are described below. Class instances are\n callable only when the class has a "__call__()" method;\n "x(arguments)" is a shorthand for "x.__call__(arguments)".\n\nModules\n Modules are imported by the "import" statement (see section The\n import statement). A module object has a namespace implemented by a\n dictionary object (this is the dictionary referenced by the\n func_globals attribute of functions defined in the module).\n Attribute references are translated to lookups in this dictionary,\n e.g., "m.x" is equivalent to "m.__dict__["x"]". A module object\n does not contain the code object used to initialize the module\n (since it isn\'t needed once the initialization is done).\n\n Attribute assignment updates the module\'s namespace dictionary,\n e.g., "m.x = 1" is equivalent to "m.__dict__["x"] = 1".\n\n Special read-only attribute: "__dict__" is the module\'s namespace\n as a dictionary object.\n\n **CPython implementation detail:** Because of the way CPython\n clears module dictionaries, the module dictionary will be cleared\n when the module falls out of scope even if the dictionary still has\n live references. To avoid this, copy the dictionary or keep the\n module around while using its dictionary directly.\n\n Predefined (writable) attributes: "__name__" is the module\'s name;\n "__doc__" is the module\'s documentation string, or "None" if\n unavailable; "__file__" is the pathname of the file from which the\n module was loaded, if it was loaded from a file. The "__file__"\n attribute is not present for C modules that are statically linked\n into the interpreter; for extension modules loaded dynamically from\n a shared library, it is the pathname of the shared library file.\n\nClasses\n Both class types (new-style classes) and class objects (old-\n style/classic classes) are typically created by class definitions\n (see section Class definitions). A class has a namespace\n implemented by a dictionary object. Class attribute references are\n translated to lookups in this dictionary, e.g., "C.x" is translated\n to "C.__dict__["x"]" (although for new-style classes in particular\n there are a number of hooks which allow for other means of locating\n attributes). When the attribute name is not found there, the\n attribute search continues in the base classes. For old-style\n classes, the search is depth-first, left-to-right in the order of\n occurrence in the base class list. New-style classes use the more\n complex C3 method resolution order which behaves correctly even in\n the presence of \'diamond\' inheritance structures where there are\n multiple inheritance paths leading back to a common ancestor.\n Additional details on the C3 MRO used by new-style classes can be\n found in the documentation accompanying the 2.3 release at\n https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.3/mro/.\n\n When a class attribute reference (for class "C", say) would yield a\n user-defined function object or an unbound user-defined method\n object whose associated class is either "C" or one of its base\n classes, it is transformed into an unbound user-defined method\n object whose "im_class" attribute is "C". When it would yield a\n class method object, it is transformed into a bound user-defined\n method object whose "im_self" attribute is "C". When it would\n yield a static method object, it is transformed into the object\n wrapped by the static method object. See section Implementing\n Descriptors for another way in which attributes retrieved from a\n class may differ from those actually contained in its "__dict__"\n (note that only new-style classes support descriptors).\n\n Class attribute assignments update the class\'s dictionary, never\n the dictionary of a base class.\n\n A class object can be called (see above) to yield a class instance\n (see below).\n\n Special attributes: "__name__" is the class name; "__module__" is\n the module name in which the class was defined; "__dict__" is the\n dictionary containing the class\'s namespace; "__bases__" is a tuple\n (possibly empty or a singleton) containing the base classes, in the\n order of their occurrence in the base class list; "__doc__" is the\n class\'s documentation string, or None if undefined.\n\nClass instances\n A class instance is created by calling a class object (see above).\n A class instance has a namespace implemented as a dictionary which\n is the first place in which attribute references are searched.\n When an attribute is not found there, and the instance\'s class has\n an attribute by that name, the search continues with the class\n attributes. If a class attribute is found that is a user-defined\n function object or an unbound user-defined method object whose\n associated class is the class (call it "C") of the instance for\n which the attribute reference was initiated or one of its bases, it\n is transformed into a bound user-defined method object whose\n "im_class" attribute is "C" and whose "im_self" attribute is the\n instance. Static method and class method objects are also\n transformed, as if they had been retrieved from class "C"; see\n above under "Classes". See section Implementing Descriptors for\n another way in which attributes of a class retrieved via its\n instances may differ from the objects actually stored in the\n class\'s "__dict__". If no class attribute is found, and the\n object\'s class has a "__getattr__()" method, that is called to\n satisfy the lookup.\n\n Attribute assignments and deletions update the instance\'s\n dictionary, never a class\'s dictionary. If the class has a\n "__setattr__()" or "__delattr__()" method, this is called instead\n of updating the instance dictionary directly.\n\n Class instances can pretend to be numbers, sequences, or mappings\n if they have methods with certain special names. See section\n Special method names.\n\n Special attributes: "__dict__" is the attribute dictionary;\n "__class__" is the instance\'s class.\n\nFiles\n A file object represents an open file. File objects are created by\n the "open()" built-in function, and also by "os.popen()",\n "os.fdopen()", and the "makefile()" method of socket objects (and\n perhaps by other functions or methods provided by extension\n modules). The objects "sys.stdin", "sys.stdout" and "sys.stderr"\n are initialized to file objects corresponding to the interpreter\'s\n standard input, output and error streams. See File Objects for\n complete documentation of file objects.\n\nInternal types\n A few types used internally by the interpreter are exposed to the\n user. Their definitions may change with future versions of the\n interpreter, but they are mentioned here for completeness.\n\n Code objects\n Code objects represent *byte-compiled* executable Python code,\n or *bytecode*. The difference between a code object and a\n function object is that the function object contains an explicit\n reference to the function\'s globals (the module in which it was\n defined), while a code object contains no context; also the\n default argument values are stored in the function object, not\n in the code object (because they represent values calculated at\n run-time). Unlike function objects, code objects are immutable\n and contain no references (directly or indirectly) to mutable\n objects.\n\n Special read-only attributes: "co_name" gives the function name;\n "co_argcount" is the number of positional arguments (including\n arguments with default values); "co_nlocals" is the number of\n local variables used by the function (including arguments);\n "co_varnames" is a tuple containing the names of the local\n variables (starting with the argument names); "co_cellvars" is a\n tuple containing the names of local variables that are\n referenced by nested functions; "co_freevars" is a tuple\n containing the names of free variables; "co_code" is a string\n representing the sequence of bytecode instructions; "co_consts"\n is a tuple containing the literals used by the bytecode;\n "co_names" is a tuple containing the names used by the bytecode;\n "co_filename" is the filename from which the code was compiled;\n "co_firstlineno" is the first line number of the function;\n "co_lnotab" is a string encoding the mapping from bytecode\n offsets to line numbers (for details see the source code of the\n interpreter); "co_stacksize" is the required stack size\n (including local variables); "co_flags" is an integer encoding a\n number of flags for the interpreter.\n\n The following flag bits are defined for "co_flags": bit "0x04"\n is set if the function uses the "*arguments" syntax to accept an\n arbitrary number of positional arguments; bit "0x08" is set if\n the function uses the "**keywords" syntax to accept arbitrary\n keyword arguments; bit "0x20" is set if the function is a\n generator.\n\n Future feature declarations ("from __future__ import division")\n also use bits in "co_flags" to indicate whether a code object\n was compiled with a particular feature enabled: bit "0x2000" is\n set if the function was compiled with future division enabled;\n bits "0x10" and "0x1000" were used in earlier versions of\n Python.\n\n Other bits in "co_flags" are reserved for internal use.\n\n If a code object represents a function, the first item in\n "co_consts" is the documentation string of the function, or\n "None" if undefined.\n\n Frame objects\n Frame objects represent execution frames. They may occur in\n traceback objects (see below).\n\n Special read-only attributes: "f_back" is to the previous stack\n frame (towards the caller), or "None" if this is the bottom\n stack frame; "f_code" is the code object being executed in this\n frame; "f_locals" is the dictionary used to look up local\n variables; "f_globals" is used for global variables;\n "f_builtins" is used for built-in (intrinsic) names;\n "f_restricted" is a flag indicating whether the function is\n executing in restricted execution mode; "f_lasti" gives the\n precise instruction (this is an index into the bytecode string\n of the code object).\n\n Special writable attributes: "f_trace", if not "None", is a\n function called at the start of each source code line (this is\n used by the debugger); "f_exc_type", "f_exc_value",\n "f_exc_traceback" represent the last exception raised in the\n parent frame provided another exception was ever raised in the\n current frame (in all other cases they are None); "f_lineno" is\n the current line number of the frame --- writing to this from\n within a trace function jumps to the given line (only for the\n bottom-most frame). A debugger can implement a Jump command\n (aka Set Next Statement) by writing to f_lineno.\n\n Traceback objects\n Traceback objects represent a stack trace of an exception. A\n traceback object is created when an exception occurs. When the\n search for an exception handler unwinds the execution stack, at\n each unwound level a traceback object is inserted in front of\n the current traceback. When an exception handler is entered,\n the stack trace is made available to the program. (See section\n The try statement.) It is accessible as "sys.exc_traceback", and\n also as the third item of the tuple returned by\n "sys.exc_info()". The latter is the preferred interface, since\n it works correctly when the program is using multiple threads.\n When the program contains no suitable handler, the stack trace\n is written (nicely formatted) to the standard error stream; if\n the interpreter is interactive, it is also made available to the\n user as "sys.last_traceback".\n\n Special read-only attributes: "tb_next" is the next level in the\n stack trace (towards the frame where the exception occurred), or\n "None" if there is no next level; "tb_frame" points to the\n execution frame of the current level; "tb_lineno" gives the line\n number where the exception occurred; "tb_lasti" indicates the\n precise instruction. The line number and last instruction in\n the traceback may differ from the line number of its frame\n object if the exception occurred in a "try" statement with no\n matching except clause or with a finally clause.\n\n Slice objects\n Slice objects are used to represent slices when *extended slice\n syntax* is used. This is a slice using two colons, or multiple\n slices or ellipses separated by commas, e.g., "a[i:j:step]",\n "a[i:j, k:l]", or "a[..., i:j]". They are also created by the\n built-in "slice()" function.\n\n Special read-only attributes: "start" is the lower bound; "stop"\n is the upper bound; "step" is the step value; each is "None" if\n omitted. These attributes can have any type.\n\n Slice objects support one method:\n\n slice.indices(self, length)\n\n This method takes a single integer argument *length* and\n computes information about the extended slice that the slice\n object would describe if applied to a sequence of *length*\n items. It returns a tuple of three integers; respectively\n these are the *start* and *stop* indices and the *step* or\n stride length of the slice. Missing or out-of-bounds indices\n are handled in a manner consistent with regular slices.\n\n New in version 2.3.\n\n Static method objects\n Static method objects provide a way of defeating the\n transformation of function objects to method objects described\n above. A static method object is a wrapper around any other\n object, usually a user-defined method object. When a static\n method object is retrieved from a class or a class instance, the\n object actually returned is the wrapped object, which is not\n subject to any further transformation. Static method objects are\n not themselves callable, although the objects they wrap usually\n are. Static method objects are created by the built-in\n "staticmethod()" constructor.\n\n Class method objects\n A class method object, like a static method object, is a wrapper\n around another object that alters the way in which that object\n is retrieved from classes and class instances. The behaviour of\n class method objects upon such retrieval is described above,\n under "User-defined methods". Class method objects are created\n by the built-in "classmethod()" constructor.\n', + 'typesfunctions': u'\nFunctions\n*********\n\nFunction objects are created by function definitions. The only\noperation on a function object is to call it: "func(argument-list)".\n\nThere are really two flavors of function objects: built-in functions\nand user-defined functions. Both support the same operation (to call\nthe function), but the implementation is different, hence the\ndifferent object types.\n\nSee Function definitions for more information.\n', + 'typesmapping': u'\nMapping Types --- "dict"\n************************\n\nA *mapping* object maps *hashable* values to arbitrary objects.\nMappings are mutable objects. There is currently only one standard\nmapping type, the *dictionary*. (For other containers see the built\nin "list", "set", and "tuple" classes, and the "collections" module.)\n\nA dictionary\'s keys are *almost* arbitrary values. Values that are\nnot *hashable*, that is, values containing lists, dictionaries or\nother mutable types (that are compared by value rather than by object\nidentity) may not be used as keys. Numeric types used for keys obey\nthe normal rules for numeric comparison: if two numbers compare equal\n(such as "1" and "1.0") then they can be used interchangeably to index\nthe same dictionary entry. (Note however, that since computers store\nfloating-point numbers as approximations it is usually unwise to use\nthem as dictionary keys.)\n\nDictionaries can be created by placing a comma-separated list of "key:\nvalue" pairs within braces, for example: "{\'jack\': 4098, \'sjoerd\':\n4127}" or "{4098: \'jack\', 4127: \'sjoerd\'}", or by the "dict"\nconstructor.\n\nclass class dict(**kwarg)\nclass class dict(mapping, **kwarg)\nclass class dict(iterable, **kwarg)\n\n Return a new dictionary initialized from an optional positional\n argument and a possibly empty set of keyword arguments.\n\n If no positional argument is given, an empty dictionary is created.\n If a positional argument is given and it is a mapping object, a\n dictionary is created with the same key-value pairs as the mapping\n object. Otherwise, the positional argument must be an *iterable*\n object. Each item in the iterable must itself be an iterable with\n exactly two objects. The first object of each item becomes a key\n in the new dictionary, and the second object the corresponding\n value. If a key occurs more than once, the last value for that key\n becomes the corresponding value in the new dictionary.\n\n If keyword arguments are given, the keyword arguments and their\n values are added to the dictionary created from the positional\n argument. If a key being added is already present, the value from\n the keyword argument replaces the value from the positional\n argument.\n\n To illustrate, the following examples all return a dictionary equal\n to "{"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}":\n\n >>> a = dict(one=1, two=2, three=3)\n >>> b = {\'one\': 1, \'two\': 2, \'three\': 3}\n >>> c = dict(zip([\'one\', \'two\', \'three\'], [1, 2, 3]))\n >>> d = dict([(\'two\', 2), (\'one\', 1), (\'three\', 3)])\n >>> e = dict({\'three\': 3, \'one\': 1, \'two\': 2})\n >>> a == b == c == d == e\n True\n\n Providing keyword arguments as in the first example only works for\n keys that are valid Python identifiers. Otherwise, any valid keys\n can be used.\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Support for building a dictionary from\n keyword arguments added.\n\n These are the operations that dictionaries support (and therefore,\n custom mapping types should support too):\n\n len(d)\n\n Return the number of items in the dictionary *d*.\n\n d[key]\n\n Return the item of *d* with key *key*. Raises a "KeyError" if\n *key* is not in the map.\n\n If a subclass of dict defines a method "__missing__()" and *key*\n is not present, the "d[key]" operation calls that method with\n the key *key* as argument. The "d[key]" operation then returns\n or raises whatever is returned or raised by the\n "__missing__(key)" call. No other operations or methods invoke\n "__missing__()". If "__missing__()" is not defined, "KeyError"\n is raised. "__missing__()" must be a method; it cannot be an\n instance variable:\n\n >>> class Counter(dict):\n ... def __missing__(self, key):\n ... return 0\n >>> c = Counter()\n >>> c[\'red\']\n 0\n >>> c[\'red\'] += 1\n >>> c[\'red\']\n 1\n\n The example above shows part of the implementation of\n "collections.Counter". A different "__missing__" method is used\n by "collections.defaultdict".\n\n New in version 2.5: Recognition of __missing__ methods of dict\n subclasses.\n\n d[key] = value\n\n Set "d[key]" to *value*.\n\n del d[key]\n\n Remove "d[key]" from *d*. Raises a "KeyError" if *key* is not\n in the map.\n\n key in d\n\n Return "True" if *d* has a key *key*, else "False".\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\n key not in d\n\n Equivalent to "not key in d".\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\n iter(d)\n\n Return an iterator over the keys of the dictionary. This is a\n shortcut for "iterkeys()".\n\n clear()\n\n Remove all items from the dictionary.\n\n copy()\n\n Return a shallow copy of the dictionary.\n\n fromkeys(seq[, value])\n\n Create a new dictionary with keys from *seq* and values set to\n *value*.\n\n "fromkeys()" is a class method that returns a new dictionary.\n *value* defaults to "None".\n\n New in version 2.3.\n\n get(key[, default])\n\n Return the value for *key* if *key* is in the dictionary, else\n *default*. If *default* is not given, it defaults to "None", so\n that this method never raises a "KeyError".\n\n has_key(key)\n\n Test for the presence of *key* in the dictionary. "has_key()"\n is deprecated in favor of "key in d".\n\n items()\n\n Return a copy of the dictionary\'s list of "(key, value)" pairs.\n\n **CPython implementation detail:** Keys and values are listed in\n an arbitrary order which is non-random, varies across Python\n implementations, and depends on the dictionary\'s history of\n insertions and deletions.\n\n If "items()", "keys()", "values()", "iteritems()", "iterkeys()",\n and "itervalues()" are called with no intervening modifications\n to the dictionary, the lists will directly correspond. This\n allows the creation of "(value, key)" pairs using "zip()":\n "pairs = zip(d.values(), d.keys())". The same relationship\n holds for the "iterkeys()" and "itervalues()" methods: "pairs =\n zip(d.itervalues(), d.iterkeys())" provides the same value for\n "pairs". Another way to create the same list is "pairs = [(v, k)\n for (k, v) in d.iteritems()]".\n\n iteritems()\n\n Return an iterator over the dictionary\'s "(key, value)" pairs.\n See the note for "dict.items()".\n\n Using "iteritems()" while adding or deleting entries in the\n dictionary may raise a "RuntimeError" or fail to iterate over\n all entries.\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\n iterkeys()\n\n Return an iterator over the dictionary\'s keys. See the note for\n "dict.items()".\n\n Using "iterkeys()" while adding or deleting entries in the\n dictionary may raise a "RuntimeError" or fail to iterate over\n all entries.\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\n itervalues()\n\n Return an iterator over the dictionary\'s values. See the note\n for "dict.items()".\n\n Using "itervalues()" while adding or deleting entries in the\n dictionary may raise a "RuntimeError" or fail to iterate over\n all entries.\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\n keys()\n\n Return a copy of the dictionary\'s list of keys. See the note\n for "dict.items()".\n\n pop(key[, default])\n\n If *key* is in the dictionary, remove it and return its value,\n else return *default*. If *default* is not given and *key* is\n not in the dictionary, a "KeyError" is raised.\n\n New in version 2.3.\n\n popitem()\n\n Remove and return an arbitrary "(key, value)" pair from the\n dictionary.\n\n "popitem()" is useful to destructively iterate over a\n dictionary, as often used in set algorithms. If the dictionary\n is empty, calling "popitem()" raises a "KeyError".\n\n setdefault(key[, default])\n\n If *key* is in the dictionary, return its value. If not, insert\n *key* with a value of *default* and return *default*. *default*\n defaults to "None".\n\n update([other])\n\n Update the dictionary with the key/value pairs from *other*,\n overwriting existing keys. Return "None".\n\n "update()" accepts either another dictionary object or an\n iterable of key/value pairs (as tuples or other iterables of\n length two). If keyword arguments are specified, the dictionary\n is then updated with those key/value pairs: "d.update(red=1,\n blue=2)".\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Allowed the argument to be an iterable\n of key/value pairs and allowed keyword arguments.\n\n values()\n\n Return a copy of the dictionary\'s list of values. See the note\n for "dict.items()".\n\n viewitems()\n\n Return a new view of the dictionary\'s items ("(key, value)"\n pairs). See below for documentation of view objects.\n\n New in version 2.7.\n\n viewkeys()\n\n Return a new view of the dictionary\'s keys. See below for\n documentation of view objects.\n\n New in version 2.7.\n\n viewvalues()\n\n Return a new view of the dictionary\'s values. See below for\n documentation of view objects.\n\n New in version 2.7.\n\n\nDictionary view objects\n=======================\n\nThe objects returned by "dict.viewkeys()", "dict.viewvalues()" and\n"dict.viewitems()" are *view objects*. They provide a dynamic view on\nthe dictionary\'s entries, which means that when the dictionary\nchanges, the view reflects these changes.\n\nDictionary views can be iterated over to yield their respective data,\nand support membership tests:\n\nlen(dictview)\n\n Return the number of entries in the dictionary.\n\niter(dictview)\n\n Return an iterator over the keys, values or items (represented as\n tuples of "(key, value)") in the dictionary.\n\n Keys and values are iterated over in an arbitrary order which is\n non-random, varies across Python implementations, and depends on\n the dictionary\'s history of insertions and deletions. If keys,\n values and items views are iterated over with no intervening\n modifications to the dictionary, the order of items will directly\n correspond. This allows the creation of "(value, key)" pairs using\n "zip()": "pairs = zip(d.values(), d.keys())". Another way to\n create the same list is "pairs = [(v, k) for (k, v) in d.items()]".\n\n Iterating views while adding or deleting entries in the dictionary\n may raise a "RuntimeError" or fail to iterate over all entries.\n\nx in dictview\n\n Return "True" if *x* is in the underlying dictionary\'s keys, values\n or items (in the latter case, *x* should be a "(key, value)"\n tuple).\n\nKeys views are set-like since their entries are unique and hashable.\nIf all values are hashable, so that (key, value) pairs are unique and\nhashable, then the items view is also set-like. (Values views are not\ntreated as set-like since the entries are generally not unique.) Then\nthese set operations are available ("other" refers either to another\nview or a set):\n\ndictview & other\n\n Return the intersection of the dictview and the other object as a\n new set.\n\ndictview | other\n\n Return the union of the dictview and the other object as a new set.\n\ndictview - other\n\n Return the difference between the dictview and the other object\n (all elements in *dictview* that aren\'t in *other*) as a new set.\n\ndictview ^ other\n\n Return the symmetric difference (all elements either in *dictview*\n or *other*, but not in both) of the dictview and the other object\n as a new set.\n\nAn example of dictionary view usage:\n\n >>> dishes = {\'eggs\': 2, \'sausage\': 1, \'bacon\': 1, \'spam\': 500}\n >>> keys = dishes.viewkeys()\n >>> values = dishes.viewvalues()\n\n >>> # iteration\n >>> n = 0\n >>> for val in values:\n ... n += val\n >>> print(n)\n 504\n\n >>> # keys and values are iterated over in the same order\n >>> list(keys)\n [\'eggs\', \'bacon\', \'sausage\', \'spam\']\n >>> list(values)\n [2, 1, 1, 500]\n\n >>> # view objects are dynamic and reflect dict changes\n >>> del dishes[\'eggs\']\n >>> del dishes[\'sausage\']\n >>> list(keys)\n [\'spam\', \'bacon\']\n\n >>> # set operations\n >>> keys & {\'eggs\', \'bacon\', \'salad\'}\n {\'bacon\'}\n', + 'typesmethods': u'\nMethods\n*******\n\nMethods are functions that are called using the attribute notation.\nThere are two flavors: built-in methods (such as "append()" on lists)\nand class instance methods. Built-in methods are described with the\ntypes that support them.\n\nThe implementation adds two special read-only attributes to class\ninstance methods: "m.im_self" is the object on which the method\noperates, and "m.im_func" is the function implementing the method.\nCalling "m(arg-1, arg-2, ..., arg-n)" is completely equivalent to\ncalling "m.im_func(m.im_self, arg-1, arg-2, ..., arg-n)".\n\nClass instance methods are either *bound* or *unbound*, referring to\nwhether the method was accessed through an instance or a class,\nrespectively. When a method is unbound, its "im_self" attribute will\nbe "None" and if called, an explicit "self" object must be passed as\nthe first argument. In this case, "self" must be an instance of the\nunbound method\'s class (or a subclass of that class), otherwise a\n"TypeError" is raised.\n\nLike function objects, methods objects support getting arbitrary\nattributes. However, since method attributes are actually stored on\nthe underlying function object ("meth.im_func"), setting method\nattributes on either bound or unbound methods is disallowed.\nAttempting to set an attribute on a method results in an\n"AttributeError" being raised. In order to set a method attribute,\nyou need to explicitly set it on the underlying function object:\n\n >>> class C:\n ... def method(self):\n ... pass\n ...\n >>> c = C()\n >>> c.method.whoami = \'my name is method\' # can\'t set on the method\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>\n AttributeError: \'instancemethod\' object has no attribute \'whoami\'\n >>> c.method.im_func.whoami = \'my name is method\'\n >>> c.method.whoami\n \'my name is method\'\n\nSee The standard type hierarchy for more information.\n', 'typesmodules': u'\nModules\n*******\n\nThe only special operation on a module is attribute access: "m.name",\nwhere *m* is a module and *name* accesses a name defined in *m*\'s\nsymbol table. Module attributes can be assigned to. (Note that the\n"import" statement is not, strictly speaking, an operation on a module\nobject; "import foo" does not require a module object named *foo* to\nexist, rather it requires an (external) *definition* for a module\nnamed *foo* somewhere.)\n\nA special attribute of every module is "__dict__". This is the\ndictionary containing the module\'s symbol table. Modifying this\ndictionary will actually change the module\'s symbol table, but direct\nassignment to the "__dict__" attribute is not possible (you can write\n"m.__dict__[\'a\'] = 1", which defines "m.a" to be "1", but you can\'t\nwrite "m.__dict__ = {}"). Modifying "__dict__" directly is not\nrecommended.\n\nModules built into the interpreter are written like this: "<module\n\'sys\' (built-in)>". If loaded from a file, they are written as\n"<module \'os\' from \'/usr/local/lib/pythonX.Y/os.pyc\'>".\n', - 'typesseq': u'\nSequence Types --- "str", "unicode", "list", "tuple", "bytearray", "buffer", "xrange"\n*************************************************************************************\n\nThere are seven sequence types: strings, Unicode strings, lists,\ntuples, bytearrays, buffers, and xrange objects.\n\nFor other containers see the built in "dict" and "set" classes, and\nthe "collections" module.\n\nString literals are written in single or double quotes: "\'xyzzy\'",\n""frobozz"". See *String literals* for more about string literals.\nUnicode strings are much like strings, but are specified in the syntax\nusing a preceding "\'u\'" character: "u\'abc\'", "u"def"". In addition to\nthe functionality described here, there are also string-specific\nmethods described in the *String Methods* section. Lists are\nconstructed with square brackets, separating items with commas: "[a,\nb, c]". Tuples are constructed by the comma operator (not within\nsquare brackets), with or without enclosing parentheses, but an empty\ntuple must have the enclosing parentheses, such as "a, b, c" or "()".\nA single item tuple must have a trailing comma, such as "(d,)".\n\nBytearray objects are created with the built-in function\n"bytearray()".\n\nBuffer objects are not directly supported by Python syntax, but can be\ncreated by calling the built-in function "buffer()". They don\'t\nsupport concatenation or repetition.\n\nObjects of type xrange are similar to buffers in that there is no\nspecific syntax to create them, but they are created using the\n"xrange()" function. They don\'t support slicing, concatenation or\nrepetition, and using "in", "not in", "min()" or "max()" on them is\ninefficient.\n\nMost sequence types support the following operations. The "in" and\n"not in" operations have the same priorities as the comparison\noperations. The "+" and "*" operations have the same priority as the\ncorresponding numeric operations. [3] Additional methods are provided\nfor *Mutable Sequence Types*.\n\nThis table lists the sequence operations sorted in ascending priority.\nIn the table, *s* and *t* are sequences of the same type; *n*, *i* and\n*j* are integers:\n\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| Operation | Result | Notes |\n+====================+==================================+============+\n| "x in s" | "True" if an item of *s* is | (1) |\n| | equal to *x*, else "False" | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "x not in s" | "False" if an item of *s* is | (1) |\n| | equal to *x*, else "True" | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "s + t" | the concatenation of *s* and *t* | (6) |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "s * n, n * s" | *n* shallow copies of *s* | (2) |\n| | concatenated | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "s[i]" | *i*th item of *s*, origin 0 | (3) |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "s[i:j]" | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* | (3)(4) |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "s[i:j:k]" | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* | (3)(5) |\n| | with step *k* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "len(s)" | length of *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "min(s)" | smallest item of *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "max(s)" | largest item of *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "s.index(x)" | index of the first occurrence of | |\n| | *x* in *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "s.count(x)" | total number of occurrences of | |\n| | *x* in *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n\nSequence types also support comparisons. In particular, tuples and\nlists are compared lexicographically by comparing corresponding\nelements. This means that to compare equal, every element must compare\nequal and the two sequences must be of the same type and have the same\nlength. (For full details see *Comparisons* in the language\nreference.)\n\nNotes:\n\n1. When *s* is a string or Unicode string object the "in" and "not\n in" operations act like a substring test. In Python versions\n before 2.3, *x* had to be a string of length 1. In Python 2.3 and\n beyond, *x* may be a string of any length.\n\n2. Values of *n* less than "0" are treated as "0" (which yields an\n empty sequence of the same type as *s*). Note also that the copies\n are shallow; nested structures are not copied. This often haunts\n new Python programmers; consider:\n\n >>> lists = [[]] * 3\n >>> lists\n [[], [], []]\n >>> lists[0].append(3)\n >>> lists\n [[3], [3], [3]]\n\n What has happened is that "[[]]" is a one-element list containing\n an empty list, so all three elements of "[[]] * 3" are (pointers\n to) this single empty list. Modifying any of the elements of\n "lists" modifies this single list. You can create a list of\n different lists this way:\n\n >>> lists = [[] for i in range(3)]\n >>> lists[0].append(3)\n >>> lists[1].append(5)\n >>> lists[2].append(7)\n >>> lists\n [[3], [5], [7]]\n\n3. If *i* or *j* is negative, the index is relative to the end of\n the string: "len(s) + i" or "len(s) + j" is substituted. But note\n that "-0" is still "0".\n\n4. The slice of *s* from *i* to *j* is defined as the sequence of\n items with index *k* such that "i <= k < j". If *i* or *j* is\n greater than "len(s)", use "len(s)". If *i* is omitted or "None",\n use "0". If *j* is omitted or "None", use "len(s)". If *i* is\n greater than or equal to *j*, the slice is empty.\n\n5. The slice of *s* from *i* to *j* with step *k* is defined as the\n sequence of items with index "x = i + n*k" such that "0 <= n <\n (j-i)/k". In other words, the indices are "i", "i+k", "i+2*k",\n "i+3*k" and so on, stopping when *j* is reached (but never\n including *j*). If *i* or *j* is greater than "len(s)", use\n "len(s)". If *i* or *j* are omitted or "None", they become "end"\n values (which end depends on the sign of *k*). Note, *k* cannot be\n zero. If *k* is "None", it is treated like "1".\n\n6. **CPython implementation detail:** If *s* and *t* are both\n strings, some Python implementations such as CPython can usually\n perform an in-place optimization for assignments of the form "s = s\n + t" or "s += t". When applicable, this optimization makes\n quadratic run-time much less likely. This optimization is both\n version and implementation dependent. For performance sensitive\n code, it is preferable to use the "str.join()" method which assures\n consistent linear concatenation performance across versions and\n implementations.\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Formerly, string concatenation never\n occurred in-place.\n\n\nString Methods\n==============\n\nBelow are listed the string methods which both 8-bit strings and\nUnicode objects support. Some of them are also available on\n"bytearray" objects.\n\nIn addition, Python\'s strings support the sequence type methods\ndescribed in the *Sequence Types --- str, unicode, list, tuple,\nbytearray, buffer, xrange* section. To output formatted strings use\ntemplate strings or the "%" operator described in the *String\nFormatting Operations* section. Also, see the "re" module for string\nfunctions based on regular expressions.\n\nstr.capitalize()\n\n Return a copy of the string with its first character capitalized\n and the rest lowercased.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.center(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return centered in a string of length *width*. Padding is done\n using the specified *fillchar* (default is a space).\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Support for the *fillchar* argument.\n\nstr.count(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring *sub*\n in the range [*start*, *end*]. Optional arguments *start* and\n *end* are interpreted as in slice notation.\n\nstr.decode([encoding[, errors]])\n\n Decodes the string using the codec registered for *encoding*.\n *encoding* defaults to the default string encoding. *errors* may\n be given to set a different error handling scheme. The default is\n "\'strict\'", meaning that encoding errors raise "UnicodeError".\n Other possible values are "\'ignore\'", "\'replace\'" and any other\n name registered via "codecs.register_error()", see section *Codec\n Base Classes*.\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Support for other error handling schemes\n added.\n\n Changed in version 2.7: Support for keyword arguments added.\n\nstr.encode([encoding[, errors]])\n\n Return an encoded version of the string. Default encoding is the\n current default string encoding. *errors* may be given to set a\n different error handling scheme. The default for *errors* is\n "\'strict\'", meaning that encoding errors raise a "UnicodeError".\n Other possible values are "\'ignore\'", "\'replace\'",\n "\'xmlcharrefreplace\'", "\'backslashreplace\'" and any other name\n registered via "codecs.register_error()", see section *Codec Base\n Classes*. For a list of possible encodings, see section *Standard\n Encodings*.\n\n New in version 2.0.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Support for "\'xmlcharrefreplace\'" and\n "\'backslashreplace\'" and other error handling schemes added.\n\n Changed in version 2.7: Support for keyword arguments added.\n\nstr.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]])\n\n Return "True" if the string ends with the specified *suffix*,\n otherwise return "False". *suffix* can also be a tuple of suffixes\n to look for. With optional *start*, test beginning at that\n position. With optional *end*, stop comparing at that position.\n\n Changed in version 2.5: Accept tuples as *suffix*.\n\nstr.expandtabs([tabsize])\n\n Return a copy of the string where all tab characters are replaced\n by one or more spaces, depending on the current column and the\n given tab size. Tab positions occur every *tabsize* characters\n (default is 8, giving tab positions at columns 0, 8, 16 and so on).\n To expand the string, the current column is set to zero and the\n string is examined character by character. If the character is a\n tab ("\\t"), one or more space characters are inserted in the result\n until the current column is equal to the next tab position. (The\n tab character itself is not copied.) If the character is a newline\n ("\\n") or return ("\\r"), it is copied and the current column is\n reset to zero. Any other character is copied unchanged and the\n current column is incremented by one regardless of how the\n character is represented when printed.\n\n >>> \'01\\t012\\t0123\\t01234\'.expandtabs()\n \'01 012 0123 01234\'\n >>> \'01\\t012\\t0123\\t01234\'.expandtabs(4)\n \'01 012 0123 01234\'\n\nstr.find(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the lowest index in the string where substring *sub* is\n found, such that *sub* is contained in the slice "s[start:end]".\n Optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in slice\n notation. Return "-1" if *sub* is not found.\n\n Note: The "find()" method should be used only if you need to know\n the position of *sub*. To check if *sub* is a substring or not,\n use the "in" operator:\n\n >>> \'Py\' in \'Python\'\n True\n\nstr.format(*args, **kwargs)\n\n Perform a string formatting operation. The string on which this\n method is called can contain literal text or replacement fields\n delimited by braces "{}". Each replacement field contains either\n the numeric index of a positional argument, or the name of a\n keyword argument. Returns a copy of the string where each\n replacement field is replaced with the string value of the\n corresponding argument.\n\n >>> "The sum of 1 + 2 is {0}".format(1+2)\n \'The sum of 1 + 2 is 3\'\n\n See *Format String Syntax* for a description of the various\n formatting options that can be specified in format strings.\n\n This method of string formatting is the new standard in Python 3,\n and should be preferred to the "%" formatting described in *String\n Formatting Operations* in new code.\n\n New in version 2.6.\n\nstr.index(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Like "find()", but raise "ValueError" when the substring is not\n found.\n\nstr.isalnum()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are alphanumeric and\n there is at least one character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.isalpha()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are alphabetic and\n there is at least one character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.isdigit()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are digits and there is\n at least one character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.islower()\n\n Return true if all cased characters [4] in the string are lowercase\n and there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.isspace()\n\n Return true if there are only whitespace characters in the string\n and there is at least one character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.istitle()\n\n Return true if the string is a titlecased string and there is at\n least one character, for example uppercase characters may only\n follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.\n Return false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.isupper()\n\n Return true if all cased characters [4] in the string are uppercase\n and there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.join(iterable)\n\n Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the\n *iterable* *iterable*. The separator between elements is the\n string providing this method.\n\nstr.ljust(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return the string left justified in a string of length *width*.\n Padding is done using the specified *fillchar* (default is a\n space). The original string is returned if *width* is less than or\n equal to "len(s)".\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Support for the *fillchar* argument.\n\nstr.lower()\n\n Return a copy of the string with all the cased characters [4]\n converted to lowercase.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.lstrip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. The\n *chars* argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be\n removed. If omitted or "None", the *chars* argument defaults to\n removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is not a prefix; rather,\n all combinations of its values are stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.lstrip()\n \'spacious \'\n >>> \'www.example.com\'.lstrip(\'cmowz.\')\n \'example.com\'\n\n Changed in version 2.2.2: Support for the *chars* argument.\n\nstr.partition(sep)\n\n Split the string at the first occurrence of *sep*, and return a\n 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator\n itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not\n found, return a 3-tuple containing the string itself, followed by\n two empty strings.\n\n New in version 2.5.\n\nstr.replace(old, new[, count])\n\n Return a copy of the string with all occurrences of substring *old*\n replaced by *new*. If the optional argument *count* is given, only\n the first *count* occurrences are replaced.\n\nstr.rfind(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the highest index in the string where substring *sub* is\n found, such that *sub* is contained within "s[start:end]".\n Optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in slice\n notation. Return "-1" on failure.\n\nstr.rindex(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Like "rfind()" but raises "ValueError" when the substring *sub* is\n not found.\n\nstr.rjust(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return the string right justified in a string of length *width*.\n Padding is done using the specified *fillchar* (default is a\n space). The original string is returned if *width* is less than or\n equal to "len(s)".\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Support for the *fillchar* argument.\n\nstr.rpartition(sep)\n\n Split the string at the last occurrence of *sep*, and return a\n 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator\n itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not\n found, return a 3-tuple containing two empty strings, followed by\n the string itself.\n\n New in version 2.5.\n\nstr.rsplit([sep[, maxsplit]])\n\n Return a list of the words in the string, using *sep* as the\n delimiter string. If *maxsplit* is given, at most *maxsplit* splits\n are done, the *rightmost* ones. If *sep* is not specified or\n "None", any whitespace string is a separator. Except for splitting\n from the right, "rsplit()" behaves like "split()" which is\n described in detail below.\n\n New in version 2.4.\n\nstr.rstrip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. The\n *chars* argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be\n removed. If omitted or "None", the *chars* argument defaults to\n removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is not a suffix; rather,\n all combinations of its values are stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.rstrip()\n \' spacious\'\n >>> \'mississippi\'.rstrip(\'ipz\')\n \'mississ\'\n\n Changed in version 2.2.2: Support for the *chars* argument.\n\nstr.split([sep[, maxsplit]])\n\n Return a list of the words in the string, using *sep* as the\n delimiter string. If *maxsplit* is given, at most *maxsplit*\n splits are done (thus, the list will have at most "maxsplit+1"\n elements). If *maxsplit* is not specified or "-1", then there is\n no limit on the number of splits (all possible splits are made).\n\n If *sep* is given, consecutive delimiters are not grouped together\n and are deemed to delimit empty strings (for example,\n "\'1,,2\'.split(\',\')" returns "[\'1\', \'\', \'2\']"). The *sep* argument\n may consist of multiple characters (for example,\n "\'1<>2<>3\'.split(\'<>\')" returns "[\'1\', \'2\', \'3\']"). Splitting an\n empty string with a specified separator returns "[\'\']".\n\n If *sep* is not specified or is "None", a different splitting\n algorithm is applied: runs of consecutive whitespace are regarded\n as a single separator, and the result will contain no empty strings\n at the start or end if the string has leading or trailing\n whitespace. Consequently, splitting an empty string or a string\n consisting of just whitespace with a "None" separator returns "[]".\n\n For example, "\' 1 2 3 \'.split()" returns "[\'1\', \'2\', \'3\']", and\n "\' 1 2 3 \'.split(None, 1)" returns "[\'1\', \'2 3 \']".\n\nstr.splitlines([keepends])\n\n Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line\n boundaries. This method uses the *universal newlines* approach to\n splitting lines. Line breaks are not included in the resulting list\n unless *keepends* is given and true.\n\n For example, "\'ab c\\n\\nde fg\\rkl\\r\\n\'.splitlines()" returns "[\'ab\n c\', \'\', \'de fg\', \'kl\']", while the same call with\n "splitlines(True)" returns "[\'ab c\\n\', \'\\n\', \'de fg\\r\', \'kl\\r\\n\']".\n\n Unlike "split()" when a delimiter string *sep* is given, this\n method returns an empty list for the empty string, and a terminal\n line break does not result in an extra line.\n\nstr.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]])\n\n Return "True" if string starts with the *prefix*, otherwise return\n "False". *prefix* can also be a tuple of prefixes to look for.\n With optional *start*, test string beginning at that position.\n With optional *end*, stop comparing string at that position.\n\n Changed in version 2.5: Accept tuples as *prefix*.\n\nstr.strip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with the leading and trailing\n characters removed. The *chars* argument is a string specifying the\n set of characters to be removed. If omitted or "None", the *chars*\n argument defaults to removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is\n not a prefix or suffix; rather, all combinations of its values are\n stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.strip()\n \'spacious\'\n >>> \'www.example.com\'.strip(\'cmowz.\')\n \'example\'\n\n Changed in version 2.2.2: Support for the *chars* argument.\n\nstr.swapcase()\n\n Return a copy of the string with uppercase characters converted to\n lowercase and vice versa.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.title()\n\n Return a titlecased version of the string where words start with an\n uppercase character and the remaining characters are lowercase.\n\n The algorithm uses a simple language-independent definition of a\n word as groups of consecutive letters. The definition works in\n many contexts but it means that apostrophes in contractions and\n possessives form word boundaries, which may not be the desired\n result:\n\n >>> "they\'re bill\'s friends from the UK".title()\n "They\'Re Bill\'S Friends From The Uk"\n\n A workaround for apostrophes can be constructed using regular\n expressions:\n\n >>> import re\n >>> def titlecase(s):\n ... return re.sub(r"[A-Za-z]+(\'[A-Za-z]+)?",\n ... lambda mo: mo.group(0)[0].upper() +\n ... mo.group(0)[1:].lower(),\n ... s)\n ...\n >>> titlecase("they\'re bill\'s friends.")\n "They\'re Bill\'s Friends."\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.translate(table[, deletechars])\n\n Return a copy of the string where all characters occurring in the\n optional argument *deletechars* are removed, and the remaining\n characters have been mapped through the given translation table,\n which must be a string of length 256.\n\n You can use the "maketrans()" helper function in the "string"\n module to create a translation table. For string objects, set the\n *table* argument to "None" for translations that only delete\n characters:\n\n >>> \'read this short text\'.translate(None, \'aeiou\')\n \'rd ths shrt txt\'\n\n New in version 2.6: Support for a "None" *table* argument.\n\n For Unicode objects, the "translate()" method does not accept the\n optional *deletechars* argument. Instead, it returns a copy of the\n *s* where all characters have been mapped through the given\n translation table which must be a mapping of Unicode ordinals to\n Unicode ordinals, Unicode strings or "None". Unmapped characters\n are left untouched. Characters mapped to "None" are deleted. Note,\n a more flexible approach is to create a custom character mapping\n codec using the "codecs" module (see "encodings.cp1251" for an\n example).\n\nstr.upper()\n\n Return a copy of the string with all the cased characters [4]\n converted to uppercase. Note that "str.upper().isupper()" might be\n "False" if "s" contains uncased characters or if the Unicode\n category of the resulting character(s) is not "Lu" (Letter,\n uppercase), but e.g. "Lt" (Letter, titlecase).\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.zfill(width)\n\n Return the numeric string left filled with zeros in a string of\n length *width*. A sign prefix is handled correctly. The original\n string is returned if *width* is less than or equal to "len(s)".\n\n New in version 2.2.2.\n\nThe following methods are present only on unicode objects:\n\nunicode.isnumeric()\n\n Return "True" if there are only numeric characters in S, "False"\n otherwise. Numeric characters include digit characters, and all\n characters that have the Unicode numeric value property, e.g.\n U+2155, VULGAR FRACTION ONE FIFTH.\n\nunicode.isdecimal()\n\n Return "True" if there are only decimal characters in S, "False"\n otherwise. Decimal characters include digit characters, and all\n characters that can be used to form decimal-radix numbers, e.g.\n U+0660, ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO.\n\n\nString Formatting Operations\n============================\n\nString and Unicode objects have one unique built-in operation: the "%"\noperator (modulo). This is also known as the string *formatting* or\n*interpolation* operator. Given "format % values" (where *format* is\na string or Unicode object), "%" conversion specifications in *format*\nare replaced with zero or more elements of *values*. The effect is\nsimilar to the using "sprintf()" in the C language. If *format* is a\nUnicode object, or if any of the objects being converted using the\n"%s" conversion are Unicode objects, the result will also be a Unicode\nobject.\n\nIf *format* requires a single argument, *values* may be a single non-\ntuple object. [5] Otherwise, *values* must be a tuple with exactly\nthe number of items specified by the format string, or a single\nmapping object (for example, a dictionary).\n\nA conversion specifier contains two or more characters and has the\nfollowing components, which must occur in this order:\n\n1. The "\'%\'" character, which marks the start of the specifier.\n\n2. Mapping key (optional), consisting of a parenthesised sequence\n of characters (for example, "(somename)").\n\n3. Conversion flags (optional), which affect the result of some\n conversion types.\n\n4. Minimum field width (optional). If specified as an "\'*\'"\n (asterisk), the actual width is read from the next element of the\n tuple in *values*, and the object to convert comes after the\n minimum field width and optional precision.\n\n5. Precision (optional), given as a "\'.\'" (dot) followed by the\n precision. If specified as "\'*\'" (an asterisk), the actual width\n is read from the next element of the tuple in *values*, and the\n value to convert comes after the precision.\n\n6. Length modifier (optional).\n\n7. Conversion type.\n\nWhen the right argument is a dictionary (or other mapping type), then\nthe formats in the string *must* include a parenthesised mapping key\ninto that dictionary inserted immediately after the "\'%\'" character.\nThe mapping key selects the value to be formatted from the mapping.\nFor example:\n\n>>> print \'%(language)s has %(number)03d quote types.\' % \\\n... {"language": "Python", "number": 2}\nPython has 002 quote types.\n\nIn this case no "*" specifiers may occur in a format (since they\nrequire a sequential parameter list).\n\nThe conversion flag characters are:\n\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| Flag | Meaning |\n+===========+=======================================================================+\n| "\'#\'" | The value conversion will use the "alternate form" (where defined |\n| | below). |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| "\'0\'" | The conversion will be zero padded for numeric values. |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| "\'-\'" | The converted value is left adjusted (overrides the "\'0\'" conversion |\n| | if both are given). |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| "\' \'" | (a space) A blank should be left before a positive number (or empty |\n| | string) produced by a signed conversion. |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| "\'+\'" | A sign character ("\'+\'" or "\'-\'") will precede the conversion |\n| | (overrides a "space" flag). |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nA length modifier ("h", "l", or "L") may be present, but is ignored as\nit is not necessary for Python -- so e.g. "%ld" is identical to "%d".\n\nThe conversion types are:\n\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| Conversion | Meaning | Notes |\n+==============+=======================================================+=========+\n| "\'d\'" | Signed integer decimal. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'i\'" | Signed integer decimal. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'o\'" | Signed octal value. | (1) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'u\'" | Obsolete type -- it is identical to "\'d\'". | (7) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'x\'" | Signed hexadecimal (lowercase). | (2) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'X\'" | Signed hexadecimal (uppercase). | (2) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'e\'" | Floating point exponential format (lowercase). | (3) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'E\'" | Floating point exponential format (uppercase). | (3) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'f\'" | Floating point decimal format. | (3) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'F\'" | Floating point decimal format. | (3) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'g\'" | Floating point format. Uses lowercase exponential | (4) |\n| | format if exponent is less than -4 or not less than | |\n| | precision, decimal format otherwise. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'G\'" | Floating point format. Uses uppercase exponential | (4) |\n| | format if exponent is less than -4 or not less than | |\n| | precision, decimal format otherwise. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'c\'" | Single character (accepts integer or single character | |\n| | string). | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'r\'" | String (converts any Python object using *repr()*). | (5) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'s\'" | String (converts any Python object using "str()"). | (6) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'%\'" | No argument is converted, results in a "\'%\'" | |\n| | character in the result. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n\nNotes:\n\n1. The alternate form causes a leading zero ("\'0\'") to be inserted\n between left-hand padding and the formatting of the number if the\n leading character of the result is not already a zero.\n\n2. The alternate form causes a leading "\'0x\'" or "\'0X\'" (depending\n on whether the "\'x\'" or "\'X\'" format was used) to be inserted\n between left-hand padding and the formatting of the number if the\n leading character of the result is not already a zero.\n\n3. The alternate form causes the result to always contain a decimal\n point, even if no digits follow it.\n\n The precision determines the number of digits after the decimal\n point and defaults to 6.\n\n4. The alternate form causes the result to always contain a decimal\n point, and trailing zeroes are not removed as they would otherwise\n be.\n\n The precision determines the number of significant digits before\n and after the decimal point and defaults to 6.\n\n5. The "%r" conversion was added in Python 2.0.\n\n The precision determines the maximal number of characters used.\n\n6. If the object or format provided is a "unicode" string, the\n resulting string will also be "unicode".\n\n The precision determines the maximal number of characters used.\n\n7. See **PEP 237**.\n\nSince Python strings have an explicit length, "%s" conversions do not\nassume that "\'\\0\'" is the end of the string.\n\nChanged in version 2.7: "%f" conversions for numbers whose absolute\nvalue is over 1e50 are no longer replaced by "%g" conversions.\n\nAdditional string operations are defined in standard modules "string"\nand "re".\n\n\nXRange Type\n===========\n\nThe "xrange" type is an immutable sequence which is commonly used for\nlooping. The advantage of the "xrange" type is that an "xrange"\nobject will always take the same amount of memory, no matter the size\nof the range it represents. There are no consistent performance\nadvantages.\n\nXRange objects have very little behavior: they only support indexing,\niteration, and the "len()" function.\n\n\nMutable Sequence Types\n======================\n\nList and "bytearray" objects support additional operations that allow\nin-place modification of the object. Other mutable sequence types\n(when added to the language) should also support these operations.\nStrings and tuples are immutable sequence types: such objects cannot\nbe modified once created. The following operations are defined on\nmutable sequence types (where *x* is an arbitrary object):\n\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| Operation | Result | Notes |\n+================================+==================================+=======================+\n| "s[i] = x" | item *i* of *s* is replaced by | |\n| | *x* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s[i:j] = t" | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* is | |\n| | replaced by the contents of the | |\n| | iterable *t* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "del s[i:j]" | same as "s[i:j] = []" | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s[i:j:k] = t" | the elements of "s[i:j:k]" are | (1) |\n| | replaced by those of *t* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "del s[i:j:k]" | removes the elements of | |\n| | "s[i:j:k]" from the list | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.append(x)" | same as "s[len(s):len(s)] = [x]" | (2) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.extend(x)" | same as "s[len(s):len(s)] = x" | (3) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.count(x)" | return number of *i*\'s for which | |\n| | "s[i] == x" | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.index(x[, i[, j]])" | return smallest *k* such that | (4) |\n| | "s[k] == x" and "i <= k < j" | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.insert(i, x)" | same as "s[i:i] = [x]" | (5) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.pop([i])" | same as "x = s[i]; del s[i]; | (6) |\n| | return x" | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.remove(x)" | same as "del s[s.index(x)]" | (4) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.reverse()" | reverses the items of *s* in | (7) |\n| | place | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.sort([cmp[, key[, | sort the items of *s* in place | (7)(8)(9)(10) |\n| reverse]]])" | | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n\nNotes:\n\n1. *t* must have the same length as the slice it is replacing.\n\n2. The C implementation of Python has historically accepted\n multiple parameters and implicitly joined them into a tuple; this\n no longer works in Python 2.0. Use of this misfeature has been\n deprecated since Python 1.4.\n\n3. *x* can be any iterable object.\n\n4. Raises "ValueError" when *x* is not found in *s*. When a\n negative index is passed as the second or third parameter to the\n "index()" method, the list length is added, as for slice indices.\n If it is still negative, it is truncated to zero, as for slice\n indices.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Previously, "index()" didn\'t have arguments\n for specifying start and stop positions.\n\n5. When a negative index is passed as the first parameter to the\n "insert()" method, the list length is added, as for slice indices.\n If it is still negative, it is truncated to zero, as for slice\n indices.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Previously, all negative indices were\n truncated to zero.\n\n6. The "pop()" method\'s optional argument *i* defaults to "-1", so\n that by default the last item is removed and returned.\n\n7. The "sort()" and "reverse()" methods modify the list in place\n for economy of space when sorting or reversing a large list. To\n remind you that they operate by side effect, they don\'t return the\n sorted or reversed list.\n\n8. The "sort()" method takes optional arguments for controlling the\n comparisons.\n\n *cmp* specifies a custom comparison function of two arguments (list\n items) which should return a negative, zero or positive number\n depending on whether the first argument is considered smaller than,\n equal to, or larger than the second argument: "cmp=lambda x,y:\n cmp(x.lower(), y.lower())". The default value is "None".\n\n *key* specifies a function of one argument that is used to extract\n a comparison key from each list element: "key=str.lower". The\n default value is "None".\n\n *reverse* is a boolean value. If set to "True", then the list\n elements are sorted as if each comparison were reversed.\n\n In general, the *key* and *reverse* conversion processes are much\n faster than specifying an equivalent *cmp* function. This is\n because *cmp* is called multiple times for each list element while\n *key* and *reverse* touch each element only once. Use\n "functools.cmp_to_key()" to convert an old-style *cmp* function to\n a *key* function.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Support for "None" as an equivalent to\n omitting *cmp* was added.\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Support for *key* and *reverse* was added.\n\n9. Starting with Python 2.3, the "sort()" method is guaranteed to\n be stable. A sort is stable if it guarantees not to change the\n relative order of elements that compare equal --- this is helpful\n for sorting in multiple passes (for example, sort by department,\n then by salary grade).\n\n10. **CPython implementation detail:** While a list is being\n sorted, the effect of attempting to mutate, or even inspect, the\n list is undefined. The C implementation of Python 2.3 and newer\n makes the list appear empty for the duration, and raises\n "ValueError" if it can detect that the list has been mutated\n during a sort.\n', + 'typesseq': u'\nSequence Types --- "str", "unicode", "list", "tuple", "bytearray", "buffer", "xrange"\n*************************************************************************************\n\nThere are seven sequence types: strings, Unicode strings, lists,\ntuples, bytearrays, buffers, and xrange objects.\n\nFor other containers see the built in "dict" and "set" classes, and\nthe "collections" module.\n\nString literals are written in single or double quotes: "\'xyzzy\'",\n""frobozz"". See String literals for more about string literals.\nUnicode strings are much like strings, but are specified in the syntax\nusing a preceding "\'u\'" character: "u\'abc\'", "u"def"". In addition to\nthe functionality described here, there are also string-specific\nmethods described in the String Methods section. Lists are constructed\nwith square brackets, separating items with commas: "[a, b, c]".\nTuples are constructed by the comma operator (not within square\nbrackets), with or without enclosing parentheses, but an empty tuple\nmust have the enclosing parentheses, such as "a, b, c" or "()". A\nsingle item tuple must have a trailing comma, such as "(d,)".\n\nBytearray objects are created with the built-in function\n"bytearray()".\n\nBuffer objects are not directly supported by Python syntax, but can be\ncreated by calling the built-in function "buffer()". They don\'t\nsupport concatenation or repetition.\n\nObjects of type xrange are similar to buffers in that there is no\nspecific syntax to create them, but they are created using the\n"xrange()" function. They don\'t support slicing, concatenation or\nrepetition, and using "in", "not in", "min()" or "max()" on them is\ninefficient.\n\nMost sequence types support the following operations. The "in" and\n"not in" operations have the same priorities as the comparison\noperations. The "+" and "*" operations have the same priority as the\ncorresponding numeric operations. [3] Additional methods are provided\nfor Mutable Sequence Types.\n\nThis table lists the sequence operations sorted in ascending priority.\nIn the table, *s* and *t* are sequences of the same type; *n*, *i* and\n*j* are integers:\n\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| Operation | Result | Notes |\n+====================+==================================+============+\n| "x in s" | "True" if an item of *s* is | (1) |\n| | equal to *x*, else "False" | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "x not in s" | "False" if an item of *s* is | (1) |\n| | equal to *x*, else "True" | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "s + t" | the concatenation of *s* and *t* | (6) |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "s * n, n * s" | *n* shallow copies of *s* | (2) |\n| | concatenated | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "s[i]" | *i*th item of *s*, origin 0 | (3) |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "s[i:j]" | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* | (3)(4) |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "s[i:j:k]" | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* | (3)(5) |\n| | with step *k* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "len(s)" | length of *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "min(s)" | smallest item of *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "max(s)" | largest item of *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "s.index(x)" | index of the first occurrence of | |\n| | *x* in *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n| "s.count(x)" | total number of occurrences of | |\n| | *x* in *s* | |\n+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+\n\nSequence types also support comparisons. In particular, tuples and\nlists are compared lexicographically by comparing corresponding\nelements. This means that to compare equal, every element must compare\nequal and the two sequences must be of the same type and have the same\nlength. (For full details see Comparisons in the language reference.)\n\nNotes:\n\n1. When *s* is a string or Unicode string object the "in" and "not\n in" operations act like a substring test. In Python versions\n before 2.3, *x* had to be a string of length 1. In Python 2.3 and\n beyond, *x* may be a string of any length.\n\n2. Values of *n* less than "0" are treated as "0" (which yields an\n empty sequence of the same type as *s*). Note also that the copies\n are shallow; nested structures are not copied. This often haunts\n new Python programmers; consider:\n\n >>> lists = [[]] * 3\n >>> lists\n [[], [], []]\n >>> lists[0].append(3)\n >>> lists\n [[3], [3], [3]]\n\n What has happened is that "[[]]" is a one-element list containing\n an empty list, so all three elements of "[[]] * 3" are (pointers\n to) this single empty list. Modifying any of the elements of\n "lists" modifies this single list. You can create a list of\n different lists this way:\n\n >>> lists = [[] for i in range(3)]\n >>> lists[0].append(3)\n >>> lists[1].append(5)\n >>> lists[2].append(7)\n >>> lists\n [[3], [5], [7]]\n\n3. If *i* or *j* is negative, the index is relative to the end of\n the string: "len(s) + i" or "len(s) + j" is substituted. But note\n that "-0" is still "0".\n\n4. The slice of *s* from *i* to *j* is defined as the sequence of\n items with index *k* such that "i <= k < j". If *i* or *j* is\n greater than "len(s)", use "len(s)". If *i* is omitted or "None",\n use "0". If *j* is omitted or "None", use "len(s)". If *i* is\n greater than or equal to *j*, the slice is empty.\n\n5. The slice of *s* from *i* to *j* with step *k* is defined as the\n sequence of items with index "x = i + n*k" such that "0 <= n <\n (j-i)/k". In other words, the indices are "i", "i+k", "i+2*k",\n "i+3*k" and so on, stopping when *j* is reached (but never\n including *j*). If *i* or *j* is greater than "len(s)", use\n "len(s)". If *i* or *j* are omitted or "None", they become "end"\n values (which end depends on the sign of *k*). Note, *k* cannot be\n zero. If *k* is "None", it is treated like "1".\n\n6. **CPython implementation detail:** If *s* and *t* are both\n strings, some Python implementations such as CPython can usually\n perform an in-place optimization for assignments of the form "s = s\n + t" or "s += t". When applicable, this optimization makes\n quadratic run-time much less likely. This optimization is both\n version and implementation dependent. For performance sensitive\n code, it is preferable to use the "str.join()" method which assures\n consistent linear concatenation performance across versions and\n implementations.\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Formerly, string concatenation never\n occurred in-place.\n\n\nString Methods\n==============\n\nBelow are listed the string methods which both 8-bit strings and\nUnicode objects support. Some of them are also available on\n"bytearray" objects.\n\nIn addition, Python\'s strings support the sequence type methods\ndescribed in the Sequence Types --- str, unicode, list, tuple,\nbytearray, buffer, xrange section. To output formatted strings use\ntemplate strings or the "%" operator described in the String\nFormatting Operations section. Also, see the "re" module for string\nfunctions based on regular expressions.\n\nstr.capitalize()\n\n Return a copy of the string with its first character capitalized\n and the rest lowercased.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.center(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return centered in a string of length *width*. Padding is done\n using the specified *fillchar* (default is a space).\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Support for the *fillchar* argument.\n\nstr.count(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring *sub*\n in the range [*start*, *end*]. Optional arguments *start* and\n *end* are interpreted as in slice notation.\n\nstr.decode([encoding[, errors]])\n\n Decodes the string using the codec registered for *encoding*.\n *encoding* defaults to the default string encoding. *errors* may\n be given to set a different error handling scheme. The default is\n "\'strict\'", meaning that encoding errors raise "UnicodeError".\n Other possible values are "\'ignore\'", "\'replace\'" and any other\n name registered via "codecs.register_error()", see section Codec\n Base Classes.\n\n New in version 2.2.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Support for other error handling schemes\n added.\n\n Changed in version 2.7: Support for keyword arguments added.\n\nstr.encode([encoding[, errors]])\n\n Return an encoded version of the string. Default encoding is the\n current default string encoding. *errors* may be given to set a\n different error handling scheme. The default for *errors* is\n "\'strict\'", meaning that encoding errors raise a "UnicodeError".\n Other possible values are "\'ignore\'", "\'replace\'",\n "\'xmlcharrefreplace\'", "\'backslashreplace\'" and any other name\n registered via "codecs.register_error()", see section Codec Base\n Classes. For a list of possible encodings, see section Standard\n Encodings.\n\n New in version 2.0.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Support for "\'xmlcharrefreplace\'" and\n "\'backslashreplace\'" and other error handling schemes added.\n\n Changed in version 2.7: Support for keyword arguments added.\n\nstr.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]])\n\n Return "True" if the string ends with the specified *suffix*,\n otherwise return "False". *suffix* can also be a tuple of suffixes\n to look for. With optional *start*, test beginning at that\n position. With optional *end*, stop comparing at that position.\n\n Changed in version 2.5: Accept tuples as *suffix*.\n\nstr.expandtabs([tabsize])\n\n Return a copy of the string where all tab characters are replaced\n by one or more spaces, depending on the current column and the\n given tab size. Tab positions occur every *tabsize* characters\n (default is 8, giving tab positions at columns 0, 8, 16 and so on).\n To expand the string, the current column is set to zero and the\n string is examined character by character. If the character is a\n tab ("\\t"), one or more space characters are inserted in the result\n until the current column is equal to the next tab position. (The\n tab character itself is not copied.) If the character is a newline\n ("\\n") or return ("\\r"), it is copied and the current column is\n reset to zero. Any other character is copied unchanged and the\n current column is incremented by one regardless of how the\n character is represented when printed.\n\n >>> \'01\\t012\\t0123\\t01234\'.expandtabs()\n \'01 012 0123 01234\'\n >>> \'01\\t012\\t0123\\t01234\'.expandtabs(4)\n \'01 012 0123 01234\'\n\nstr.find(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the lowest index in the string where substring *sub* is\n found, such that *sub* is contained in the slice "s[start:end]".\n Optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in slice\n notation. Return "-1" if *sub* is not found.\n\n Note: The "find()" method should be used only if you need to know\n the position of *sub*. To check if *sub* is a substring or not,\n use the "in" operator:\n\n >>> \'Py\' in \'Python\'\n True\n\nstr.format(*args, **kwargs)\n\n Perform a string formatting operation. The string on which this\n method is called can contain literal text or replacement fields\n delimited by braces "{}". Each replacement field contains either\n the numeric index of a positional argument, or the name of a\n keyword argument. Returns a copy of the string where each\n replacement field is replaced with the string value of the\n corresponding argument.\n\n >>> "The sum of 1 + 2 is {0}".format(1+2)\n \'The sum of 1 + 2 is 3\'\n\n See Format String Syntax for a description of the various\n formatting options that can be specified in format strings.\n\n This method of string formatting is the new standard in Python 3,\n and should be preferred to the "%" formatting described in String\n Formatting Operations in new code.\n\n New in version 2.6.\n\nstr.index(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Like "find()", but raise "ValueError" when the substring is not\n found.\n\nstr.isalnum()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are alphanumeric and\n there is at least one character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.isalpha()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are alphabetic and\n there is at least one character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.isdigit()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are digits and there is\n at least one character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.islower()\n\n Return true if all cased characters [4] in the string are lowercase\n and there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.isspace()\n\n Return true if there are only whitespace characters in the string\n and there is at least one character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.istitle()\n\n Return true if the string is a titlecased string and there is at\n least one character, for example uppercase characters may only\n follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.\n Return false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.isupper()\n\n Return true if all cased characters [4] in the string are uppercase\n and there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.join(iterable)\n\n Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the\n *iterable* *iterable*. The separator between elements is the\n string providing this method.\n\nstr.ljust(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return the string left justified in a string of length *width*.\n Padding is done using the specified *fillchar* (default is a\n space). The original string is returned if *width* is less than or\n equal to "len(s)".\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Support for the *fillchar* argument.\n\nstr.lower()\n\n Return a copy of the string with all the cased characters [4]\n converted to lowercase.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.lstrip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. The\n *chars* argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be\n removed. If omitted or "None", the *chars* argument defaults to\n removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is not a prefix; rather,\n all combinations of its values are stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.lstrip()\n \'spacious \'\n >>> \'www.example.com\'.lstrip(\'cmowz.\')\n \'example.com\'\n\n Changed in version 2.2.2: Support for the *chars* argument.\n\nstr.partition(sep)\n\n Split the string at the first occurrence of *sep*, and return a\n 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator\n itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not\n found, return a 3-tuple containing the string itself, followed by\n two empty strings.\n\n New in version 2.5.\n\nstr.replace(old, new[, count])\n\n Return a copy of the string with all occurrences of substring *old*\n replaced by *new*. If the optional argument *count* is given, only\n the first *count* occurrences are replaced.\n\nstr.rfind(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the highest index in the string where substring *sub* is\n found, such that *sub* is contained within "s[start:end]".\n Optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in slice\n notation. Return "-1" on failure.\n\nstr.rindex(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Like "rfind()" but raises "ValueError" when the substring *sub* is\n not found.\n\nstr.rjust(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return the string right justified in a string of length *width*.\n Padding is done using the specified *fillchar* (default is a\n space). The original string is returned if *width* is less than or\n equal to "len(s)".\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Support for the *fillchar* argument.\n\nstr.rpartition(sep)\n\n Split the string at the last occurrence of *sep*, and return a\n 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator\n itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not\n found, return a 3-tuple containing two empty strings, followed by\n the string itself.\n\n New in version 2.5.\n\nstr.rsplit([sep[, maxsplit]])\n\n Return a list of the words in the string, using *sep* as the\n delimiter string. If *maxsplit* is given, at most *maxsplit* splits\n are done, the *rightmost* ones. If *sep* is not specified or\n "None", any whitespace string is a separator. Except for splitting\n from the right, "rsplit()" behaves like "split()" which is\n described in detail below.\n\n New in version 2.4.\n\nstr.rstrip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. The\n *chars* argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be\n removed. If omitted or "None", the *chars* argument defaults to\n removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is not a suffix; rather,\n all combinations of its values are stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.rstrip()\n \' spacious\'\n >>> \'mississippi\'.rstrip(\'ipz\')\n \'mississ\'\n\n Changed in version 2.2.2: Support for the *chars* argument.\n\nstr.split([sep[, maxsplit]])\n\n Return a list of the words in the string, using *sep* as the\n delimiter string. If *maxsplit* is given, at most *maxsplit*\n splits are done (thus, the list will have at most "maxsplit+1"\n elements). If *maxsplit* is not specified or "-1", then there is\n no limit on the number of splits (all possible splits are made).\n\n If *sep* is given, consecutive delimiters are not grouped together\n and are deemed to delimit empty strings (for example,\n "\'1,,2\'.split(\',\')" returns "[\'1\', \'\', \'2\']"). The *sep* argument\n may consist of multiple characters (for example,\n "\'1<>2<>3\'.split(\'<>\')" returns "[\'1\', \'2\', \'3\']"). Splitting an\n empty string with a specified separator returns "[\'\']".\n\n If *sep* is not specified or is "None", a different splitting\n algorithm is applied: runs of consecutive whitespace are regarded\n as a single separator, and the result will contain no empty strings\n at the start or end if the string has leading or trailing\n whitespace. Consequently, splitting an empty string or a string\n consisting of just whitespace with a "None" separator returns "[]".\n\n For example, "\' 1 2 3 \'.split()" returns "[\'1\', \'2\', \'3\']", and\n "\' 1 2 3 \'.split(None, 1)" returns "[\'1\', \'2 3 \']".\n\nstr.splitlines([keepends])\n\n Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line\n boundaries. This method uses the *universal newlines* approach to\n splitting lines. Line breaks are not included in the resulting list\n unless *keepends* is given and true.\n\n For example, "\'ab c\\n\\nde fg\\rkl\\r\\n\'.splitlines()" returns "[\'ab\n c\', \'\', \'de fg\', \'kl\']", while the same call with\n "splitlines(True)" returns "[\'ab c\\n\', \'\\n\', \'de fg\\r\', \'kl\\r\\n\']".\n\n Unlike "split()" when a delimiter string *sep* is given, this\n method returns an empty list for the empty string, and a terminal\n line break does not result in an extra line.\n\nstr.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]])\n\n Return "True" if string starts with the *prefix*, otherwise return\n "False". *prefix* can also be a tuple of prefixes to look for.\n With optional *start*, test string beginning at that position.\n With optional *end*, stop comparing string at that position.\n\n Changed in version 2.5: Accept tuples as *prefix*.\n\nstr.strip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with the leading and trailing\n characters removed. The *chars* argument is a string specifying the\n set of characters to be removed. If omitted or "None", the *chars*\n argument defaults to removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is\n not a prefix or suffix; rather, all combinations of its values are\n stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.strip()\n \'spacious\'\n >>> \'www.example.com\'.strip(\'cmowz.\')\n \'example\'\n\n Changed in version 2.2.2: Support for the *chars* argument.\n\nstr.swapcase()\n\n Return a copy of the string with uppercase characters converted to\n lowercase and vice versa.\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.title()\n\n Return a titlecased version of the string where words start with an\n uppercase character and the remaining characters are lowercase.\n\n The algorithm uses a simple language-independent definition of a\n word as groups of consecutive letters. The definition works in\n many contexts but it means that apostrophes in contractions and\n possessives form word boundaries, which may not be the desired\n result:\n\n >>> "they\'re bill\'s friends from the UK".title()\n "They\'Re Bill\'S Friends From The Uk"\n\n A workaround for apostrophes can be constructed using regular\n expressions:\n\n >>> import re\n >>> def titlecase(s):\n ... return re.sub(r"[A-Za-z]+(\'[A-Za-z]+)?",\n ... lambda mo: mo.group(0)[0].upper() +\n ... mo.group(0)[1:].lower(),\n ... s)\n ...\n >>> titlecase("they\'re bill\'s friends.")\n "They\'re Bill\'s Friends."\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.translate(table[, deletechars])\n\n Return a copy of the string where all characters occurring in the\n optional argument *deletechars* are removed, and the remaining\n characters have been mapped through the given translation table,\n which must be a string of length 256.\n\n You can use the "maketrans()" helper function in the "string"\n module to create a translation table. For string objects, set the\n *table* argument to "None" for translations that only delete\n characters:\n\n >>> \'read this short text\'.translate(None, \'aeiou\')\n \'rd ths shrt txt\'\n\n New in version 2.6: Support for a "None" *table* argument.\n\n For Unicode objects, the "translate()" method does not accept the\n optional *deletechars* argument. Instead, it returns a copy of the\n *s* where all characters have been mapped through the given\n translation table which must be a mapping of Unicode ordinals to\n Unicode ordinals, Unicode strings or "None". Unmapped characters\n are left untouched. Characters mapped to "None" are deleted. Note,\n a more flexible approach is to create a custom character mapping\n codec using the "codecs" module (see "encodings.cp1251" for an\n example).\n\nstr.upper()\n\n Return a copy of the string with all the cased characters [4]\n converted to uppercase. Note that "str.upper().isupper()" might be\n "False" if "s" contains uncased characters or if the Unicode\n category of the resulting character(s) is not "Lu" (Letter,\n uppercase), but e.g. "Lt" (Letter, titlecase).\n\n For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.\n\nstr.zfill(width)\n\n Return the numeric string left filled with zeros in a string of\n length *width*. A sign prefix is handled correctly. The original\n string is returned if *width* is less than or equal to "len(s)".\n\n New in version 2.2.2.\n\nThe following methods are present only on unicode objects:\n\nunicode.isnumeric()\n\n Return "True" if there are only numeric characters in S, "False"\n otherwise. Numeric characters include digit characters, and all\n characters that have the Unicode numeric value property, e.g.\n U+2155, VULGAR FRACTION ONE FIFTH.\n\nunicode.isdecimal()\n\n Return "True" if there are only decimal characters in S, "False"\n otherwise. Decimal characters include digit characters, and all\n characters that can be used to form decimal-radix numbers, e.g.\n U+0660, ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO.\n\n\nString Formatting Operations\n============================\n\nString and Unicode objects have one unique built-in operation: the "%"\noperator (modulo). This is also known as the string *formatting* or\n*interpolation* operator. Given "format % values" (where *format* is\na string or Unicode object), "%" conversion specifications in *format*\nare replaced with zero or more elements of *values*. The effect is\nsimilar to the using "sprintf()" in the C language. If *format* is a\nUnicode object, or if any of the objects being converted using the\n"%s" conversion are Unicode objects, the result will also be a Unicode\nobject.\n\nIf *format* requires a single argument, *values* may be a single non-\ntuple object. [5] Otherwise, *values* must be a tuple with exactly\nthe number of items specified by the format string, or a single\nmapping object (for example, a dictionary).\n\nA conversion specifier contains two or more characters and has the\nfollowing components, which must occur in this order:\n\n1. The "\'%\'" character, which marks the start of the specifier.\n\n2. Mapping key (optional), consisting of a parenthesised sequence\n of characters (for example, "(somename)").\n\n3. Conversion flags (optional), which affect the result of some\n conversion types.\n\n4. Minimum field width (optional). If specified as an "\'*\'"\n (asterisk), the actual width is read from the next element of the\n tuple in *values*, and the object to convert comes after the\n minimum field width and optional precision.\n\n5. Precision (optional), given as a "\'.\'" (dot) followed by the\n precision. If specified as "\'*\'" (an asterisk), the actual width\n is read from the next element of the tuple in *values*, and the\n value to convert comes after the precision.\n\n6. Length modifier (optional).\n\n7. Conversion type.\n\nWhen the right argument is a dictionary (or other mapping type), then\nthe formats in the string *must* include a parenthesised mapping key\ninto that dictionary inserted immediately after the "\'%\'" character.\nThe mapping key selects the value to be formatted from the mapping.\nFor example:\n\n>>> print \'%(language)s has %(number)03d quote types.\' % \\\n... {"language": "Python", "number": 2}\nPython has 002 quote types.\n\nIn this case no "*" specifiers may occur in a format (since they\nrequire a sequential parameter list).\n\nThe conversion flag characters are:\n\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| Flag | Meaning |\n+===========+=======================================================================+\n| "\'#\'" | The value conversion will use the "alternate form" (where defined |\n| | below). |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| "\'0\'" | The conversion will be zero padded for numeric values. |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| "\'-\'" | The converted value is left adjusted (overrides the "\'0\'" conversion |\n| | if both are given). |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| "\' \'" | (a space) A blank should be left before a positive number (or empty |\n| | string) produced by a signed conversion. |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| "\'+\'" | A sign character ("\'+\'" or "\'-\'") will precede the conversion |\n| | (overrides a "space" flag). |\n+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nA length modifier ("h", "l", or "L") may be present, but is ignored as\nit is not necessary for Python -- so e.g. "%ld" is identical to "%d".\n\nThe conversion types are:\n\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| Conversion | Meaning | Notes |\n+==============+=======================================================+=========+\n| "\'d\'" | Signed integer decimal. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'i\'" | Signed integer decimal. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'o\'" | Signed octal value. | (1) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'u\'" | Obsolete type -- it is identical to "\'d\'". | (7) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'x\'" | Signed hexadecimal (lowercase). | (2) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'X\'" | Signed hexadecimal (uppercase). | (2) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'e\'" | Floating point exponential format (lowercase). | (3) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'E\'" | Floating point exponential format (uppercase). | (3) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'f\'" | Floating point decimal format. | (3) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'F\'" | Floating point decimal format. | (3) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'g\'" | Floating point format. Uses lowercase exponential | (4) |\n| | format if exponent is less than -4 or not less than | |\n| | precision, decimal format otherwise. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'G\'" | Floating point format. Uses uppercase exponential | (4) |\n| | format if exponent is less than -4 or not less than | |\n| | precision, decimal format otherwise. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'c\'" | Single character (accepts integer or single character | |\n| | string). | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'r\'" | String (converts any Python object using repr()). | (5) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'s\'" | String (converts any Python object using "str()"). | (6) |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n| "\'%\'" | No argument is converted, results in a "\'%\'" | |\n| | character in the result. | |\n+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+\n\nNotes:\n\n1. The alternate form causes a leading zero ("\'0\'") to be inserted\n between left-hand padding and the formatting of the number if the\n leading character of the result is not already a zero.\n\n2. The alternate form causes a leading "\'0x\'" or "\'0X\'" (depending\n on whether the "\'x\'" or "\'X\'" format was used) to be inserted\n between left-hand padding and the formatting of the number if the\n leading character of the result is not already a zero.\n\n3. The alternate form causes the result to always contain a decimal\n point, even if no digits follow it.\n\n The precision determines the number of digits after the decimal\n point and defaults to 6.\n\n4. The alternate form causes the result to always contain a decimal\n point, and trailing zeroes are not removed as they would otherwise\n be.\n\n The precision determines the number of significant digits before\n and after the decimal point and defaults to 6.\n\n5. The "%r" conversion was added in Python 2.0.\n\n The precision determines the maximal number of characters used.\n\n6. If the object or format provided is a "unicode" string, the\n resulting string will also be "unicode".\n\n The precision determines the maximal number of characters used.\n\n7. See **PEP 237**.\n\nSince Python strings have an explicit length, "%s" conversions do not\nassume that "\'\\0\'" is the end of the string.\n\nChanged in version 2.7: "%f" conversions for numbers whose absolute\nvalue is over 1e50 are no longer replaced by "%g" conversions.\n\nAdditional string operations are defined in standard modules "string"\nand "re".\n\n\nXRange Type\n===========\n\nThe "xrange" type is an immutable sequence which is commonly used for\nlooping. The advantage of the "xrange" type is that an "xrange"\nobject will always take the same amount of memory, no matter the size\nof the range it represents. There are no consistent performance\nadvantages.\n\nXRange objects have very little behavior: they only support indexing,\niteration, and the "len()" function.\n\n\nMutable Sequence Types\n======================\n\nList and "bytearray" objects support additional operations that allow\nin-place modification of the object. Other mutable sequence types\n(when added to the language) should also support these operations.\nStrings and tuples are immutable sequence types: such objects cannot\nbe modified once created. The following operations are defined on\nmutable sequence types (where *x* is an arbitrary object):\n\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| Operation | Result | Notes |\n+================================+==================================+=======================+\n| "s[i] = x" | item *i* of *s* is replaced by | |\n| | *x* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s[i:j] = t" | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* is | |\n| | replaced by the contents of the | |\n| | iterable *t* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "del s[i:j]" | same as "s[i:j] = []" | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s[i:j:k] = t" | the elements of "s[i:j:k]" are | (1) |\n| | replaced by those of *t* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "del s[i:j:k]" | removes the elements of | |\n| | "s[i:j:k]" from the list | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.append(x)" | same as "s[len(s):len(s)] = [x]" | (2) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.extend(x)" | same as "s[len(s):len(s)] = x" | (3) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.count(x)" | return number of *i*\'s for which | |\n| | "s[i] == x" | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.index(x[, i[, j]])" | return smallest *k* such that | (4) |\n| | "s[k] == x" and "i <= k < j" | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.insert(i, x)" | same as "s[i:i] = [x]" | (5) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.pop([i])" | same as "x = s[i]; del s[i]; | (6) |\n| | return x" | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.remove(x)" | same as "del s[s.index(x)]" | (4) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.reverse()" | reverses the items of *s* in | (7) |\n| | place | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.sort([cmp[, key[, | sort the items of *s* in place | (7)(8)(9)(10) |\n| reverse]]])" | | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n\nNotes:\n\n1. *t* must have the same length as the slice it is replacing.\n\n2. The C implementation of Python has historically accepted\n multiple parameters and implicitly joined them into a tuple; this\n no longer works in Python 2.0. Use of this misfeature has been\n deprecated since Python 1.4.\n\n3. *x* can be any iterable object.\n\n4. Raises "ValueError" when *x* is not found in *s*. When a\n negative index is passed as the second or third parameter to the\n "index()" method, the list length is added, as for slice indices.\n If it is still negative, it is truncated to zero, as for slice\n indices.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Previously, "index()" didn\'t have arguments\n for specifying start and stop positions.\n\n5. When a negative index is passed as the first parameter to the\n "insert()" method, the list length is added, as for slice indices.\n If it is still negative, it is truncated to zero, as for slice\n indices.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Previously, all negative indices were\n truncated to zero.\n\n6. The "pop()" method\'s optional argument *i* defaults to "-1", so\n that by default the last item is removed and returned.\n\n7. The "sort()" and "reverse()" methods modify the list in place\n for economy of space when sorting or reversing a large list. To\n remind you that they operate by side effect, they don\'t return the\n sorted or reversed list.\n\n8. The "sort()" method takes optional arguments for controlling the\n comparisons.\n\n *cmp* specifies a custom comparison function of two arguments (list\n items) which should return a negative, zero or positive number\n depending on whether the first argument is considered smaller than,\n equal to, or larger than the second argument: "cmp=lambda x,y:\n cmp(x.lower(), y.lower())". The default value is "None".\n\n *key* specifies a function of one argument that is used to extract\n a comparison key from each list element: "key=str.lower". The\n default value is "None".\n\n *reverse* is a boolean value. If set to "True", then the list\n elements are sorted as if each comparison were reversed.\n\n In general, the *key* and *reverse* conversion processes are much\n faster than specifying an equivalent *cmp* function. This is\n because *cmp* is called multiple times for each list element while\n *key* and *reverse* touch each element only once. Use\n "functools.cmp_to_key()" to convert an old-style *cmp* function to\n a *key* function.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Support for "None" as an equivalent to\n omitting *cmp* was added.\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Support for *key* and *reverse* was added.\n\n9. Starting with Python 2.3, the "sort()" method is guaranteed to\n be stable. A sort is stable if it guarantees not to change the\n relative order of elements that compare equal --- this is helpful\n for sorting in multiple passes (for example, sort by department,\n then by salary grade).\n\n10. **CPython implementation detail:** While a list is being\n sorted, the effect of attempting to mutate, or even inspect, the\n list is undefined. The C implementation of Python 2.3 and newer\n makes the list appear empty for the duration, and raises\n "ValueError" if it can detect that the list has been mutated\n during a sort.\n', 'typesseq-mutable': u'\nMutable Sequence Types\n**********************\n\nList and "bytearray" objects support additional operations that allow\nin-place modification of the object. Other mutable sequence types\n(when added to the language) should also support these operations.\nStrings and tuples are immutable sequence types: such objects cannot\nbe modified once created. The following operations are defined on\nmutable sequence types (where *x* is an arbitrary object):\n\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| Operation | Result | Notes |\n+================================+==================================+=======================+\n| "s[i] = x" | item *i* of *s* is replaced by | |\n| | *x* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s[i:j] = t" | slice of *s* from *i* to *j* is | |\n| | replaced by the contents of the | |\n| | iterable *t* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "del s[i:j]" | same as "s[i:j] = []" | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s[i:j:k] = t" | the elements of "s[i:j:k]" are | (1) |\n| | replaced by those of *t* | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "del s[i:j:k]" | removes the elements of | |\n| | "s[i:j:k]" from the list | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.append(x)" | same as "s[len(s):len(s)] = [x]" | (2) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.extend(x)" | same as "s[len(s):len(s)] = x" | (3) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.count(x)" | return number of *i*\'s for which | |\n| | "s[i] == x" | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.index(x[, i[, j]])" | return smallest *k* such that | (4) |\n| | "s[k] == x" and "i <= k < j" | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.insert(i, x)" | same as "s[i:i] = [x]" | (5) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.pop([i])" | same as "x = s[i]; del s[i]; | (6) |\n| | return x" | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.remove(x)" | same as "del s[s.index(x)]" | (4) |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.reverse()" | reverses the items of *s* in | (7) |\n| | place | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n| "s.sort([cmp[, key[, | sort the items of *s* in place | (7)(8)(9)(10) |\n| reverse]]])" | | |\n+--------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------+\n\nNotes:\n\n1. *t* must have the same length as the slice it is replacing.\n\n2. The C implementation of Python has historically accepted\n multiple parameters and implicitly joined them into a tuple; this\n no longer works in Python 2.0. Use of this misfeature has been\n deprecated since Python 1.4.\n\n3. *x* can be any iterable object.\n\n4. Raises "ValueError" when *x* is not found in *s*. When a\n negative index is passed as the second or third parameter to the\n "index()" method, the list length is added, as for slice indices.\n If it is still negative, it is truncated to zero, as for slice\n indices.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Previously, "index()" didn\'t have arguments\n for specifying start and stop positions.\n\n5. When a negative index is passed as the first parameter to the\n "insert()" method, the list length is added, as for slice indices.\n If it is still negative, it is truncated to zero, as for slice\n indices.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Previously, all negative indices were\n truncated to zero.\n\n6. The "pop()" method\'s optional argument *i* defaults to "-1", so\n that by default the last item is removed and returned.\n\n7. The "sort()" and "reverse()" methods modify the list in place\n for economy of space when sorting or reversing a large list. To\n remind you that they operate by side effect, they don\'t return the\n sorted or reversed list.\n\n8. The "sort()" method takes optional arguments for controlling the\n comparisons.\n\n *cmp* specifies a custom comparison function of two arguments (list\n items) which should return a negative, zero or positive number\n depending on whether the first argument is considered smaller than,\n equal to, or larger than the second argument: "cmp=lambda x,y:\n cmp(x.lower(), y.lower())". The default value is "None".\n\n *key* specifies a function of one argument that is used to extract\n a comparison key from each list element: "key=str.lower". The\n default value is "None".\n\n *reverse* is a boolean value. If set to "True", then the list\n elements are sorted as if each comparison were reversed.\n\n In general, the *key* and *reverse* conversion processes are much\n faster than specifying an equivalent *cmp* function. This is\n because *cmp* is called multiple times for each list element while\n *key* and *reverse* touch each element only once. Use\n "functools.cmp_to_key()" to convert an old-style *cmp* function to\n a *key* function.\n\n Changed in version 2.3: Support for "None" as an equivalent to\n omitting *cmp* was added.\n\n Changed in version 2.4: Support for *key* and *reverse* was added.\n\n9. Starting with Python 2.3, the "sort()" method is guaranteed to\n be stable. A sort is stable if it guarantees not to change the\n relative order of elements that compare equal --- this is helpful\n for sorting in multiple passes (for example, sort by department,\n then by salary grade).\n\n10. **CPython implementation detail:** While a list is being\n sorted, the effect of attempting to mutate, or even inspect, the\n list is undefined. The C implementation of Python 2.3 and newer\n makes the list appear empty for the duration, and raises\n "ValueError" if it can detect that the list has been mutated\n during a sort.\n', 'unary': u'\nUnary arithmetic and bitwise operations\n***************************************\n\nAll unary arithmetic and bitwise operations have the same priority:\n\n u_expr ::= power | "-" u_expr | "+" u_expr | "~" u_expr\n\nThe unary "-" (minus) operator yields the negation of its numeric\nargument.\n\nThe unary "+" (plus) operator yields its numeric argument unchanged.\n\nThe unary "~" (invert) operator yields the bitwise inversion of its\nplain or long integer argument. The bitwise inversion of "x" is\ndefined as "-(x+1)". It only applies to integral numbers.\n\nIn all three cases, if the argument does not have the proper type, a\n"TypeError" exception is raised.\n', 'while': u'\nThe "while" statement\n*********************\n\nThe "while" statement is used for repeated execution as long as an\nexpression is true:\n\n while_stmt ::= "while" expression ":" suite\n ["else" ":" suite]\n\nThis repeatedly tests the expression and, if it is true, executes the\nfirst suite; if the expression is false (which may be the first time\nit is tested) the suite of the "else" clause, if present, is executed\nand the loop terminates.\n\nA "break" statement executed in the first suite terminates the loop\nwithout executing the "else" clause\'s suite. A "continue" statement\nexecuted in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and goes back\nto testing the expression.\n', - 'with': u'\nThe "with" statement\n********************\n\nNew in version 2.5.\n\nThe "with" statement is used to wrap the execution of a block with\nmethods defined by a context manager (see section *With Statement\nContext Managers*). This allows common "try"..."except"..."finally"\nusage patterns to be encapsulated for convenient reuse.\n\n with_stmt ::= "with" with_item ("," with_item)* ":" suite\n with_item ::= expression ["as" target]\n\nThe execution of the "with" statement with one "item" proceeds as\nfollows:\n\n1. The context expression (the expression given in the "with_item")\n is evaluated to obtain a context manager.\n\n2. The context manager\'s "__exit__()" is loaded for later use.\n\n3. The context manager\'s "__enter__()" method is invoked.\n\n4. If a target was included in the "with" statement, the return\n value from "__enter__()" is assigned to it.\n\n Note: The "with" statement guarantees that if the "__enter__()"\n method returns without an error, then "__exit__()" will always be\n called. Thus, if an error occurs during the assignment to the\n target list, it will be treated the same as an error occurring\n within the suite would be. See step 6 below.\n\n5. The suite is executed.\n\n6. The context manager\'s "__exit__()" method is invoked. If an\n exception caused the suite to be exited, its type, value, and\n traceback are passed as arguments to "__exit__()". Otherwise, three\n "None" arguments are supplied.\n\n If the suite was exited due to an exception, and the return value\n from the "__exit__()" method was false, the exception is reraised.\n If the return value was true, the exception is suppressed, and\n execution continues with the statement following the "with"\n statement.\n\n If the suite was exited for any reason other than an exception, the\n return value from "__exit__()" is ignored, and execution proceeds\n at the normal location for the kind of exit that was taken.\n\nWith more than one item, the context managers are processed as if\nmultiple "with" statements were nested:\n\n with A() as a, B() as b:\n suite\n\nis equivalent to\n\n with A() as a:\n with B() as b:\n suite\n\nNote: In Python 2.5, the "with" statement is only allowed when the\n "with_statement" feature has been enabled. It is always enabled in\n Python 2.6.\n\nChanged in version 2.7: Support for multiple context expressions.\n\nSee also: **PEP 0343** - The "with" statement\n\n The specification, background, and examples for the Python "with"\n statement.\n', - 'yield': u'\nThe "yield" statement\n*********************\n\n yield_stmt ::= yield_expression\n\nThe "yield" statement is only used when defining a generator function,\nand is only used in the body of the generator function. Using a\n"yield" statement in a function definition is sufficient to cause that\ndefinition to create a generator function instead of a normal\nfunction.\n\nWhen a generator function is called, it returns an iterator known as a\ngenerator iterator, or more commonly, a generator. The body of the\ngenerator function is executed by calling the generator\'s "next()"\nmethod repeatedly until it raises an exception.\n\nWhen a "yield" statement is executed, the state of the generator is\nfrozen and the value of "expression_list" is returned to "next()"\'s\ncaller. By "frozen" we mean that all local state is retained,\nincluding the current bindings of local variables, the instruction\npointer, and the internal evaluation stack: enough information is\nsaved so that the next time "next()" is invoked, the function can\nproceed exactly as if the "yield" statement were just another external\ncall.\n\nAs of Python version 2.5, the "yield" statement is now allowed in the\n"try" clause of a "try" ... "finally" construct. If the generator is\nnot resumed before it is finalized (by reaching a zero reference count\nor by being garbage collected), the generator-iterator\'s "close()"\nmethod will be called, allowing any pending "finally" clauses to\nexecute.\n\nFor full details of "yield" semantics, refer to the *Yield\nexpressions* section.\n\nNote: In Python 2.2, the "yield" statement was only allowed when the\n "generators" feature has been enabled. This "__future__" import\n statement was used to enable the feature:\n\n from __future__ import generators\n\nSee also: **PEP 0255** - Simple Generators\n\n The proposal for adding generators and the "yield" statement to\n Python.\n\n **PEP 0342** - Coroutines via Enhanced Generators\n The proposal that, among other generator enhancements, proposed\n allowing "yield" to appear inside a "try" ... "finally" block.\n'} + 'with': u'\nThe "with" statement\n********************\n\nNew in version 2.5.\n\nThe "with" statement is used to wrap the execution of a block with\nmethods defined by a context manager (see section With Statement\nContext Managers). This allows common "try"..."except"..."finally"\nusage patterns to be encapsulated for convenient reuse.\n\n with_stmt ::= "with" with_item ("," with_item)* ":" suite\n with_item ::= expression ["as" target]\n\nThe execution of the "with" statement with one "item" proceeds as\nfollows:\n\n1. The context expression (the expression given in the "with_item")\n is evaluated to obtain a context manager.\n\n2. The context manager\'s "__exit__()" is loaded for later use.\n\n3. The context manager\'s "__enter__()" method is invoked.\n\n4. If a target was included in the "with" statement, the return\n value from "__enter__()" is assigned to it.\n\n Note: The "with" statement guarantees that if the "__enter__()"\n method returns without an error, then "__exit__()" will always be\n called. Thus, if an error occurs during the assignment to the\n target list, it will be treated the same as an error occurring\n within the suite would be. See step 6 below.\n\n5. The suite is executed.\n\n6. The context manager\'s "__exit__()" method is invoked. If an\n exception caused the suite to be exited, its type, value, and\n traceback are passed as arguments to "__exit__()". Otherwise, three\n "None" arguments are supplied.\n\n If the suite was exited due to an exception, and the return value\n from the "__exit__()" method was false, the exception is reraised.\n If the return value was true, the exception is suppressed, and\n execution continues with the statement following the "with"\n statement.\n\n If the suite was exited for any reason other than an exception, the\n return value from "__exit__()" is ignored, and execution proceeds\n at the normal location for the kind of exit that was taken.\n\nWith more than one item, the context managers are processed as if\nmultiple "with" statements were nested:\n\n with A() as a, B() as b:\n suite\n\nis equivalent to\n\n with A() as a:\n with B() as b:\n suite\n\nNote: In Python 2.5, the "with" statement is only allowed when the\n "with_statement" feature has been enabled. It is always enabled in\n Python 2.6.\n\nChanged in version 2.7: Support for multiple context expressions.\n\nSee also: **PEP 0343** - The "with" statement\n\n The specification, background, and examples for the Python "with"\n statement.\n', + 'yield': u'\nThe "yield" statement\n*********************\n\n yield_stmt ::= yield_expression\n\nThe "yield" statement is only used when defining a generator function,\nand is only used in the body of the generator function. Using a\n"yield" statement in a function definition is sufficient to cause that\ndefinition to create a generator function instead of a normal\nfunction.\n\nWhen a generator function is called, it returns an iterator known as a\ngenerator iterator, or more commonly, a generator. The body of the\ngenerator function is executed by calling the generator\'s "next()"\nmethod repeatedly until it raises an exception.\n\nWhen a "yield" statement is executed, the state of the generator is\nfrozen and the value of "expression_list" is returned to "next()"\'s\ncaller. By "frozen" we mean that all local state is retained,\nincluding the current bindings of local variables, the instruction\npointer, and the internal evaluation stack: enough information is\nsaved so that the next time "next()" is invoked, the function can\nproceed exactly as if the "yield" statement were just another external\ncall.\n\nAs of Python version 2.5, the "yield" statement is now allowed in the\n"try" clause of a "try" ... "finally" construct. If the generator is\nnot resumed before it is finalized (by reaching a zero reference count\nor by being garbage collected), the generator-iterator\'s "close()"\nmethod will be called, allowing any pending "finally" clauses to\nexecute.\n\nFor full details of "yield" semantics, refer to the Yield expressions\nsection.\n\nNote: In Python 2.2, the "yield" statement was only allowed when the\n "generators" feature has been enabled. This "__future__" import\n statement was used to enable the feature:\n\n from __future__ import generators\n\nSee also: **PEP 0255** - Simple Generators\n\n The proposal for adding generators and the "yield" statement to\n Python.\n\n **PEP 0342** - Coroutines via Enhanced Generators\n The proposal that, among other generator enhancements, proposed\n allowing "yield" to appear inside a "try" ... "finally" block.\n'} diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/rfc822.py b/lib-python/2.7/rfc822.py index b65d8da0d2..c1d0865bbb 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/rfc822.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/rfc822.py @@ -179,6 +179,11 @@ class Message: lst.append(line) self.dict[headerseen] = line[len(headerseen)+1:].strip() continue + elif headerseen is not None: + # An empty header name. These aren't allowed in HTTP, but it's + # probably a benign mistake. Don't add the header, just keep + # going. + continue else: # It's not a header line; throw it back and stop here. if not self.dict: @@ -202,7 +207,7 @@ class Message: data in RFC 2822-like formats with special header formats. """ i = line.find(':') - if i > 0: + if i > -1: return line[:i].lower() return None diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/shelve.py b/lib-python/2.7/shelve.py index c8cba8582d..4f1e49dc3b 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/shelve.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/shelve.py @@ -140,17 +140,21 @@ class Shelf(UserDict.DictMixin): pass def close(self): - self.sync() - try: - self.dict.close() - except AttributeError: - pass - # Catch errors that may happen when close is called from __del__ - # because CPython is in interpreter shutdown. + if self.dict is None: + return try: - self.dict = _ClosedDict() - except (NameError, TypeError): - self.dict = None + self.sync() + try: + self.dict.close() + except AttributeError: + pass + finally: + # Catch errors that may happen when close is called from __del__ + # because CPython is in interpreter shutdown. + try: + self.dict = _ClosedDict() + except: + self.dict = None def __del__(self): if not hasattr(self, 'writeback'): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/shutil.py b/lib-python/2.7/shutil.py index e12f791fd1..e78a5758ca 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/shutil.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/shutil.py @@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ def _make_tarball(base_name, base_dir, compress="gzip", verbose=0, dry_run=0, archive_name = base_name + '.tar' + compress_ext.get(compress, '') archive_dir = os.path.dirname(archive_name) - if not os.path.exists(archive_dir): + if archive_dir and not os.path.exists(archive_dir): if logger is not None: logger.info("creating %s", archive_dir) if not dry_run: @@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ def _make_zipfile(base_name, base_dir, verbose=0, dry_run=0, logger=None): zip_filename = base_name + ".zip" archive_dir = os.path.dirname(base_name) - if not os.path.exists(archive_dir): + if archive_dir and not os.path.exists(archive_dir): if logger is not None: logger.info("creating %s", archive_dir) if not dry_run: diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/smtplib.py b/lib-python/2.7/smtplib.py index d1c280618f..8388b984a1 100755 --- a/lib-python/2.7/smtplib.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/smtplib.py @@ -750,12 +750,16 @@ class SMTP: def close(self): """Close the connection to the SMTP server.""" - if self.file: - self.file.close() - self.file = None - if self.sock: - self.sock.close() - self.sock = None + try: + file = self.file + self.file = None + if file: + file.close() + finally: + sock = self.sock + self.sock = None + if sock: + sock.close() def quit(self): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/socket.py b/lib-python/2.7/socket.py index 8361b3d7fa..03d953a363 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/socket.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/socket.py @@ -65,7 +65,6 @@ else: from _ssl import SSLError as sslerror from _ssl import \ RAND_add, \ - RAND_egd, \ RAND_status, \ SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN, \ SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ, \ @@ -76,6 +75,11 @@ else: SSL_ERROR_WANT_CONNECT, \ SSL_ERROR_EOF, \ SSL_ERROR_INVALID_ERROR_CODE + try: + from _ssl import RAND_egd + except ImportError: + # LibreSSL does not provide RAND_egd + pass import os, sys, warnings diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/sre_parse.py b/lib-python/2.7/sre_parse.py index 42463ac310..e47e547dff 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/sre_parse.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/sre_parse.py @@ -75,6 +75,8 @@ class Pattern: self.open = [] self.groups = 1 self.groupdict = newdict("module") + self.lookbehind = 0 + def opengroup(self, name=None): gid = self.groups self.groups = gid + 1 @@ -305,6 +307,11 @@ def _escape(source, escape, state): if group < state.groups: if not state.checkgroup(group): raise error, "cannot refer to open group" + if state.lookbehind: + import warnings + warnings.warn('group references in lookbehind ' + 'assertions are not supported', + RuntimeWarning) return GROUPREF, group raise ValueError if len(escape) == 2: @@ -584,6 +591,11 @@ def _parse(source, state): if gid is None: msg = "unknown group name: {0!r}".format(name) raise error(msg) + if state.lookbehind: + import warnings + warnings.warn('group references in lookbehind ' + 'assertions are not supported', + RuntimeWarning) subpatternappend((GROUPREF, gid)) continue else: @@ -612,7 +624,10 @@ def _parse(source, state): raise error, "syntax error" dir = -1 # lookbehind char = sourceget() + state.lookbehind += 1 p = _parse_sub(source, state) + if dir < 0: + state.lookbehind -= 1 if not sourcematch(")"): raise error, "unbalanced parenthesis" if char == "=": @@ -643,6 +658,11 @@ def _parse(source, state): condgroup = int(condname) except ValueError: raise error, "bad character in group name" + if state.lookbehind: + import warnings + warnings.warn('group references in lookbehind ' + 'assertions are not supported', + RuntimeWarning) else: # flags if not source.next in FLAGS: diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/ssl.py b/lib-python/2.7/ssl.py index c408743524..d2fc9dd519 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/ssl.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/ssl.py @@ -103,10 +103,13 @@ from _ssl import ( SSLSyscallError, SSLEOFError, ) from _ssl import CERT_NONE, CERT_OPTIONAL, CERT_REQUIRED -from _ssl import (VERIFY_DEFAULT, VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAF, VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_CHAIN, - VERIFY_X509_STRICT) from _ssl import txt2obj as _txt2obj, nid2obj as _nid2obj -from _ssl import RAND_status, RAND_egd, RAND_add +from _ssl import RAND_status, RAND_add +try: + from _ssl import RAND_egd +except ImportError: + # LibreSSL does not provide RAND_egd + pass def _import_symbols(prefix): for n in dir(_ssl): @@ -117,8 +120,9 @@ _import_symbols('OP_') _import_symbols('ALERT_DESCRIPTION_') _import_symbols('SSL_ERROR_') _import_symbols('PROTOCOL_') +_import_symbols('VERIFY_') -from _ssl import HAS_SNI, HAS_ECDH, HAS_NPN +from _ssl import HAS_SNI, HAS_ECDH, HAS_NPN, HAS_ALPN from _ssl import _OPENSSL_API_VERSION @@ -152,14 +156,12 @@ else: # * Prefer any AES-GCM over any AES-CBC for better performance and security # * Then Use HIGH cipher suites as a fallback # * Then Use 3DES as fallback which is secure but slow -# * Finally use RC4 as a fallback which is problematic but needed for -# compatibility some times. # * Disable NULL authentication, NULL encryption, and MD5 MACs for security # reasons _DEFAULT_CIPHERS = ( 'ECDH+AESGCM:DH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:DH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+AES:ECDH+HIGH:' - 'DH+HIGH:ECDH+3DES:DH+3DES:RSA+AESGCM:RSA+AES:RSA+HIGH:RSA+3DES:ECDH+RC4:' - 'DH+RC4:RSA+RC4:!aNULL:!eNULL:!MD5' + 'DH+HIGH:ECDH+3DES:DH+3DES:RSA+AESGCM:RSA+AES:RSA+HIGH:RSA+3DES:!aNULL:' + '!eNULL:!MD5' ) # Restricted and more secure ciphers for the server side @@ -360,6 +362,17 @@ class SSLContext(_SSLContext): self._set_npn_protocols(protos) + def set_alpn_protocols(self, alpn_protocols): + protos = bytearray() + for protocol in alpn_protocols: + b = protocol.encode('ascii') + if len(b) == 0 or len(b) > 255: + raise SSLError('ALPN protocols must be 1 to 255 in length') + protos.append(len(b)) + protos.extend(b) + + self._set_alpn_protocols(protos) + def _load_windows_store_certs(self, storename, purpose): certs = bytearray() for cert, encoding, trust in enum_certificates(storename): @@ -640,6 +653,13 @@ class SSLSocket(socket): else: return self._sslobj.selected_npn_protocol() + def selected_alpn_protocol(self): + self._checkClosed() + if not self._sslobj or not _ssl.HAS_ALPN: + return None + else: + return self._sslobj.selected_alpn_protocol() + def cipher(self): self._checkClosed() if not self._sslobj: diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/string.py b/lib-python/2.7/string.py index 5fe3fb6d24..fb1ee7a586 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/string.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/string.py @@ -146,7 +146,11 @@ class Template: raise ValueError('Invalid placeholder in string: line %d, col %d' % (lineno, colno)) - def substitute(self, *args, **kws): + def substitute(*args, **kws): + if not args: + raise TypeError("descriptor 'substitute' of 'Template' object " + "needs an argument") + self, args = args[0], args[1:] # allow the "self" keyword be passed if len(args) > 1: raise TypeError('Too many positional arguments') if not args: @@ -172,7 +176,11 @@ class Template: self.pattern) return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template) - def safe_substitute(self, *args, **kws): + def safe_substitute(*args, **kws): + if not args: + raise TypeError("descriptor 'safe_substitute' of 'Template' object " + "needs an argument") + self, args = args[0], args[1:] # allow the "self" keyword be passed if len(args) > 1: raise TypeError('Too many positional arguments') if not args: @@ -536,7 +544,19 @@ except ImportError: # The field name parser is implemented in str._formatter_field_name_split class Formatter(object): - def format(self, format_string, *args, **kwargs): + def format(*args, **kwargs): + if not args: + raise TypeError("descriptor 'format' of 'Formatter' object " + "needs an argument") + self, args = args[0], args[1:] # allow the "self" keyword be passed + try: + format_string, args = args[0], args[1:] # allow the "format_string" keyword be passed + except IndexError: + if 'format_string' in kwargs: + format_string = kwargs.pop('format_string') + else: + raise TypeError("format() missing 1 required positional " + "argument: 'format_string'") return self.vformat(format_string, args, kwargs) def vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/tarfile.py b/lib-python/2.7/tarfile.py index b0d1292783..082f361179 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/tarfile.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/tarfile.py @@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ __credits__ = "Gustavo Niemeyer, Niels Gustäbel, Richard Townsend." #--------- # Imports #--------- +from __builtin__ import open as bltn_open import sys import os import shutil @@ -491,26 +492,26 @@ class _Stream: if self.closed: return - if self.mode == "w" and self.comptype != "tar": - self.buf += self.cmp.flush() - - if self.mode == "w" and self.buf: - self.fileobj.write(self.buf) - self.buf = "" - if self.comptype == "gz": - # The native zlib crc is an unsigned 32-bit integer, but - # the Python wrapper implicitly casts that to a signed C - # long. So, on a 32-bit box self.crc may "look negative", - # while the same crc on a 64-bit box may "look positive". - # To avoid irksome warnings from the `struct` module, force - # it to look positive on all boxes. - self.fileobj.write(struct.pack("<L", self.crc & 0xffffffffL)) - self.fileobj.write(struct.pack("<L", self.pos & 0xffffFFFFL)) - - if not self._extfileobj: - self.fileobj.close() - self.closed = True + try: + if self.mode == "w" and self.comptype != "tar": + self.buf += self.cmp.flush() + + if self.mode == "w" and self.buf: + self.fileobj.write(self.buf) + self.buf = "" + if self.comptype == "gz": + # The native zlib crc is an unsigned 32-bit integer, but + # the Python wrapper implicitly casts that to a signed C + # long. So, on a 32-bit box self.crc may "look negative", + # while the same crc on a 64-bit box may "look positive". + # To avoid irksome warnings from the `struct` module, force + # it to look positive on all boxes. + self.fileobj.write(struct.pack("<L", self.crc & 0xffffffffL)) + self.fileobj.write(struct.pack("<L", self.pos & 0xffffFFFFL)) + finally: + if not self._extfileobj: + self.fileobj.close() def _init_read_gz(self): """Initialize for reading a gzip compressed fileobj. @@ -1795,18 +1796,19 @@ class TarFile(object): if self.closed: return - if self.mode in "aw": - self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE * 2)) - self.offset += (BLOCKSIZE * 2) - # fill up the end with zero-blocks - # (like option -b20 for tar does) - blocks, remainder = divmod(self.offset, RECORDSIZE) - if remainder > 0: - self.fileobj.write(NUL * (RECORDSIZE - remainder)) - - if not self._extfileobj: - self.fileobj.close() self.closed = True + try: + if self.mode in "aw": + self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE * 2)) + self.offset += (BLOCKSIZE * 2) + # fill up the end with zero-blocks + # (like option -b20 for tar does) + blocks, remainder = divmod(self.offset, RECORDSIZE) + if remainder > 0: + self.fileobj.write(NUL * (RECORDSIZE - remainder)) + finally: + if not self._extfileobj: + self.fileobj.close() def getmember(self, name): """Return a TarInfo object for member `name'. If `name' can not be @@ -2611,5 +2613,4 @@ def is_tarfile(name): except TarError: return False -bltn_open = open open = TarFile.open diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/telnetlib.py b/lib-python/2.7/telnetlib.py index 88aa482d01..2eaa8e3709 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/telnetlib.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/telnetlib.py @@ -254,12 +254,13 @@ class Telnet: def close(self): """Close the connection.""" - if self.sock: - self.sock.close() + sock = self.sock self.sock = 0 self.eof = 1 self.iacseq = '' self.sb = 0 + if sock: + sock.close() def get_socket(self): """Return the socket object used internally.""" diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/tempfile.py b/lib-python/2.7/tempfile.py index a4083f7599..fbda8ebeb7 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/tempfile.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/tempfile.py @@ -413,9 +413,11 @@ class _TemporaryFileWrapper: def close(self): if not self.close_called: self.close_called = True - self.file.close() - if self.delete: - self.unlink(self.name) + try: + self.file.close() + finally: + if self.delete: + self.unlink(self.name) def __del__(self): self.close() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/_mock_backport.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/_mock_backport.py index 6f7e2b2435..f85becb06b 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/_mock_backport.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/_mock_backport.py @@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ __all__ = ( __version__ = '1.0' + import __builtin__ import inspect import pprint diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/audiotests.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/audiotests.py index f4abd2a81c..7ed04140d9 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/audiotests.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/audiotests.py @@ -61,8 +61,9 @@ class AudioTests: self.assertEqual(params, (nchannels, sampwidth, framerate, nframes, comptype, compname)) - dump = pickle.dumps(params) - self.assertEqual(pickle.loads(dump), params) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + dump = pickle.dumps(params, proto) + self.assertEqual(pickle.loads(dump), params) class AudioWriteTests(AudioTests): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/dh1024.pem b/lib-python/2.7/test/dh1024.pem new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a391176b5f --- /dev/null +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/dh1024.pem @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +-----BEGIN DH PARAMETERS----- +MIGHAoGBAIbzw1s9CT8SV5yv6L7esdAdZYZjPi3qWFs61CYTFFQnf2s/d09NYaJt +rrvJhIzWavqnue71qXCf83/J3nz3FEwUU/L0mGyheVbsSHiI64wUo3u50wK5Igo0 +RNs/LD0irs7m0icZ//hijafTU+JOBiuA8zMI+oZfU7BGuc9XrUprAgEC +-----END DH PARAMETERS----- + +Generated with: openssl dhparam -out dh1024.pem 1024 diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/dh512.pem b/lib-python/2.7/test/dh512.pem deleted file mode 100644 index 200d16cd89..0000000000 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/dh512.pem +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9 +0,0 @@ ------BEGIN DH PARAMETERS----- -MEYCQQD1Kv884bEpQBgRjXyEpwpy1obEAxnIByl6ypUM2Zafq9AKUJsCRtMIPWak -XUGfnHy9iUsiGSa6q6Jew1XpKgVfAgEC ------END DH PARAMETERS----- - -These are the 512 bit DH parameters from "Assigned Number for SKIP Protocols" -(http://www.skip-vpn.org/spec/numbers.html). -See there for how they were generated. -Note that g is not a generator, but this is not a problem since p is a safe prime. diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/lock_tests.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/lock_tests.py index 966f9bd7ca..2ff75c4ade 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/lock_tests.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/lock_tests.py @@ -39,8 +39,12 @@ class Bunch(object): self.finished.append(tid) while not self._can_exit: _wait() - for i in range(n): - start_new_thread(task, ()) + try: + for i in range(n): + start_new_thread(task, ()) + except: + self._can_exit = True + raise def wait_for_started(self): while len(self.started) < self.n: diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/regrtest.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/regrtest.py index 8d8f7c735d..1b8a5ca9f3 100755 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/regrtest.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/regrtest.py @@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ class saved_test_environment: resources = ('sys.argv', 'cwd', 'sys.stdin', 'sys.stdout', 'sys.stderr', 'os.environ', 'sys.path', 'asyncore.socket_map', - 'test_support.TESTFN', + 'files', ) def get_sys_argv(self): @@ -840,6 +840,17 @@ class saved_test_environment: elif os.path.isdir(test_support.TESTFN): shutil.rmtree(test_support.TESTFN) + def get_files(self): + return sorted(fn + ('/' if os.path.isdir(fn) else '') + for fn in os.listdir(os.curdir)) + def restore_files(self, saved_value): + fn = test_support.TESTFN + if fn not in saved_value and (fn + '/') not in saved_value: + if os.path.isfile(fn): + test_support.unlink(fn) + elif os.path.isdir(fn): + test_support.rmtree(fn) + def resource_info(self): for name in self.resources: method_suffix = name.replace('.', '_') @@ -1191,6 +1202,7 @@ _expectations = { test_pwd test_resource test_signal + test_spwd test_threadsignals test_timing test_wait3 diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test__locale.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test__locale.py index afcb92635d..88f2c44809 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test__locale.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test__locale.py @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ candidate_locales = ['es_UY', 'fr_FR', 'fi_FI', 'es_CO', 'pt_PT', 'it_IT', 'da_DK', 'nn_NO', 'cs_CZ', 'de_LU', 'es_BO', 'sq_AL', 'sk_SK', 'fr_CH', 'de_DE', 'sr_YU', 'br_FR', 'nl_BE', 'sv_FI', 'pl_PL', 'fr_CA', 'fo_FO', 'bs_BA', 'fr_LU', 'kl_GL', 'fa_IR', 'de_BE', 'sv_SE', 'it_CH', 'uk_UA', - 'eu_ES', 'vi_VN', 'af_ZA', 'nb_NO', 'en_DK', 'tg_TJ', 'en_US', + 'eu_ES', 'vi_VN', 'af_ZA', 'nb_NO', 'en_DK', 'tg_TJ', 'ps_AF.UTF-8', 'en_US', 'es_ES.ISO8859-1', 'fr_FR.ISO8859-15', 'ru_RU.KOI8-R', 'ko_KR.eucKR'] # Workaround for MSVC6(debug) crash bug @@ -35,7 +35,12 @@ if "MSC v.1200" in sys.version: # List known locale values to test against when available. # Dict formatted as ``<locale> : (<decimal_point>, <thousands_sep>)``. If a # value is not known, use '' . -known_numerics = {'fr_FR' : (',', ''), 'en_US':('.', ',')} +known_numerics = { + 'en_US': ('.', ','), + 'fr_FR' : (',', ' '), + 'de_DE' : (',', '.'), + 'ps_AF.UTF-8' : ('\xd9\xab', '\xd9\xac'), +} class _LocaleTests(unittest.TestCase): @@ -64,10 +69,12 @@ class _LocaleTests(unittest.TestCase): calc_value, known_value, calc_type, data_type, set_locale, used_locale)) + return True @unittest.skipUnless(nl_langinfo, "nl_langinfo is not available") def test_lc_numeric_nl_langinfo(self): # Test nl_langinfo against known values + tested = False for loc in candidate_locales: try: setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, loc) @@ -75,21 +82,30 @@ class _LocaleTests(unittest.TestCase): continue for li, lc in ((RADIXCHAR, "decimal_point"), (THOUSEP, "thousands_sep")): - self.numeric_tester('nl_langinfo', nl_langinfo(li), lc, loc) + if self.numeric_tester('nl_langinfo', nl_langinfo(li), lc, loc): + tested = True + if not tested: + self.skipTest('no suitable locales') def test_lc_numeric_localeconv(self): # Test localeconv against known values + tested = False for loc in candidate_locales: try: setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, loc) except Error: continue + formatting = localeconv() for lc in ("decimal_point", "thousands_sep"): - self.numeric_tester('localeconv', localeconv()[lc], lc, loc) + if self.numeric_tester('localeconv', formatting[lc], lc, loc): + tested = True + if not tested: + self.skipTest('no suitable locales') @unittest.skipUnless(nl_langinfo, "nl_langinfo is not available") def test_lc_numeric_basic(self): # Test nl_langinfo against localeconv + tested = False for loc in candidate_locales: try: setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, loc) @@ -108,10 +124,14 @@ class _LocaleTests(unittest.TestCase): "(set to %s, using %s)" % ( nl_radixchar, li_radixchar, loc, set_locale)) + tested = True + if not tested: + self.skipTest('no suitable locales') def test_float_parsing(self): # Bug #1391872: Test whether float parsing is okay on European # locales. + tested = False for loc in candidate_locales: try: setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, loc) @@ -129,6 +149,10 @@ class _LocaleTests(unittest.TestCase): if localeconv()['decimal_point'] != '.': self.assertRaises(ValueError, float, localeconv()['decimal_point'].join(['1', '23'])) + tested = True + if not tested: + self.skipTest('no suitable locales') + def test_main(): run_unittest(_LocaleTests) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_aifc.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_aifc.py index 3f5107f0bf..8c4b30f5c1 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_aifc.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_aifc.py @@ -322,12 +322,16 @@ class AIFCLowLevelTest(unittest.TestCase): def test_write_aiff_by_extension(self): sampwidth = 2 - fout = self.fout = aifc.open(TESTFN + '.aiff', 'wb') + filename = TESTFN + '.aiff' + self.addCleanup(unlink, filename) + + fout = self.fout = aifc.open(filename, 'wb') fout.setparams((1, sampwidth, 1, 1, 'ULAW', '')) frames = '\x00' * fout.getnchannels() * sampwidth fout.writeframes(frames) fout.close() - f = self.f = aifc.open(TESTFN + '.aiff', 'rb') + + f = self.f = aifc.open(filename, 'rb') self.assertEqual(f.getcomptype(), 'NONE') f.close() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_argparse.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_argparse.py index 7d628aa5a5..fadad57b3d 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_argparse.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_argparse.py @@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ class TestOptionalsChoices(ParserTestCase): class TestOptionalsRequired(ParserTestCase): - """Tests the an optional action that is required""" + """Tests an optional action that is required""" argument_signatures = [ Sig('-x', type=int, required=True), diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_bigmem.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_bigmem.py index c41c373063..c81c1a17b4 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_bigmem.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_bigmem.py @@ -33,6 +33,11 @@ import sys # memuse-per-size should remain sane (less than a few thousand); if your # test uses more, adjust 'size' upward, instead. +if test_support.have_unicode: + character_size = 4 if sys.maxunicode > 0xFFFF else 2 +else: + character_size = 1 + class StrTest(unittest.TestCase): @bigmemtest(minsize=_2G, memuse=2) def test_capitalize(self, size): @@ -54,7 +59,8 @@ class StrTest(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(s[lpadsize:-rpadsize], SUBSTR) self.assertEqual(s.strip(), SUBSTR.strip()) - @precisionbigmemtest(size=_2G - 1, memuse=1) + @test_support.requires_unicode + @precisionbigmemtest(size=_2G - 1, memuse=character_size) def test_center_unicode(self, size): SUBSTR = u' abc def ghi' try: @@ -81,7 +87,8 @@ class StrTest(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(s.count('i'), 1) self.assertEqual(s.count('j'), 0) - @bigmemtest(minsize=_2G + 2, memuse=3) + @test_support.requires_unicode + @bigmemtest(minsize=_2G + 2, memuse=1 + character_size) def test_decode(self, size): s = '.' * size self.assertEqual(len(s.decode('utf-8')), size) @@ -93,45 +100,30 @@ class StrTest(unittest.TestCase): s = c * size self.assertEqual(len(s.encode(enc)), expectedsize) - @bigmemtest(minsize=_2G + 2, memuse=3) + @test_support.requires_unicode + @bigmemtest(minsize=_2G + 2, memuse=character_size + 4) def test_encode(self, size): - return self.basic_encode_test(size, 'utf-8') + self.basic_encode_test(size, 'utf-8') - @precisionbigmemtest(size=_4G // 6 + 2, memuse=2) + @test_support.requires_unicode + @precisionbigmemtest(size=_4G // 6 + 2, memuse=character_size + 6) def test_encode_raw_unicode_escape(self, size): - try: - return self.basic_encode_test(size, 'raw_unicode_escape') - except MemoryError: - pass # acceptable on 32-bit + self.basic_encode_test(size, 'raw_unicode_escape') - @precisionbigmemtest(size=_4G // 5 + 70, memuse=3) + @test_support.requires_unicode + @precisionbigmemtest(size=_4G // 5 + 70, memuse=character_size + 8) def test_encode_utf7(self, size): - try: - return self.basic_encode_test(size, 'utf7') - except MemoryError: - pass # acceptable on 32-bit + self.basic_encode_test(size, 'utf7') - @precisionbigmemtest(size=_4G // 4 + 5, memuse=6) + @test_support.requires_unicode + @precisionbigmemtest(size=_4G // 4 + 5, memuse=character_size + 4) def test_encode_utf32(self, size): - try: - return self.basic_encode_test(size, 'utf32', expectedsize=4*size+4) - except MemoryError: - pass # acceptable on 32-bit + self.basic_encode_test(size, 'utf32', expectedsize=4*size+4) + @test_support.requires_unicode @precisionbigmemtest(size=_2G-1, memuse=4) def test_decodeascii(self, size): - return self.basic_encode_test(size, 'ascii', c='A') - - @precisionbigmemtest(size=_4G // 5, memuse=6+2) - def test_unicode_repr_oflw(self, size): - self.skipTest("test crashes - see issue #14904") - try: - s = u"\uAAAA"*size - r = repr(s) - except MemoryError: - pass # acceptable on 32-bit - else: - self.assertTrue(s == eval(r)) + self.basic_encode_test(size, 'ascii', c='A') @bigmemtest(minsize=_2G, memuse=2) def test_endswith(self, size): @@ -516,10 +508,27 @@ class StrTest(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(s.count('\\'), size) self.assertEqual(s.count('0'), size * 2) - @bigmemtest(minsize=2**32 // 5, memuse=6+2) + @test_support.requires_unicode + @bigmemtest(minsize=2**32 // 6, memuse=character_size + 6) def test_unicode_repr(self, size): - s = u"\uAAAA" * size - self.assertTrue(len(repr(s)) > size) + s = unichr(0xABCD) * size + try: + r = repr(s) + self.assertEqual(len(r), 3 + 6 * size) + self.assertTrue(r.endswith(r"\uabcd'"), r[-10:]) + finally: + s = r = None + + @test_support.requires_unicode + @precisionbigmemtest(size=_4G // 6 + 1, memuse=character_size + 6) + def test_unicode_repr_oflw(self, size): + s = unichr(0xABCD) * size + try: + r = repr(s) + self.assertEqual(len(r), 3 + 6 * size) + self.assertTrue(r.endswith(r"\uabcd'"), r[-10:]) + finally: + r = s = None # This test is meaningful even with size < 2G, as long as the # doubled string is > 2G (but it tests more if both are > 2G :) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_binascii.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_binascii.py index f825f1c077..d40b672a7c 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_binascii.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_binascii.py @@ -137,6 +137,14 @@ class BinASCIITest(unittest.TestCase): # Issue #7701 (crash on a pydebug build) self.assertEqual(binascii.b2a_uu('x'), '!> \n') + def test_crc_hqx(self): + crc = binascii.crc_hqx(self.type2test(b"Test the CRC-32 of"), 0) + crc = binascii.crc_hqx(self.type2test(b" this string."), crc) + self.assertEqual(crc, 14290) + + self.assertRaises(TypeError, binascii.crc_hqx) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, binascii.crc_hqx, self.type2test(b'')) + def test_crc32(self): crc = binascii.crc32(self.type2test("Test the CRC-32 of")) crc = binascii.crc32(self.type2test(" this string."), crc) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_bool.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_bool.py index 16cd1aa1ff..e3b477552b 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_bool.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_bool.py @@ -305,42 +305,40 @@ class BoolTest(unittest.TestCase): def test_pickle(self): import pickle - self.assertIs(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(True)), True) - self.assertIs(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(False)), False) - self.assertIs(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(True, True)), True) - self.assertIs(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(False, True)), False) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + self.assertIs(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(True, proto)), True) + self.assertIs(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(False, proto)), False) def test_cpickle(self): import cPickle - self.assertIs(cPickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(True)), True) - self.assertIs(cPickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(False)), False) - self.assertIs(cPickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(True, True)), True) - self.assertIs(cPickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(False, True)), False) + for proto in range(cPickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + self.assertIs(cPickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(True, proto)), True) + self.assertIs(cPickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(False, proto)), False) def test_mixedpickle(self): import pickle, cPickle - self.assertIs(pickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(True)), True) - self.assertIs(pickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(False)), False) - self.assertIs(pickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(True, True)), True) - self.assertIs(pickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(False, True)), False) - - self.assertIs(cPickle.loads(pickle.dumps(True)), True) - self.assertIs(cPickle.loads(pickle.dumps(False)), False) - self.assertIs(cPickle.loads(pickle.dumps(True, True)), True) - self.assertIs(cPickle.loads(pickle.dumps(False, True)), False) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + self.assertIs(pickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(True, proto)), True) + self.assertIs(pickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(False, proto)), False) + self.assertIs(cPickle.loads(pickle.dumps(True, proto)), True) + self.assertIs(cPickle.loads(pickle.dumps(False, proto)), False) def test_picklevalues(self): import pickle, cPickle # Test for specific backwards-compatible pickle values - self.assertEqual(pickle.dumps(True), "I01\n.") - self.assertEqual(pickle.dumps(False), "I00\n.") - self.assertEqual(cPickle.dumps(True), "I01\n.") - self.assertEqual(cPickle.dumps(False), "I00\n.") - self.assertEqual(pickle.dumps(True, True), "I01\n.") - self.assertEqual(pickle.dumps(False, True), "I00\n.") - self.assertEqual(cPickle.dumps(True, True), "I01\n.") - self.assertEqual(cPickle.dumps(False, True), "I00\n.") + self.assertEqual(pickle.dumps(True, protocol=0), "I01\n.") + self.assertEqual(pickle.dumps(False, protocol=0), "I00\n.") + self.assertEqual(cPickle.dumps(True, protocol=0), "I01\n.") + self.assertEqual(cPickle.dumps(False, protocol=0), "I00\n.") + self.assertEqual(pickle.dumps(True, protocol=1), "I01\n.") + self.assertEqual(pickle.dumps(False, protocol=1), "I00\n.") + self.assertEqual(cPickle.dumps(True, protocol=1), "I01\n.") + self.assertEqual(cPickle.dumps(False, protocol=1), "I00\n.") + self.assertEqual(pickle.dumps(True, protocol=2), b'\x80\x02\x88.') + self.assertEqual(pickle.dumps(False, protocol=2), b'\x80\x02\x89.') + self.assertEqual(cPickle.dumps(True, protocol=2), b'\x80\x02\x88.') + self.assertEqual(cPickle.dumps(False, protocol=2), b'\x80\x02\x89.') def test_convert_to_bool(self): # Verify that TypeError occurs when bad things are returned diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_bz2.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_bz2.py index 3ddc5e476d..717f6a0dfa 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_bz2.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_bz2.py @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -from test import test_support +from test import test_support as support from test.test_support import TESTFN, _4G, bigmemtest, import_module, findfile import unittest @@ -309,10 +309,8 @@ class BZ2FileTest(BaseTest): for i in range(5): f.write(data) threads = [threading.Thread(target=comp) for i in range(nthreads)] - for t in threads: - t.start() - for t in threads: - t.join() + with support.start_threads(threads): + pass @test_support.impl_detail() def testMixedIterationReads(self): @@ -486,13 +484,13 @@ class FuncTest(BaseTest): self.assertEqual(text.strip("a"), "") def test_main(): - test_support.run_unittest( + support.run_unittest( BZ2FileTest, BZ2CompressorTest, BZ2DecompressorTest, FuncTest ) - test_support.reap_children() + support.reap_children() if __name__ == '__main__': test_main() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_calendar.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_calendar.py index 40fb76ddd6..5692642db1 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_calendar.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_calendar.py @@ -2,11 +2,22 @@ import calendar import unittest from test import test_support +from test.script_helper import assert_python_ok, assert_python_failure import locale import datetime +import os + +result_2004_01_text = """\ + January 2004 +Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su + 1 2 3 4 + 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 +12 13 14 15 16 17 18 +19 20 21 22 23 24 25 +26 27 28 29 30 31 +""" - -result_2004_text = """ +result_2004_text = """\ 2004 January February March @@ -44,7 +55,7 @@ Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 29 30 27 28 29 30 31 """ -result_2004_html = """ +result_2004_html = """\ <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ascii"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html> @@ -460,6 +471,127 @@ class LeapdaysTestCase(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(calendar.leapdays(1997,2020), 5) +def conv(s): + return s.replace('\n', os.linesep) + +class CommandLineTestCase(unittest.TestCase): + def run_ok(self, *args): + return assert_python_ok('-m', 'calendar', *args)[1] + + def assertFailure(self, *args): + rc, stdout, stderr = assert_python_failure('-m', 'calendar', *args) + self.assertIn(b'Usage:', stderr) + self.assertEqual(rc, 2) + + def test_help(self): + stdout = self.run_ok('-h') + self.assertIn(b'Usage:', stdout) + self.assertIn(b'calendar.py', stdout) + self.assertIn(b'--help', stdout) + + def test_illegal_arguments(self): + self.assertFailure('-z') + #self.assertFailure('spam') + #self.assertFailure('2004', 'spam') + self.assertFailure('-t', 'html', '2004', '1') + + def test_output_current_year(self): + stdout = self.run_ok() + year = datetime.datetime.now().year + self.assertIn((' %s' % year).encode(), stdout) + self.assertIn(b'January', stdout) + self.assertIn(b'Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su', stdout) + + def test_output_year(self): + stdout = self.run_ok('2004') + self.assertEqual(stdout.strip(), conv(result_2004_text).strip()) + + def test_output_month(self): + stdout = self.run_ok('2004', '1') + self.assertEqual(stdout.strip(), conv(result_2004_01_text).strip()) + + def test_option_encoding(self): + self.assertFailure('-e') + self.assertFailure('--encoding') + stdout = self.run_ok('--encoding', 'rot-13', '2004') + self.assertEqual(stdout.strip(), conv(result_2004_text.encode('rot-13')).strip()) + + def test_option_locale(self): + self.assertFailure('-L') + self.assertFailure('--locale') + self.assertFailure('-L', 'en') + lang, enc = locale.getdefaultlocale() + lang = lang or 'C' + enc = enc or 'UTF-8' + try: + oldlocale = locale.getlocale(locale.LC_TIME) + try: + locale.setlocale(locale.LC_TIME, (lang, enc)) + finally: + locale.setlocale(locale.LC_TIME, oldlocale) + except (locale.Error, ValueError): + self.skipTest('cannot set the system default locale') + stdout = self.run_ok('--locale', lang, '--encoding', enc, '2004') + self.assertIn('2004'.encode(enc), stdout) + + def test_option_width(self): + self.assertFailure('-w') + self.assertFailure('--width') + self.assertFailure('-w', 'spam') + stdout = self.run_ok('--width', '3', '2004') + self.assertIn(b'Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun', stdout) + + def test_option_lines(self): + self.assertFailure('-l') + self.assertFailure('--lines') + self.assertFailure('-l', 'spam') + stdout = self.run_ok('--lines', '2', '2004') + self.assertIn(conv('December\n\nMo Tu We'), stdout) + + def test_option_spacing(self): + self.assertFailure('-s') + self.assertFailure('--spacing') + self.assertFailure('-s', 'spam') + stdout = self.run_ok('--spacing', '8', '2004') + self.assertIn(b'Su Mo', stdout) + + def test_option_months(self): + self.assertFailure('-m') + self.assertFailure('--month') + self.assertFailure('-m', 'spam') + stdout = self.run_ok('--months', '1', '2004') + self.assertIn(conv('\nMo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su\n'), stdout) + + def test_option_type(self): + self.assertFailure('-t') + self.assertFailure('--type') + self.assertFailure('-t', 'spam') + stdout = self.run_ok('--type', 'text', '2004') + self.assertEqual(stdout.strip(), conv(result_2004_text).strip()) + stdout = self.run_ok('--type', 'html', '2004') + self.assertEqual(stdout[:6], b'<?xml ') + self.assertIn(b'<title>Calendar for 2004</title>', stdout) + + def test_html_output_current_year(self): + stdout = self.run_ok('--type', 'html') + year = datetime.datetime.now().year + self.assertIn(('<title>Calendar for %s</title>' % year).encode(), + stdout) + self.assertIn(b'<tr><th colspan="7" class="month">January</th></tr>', + stdout) + + def test_html_output_year_encoding(self): + stdout = self.run_ok('-t', 'html', '--encoding', 'ascii', '2004') + self.assertEqual(stdout.strip(), conv(result_2004_html).strip()) + + def test_html_output_year_css(self): + self.assertFailure('-t', 'html', '-c') + self.assertFailure('-t', 'html', '--css') + stdout = self.run_ok('-t', 'html', '--css', 'custom.css', '2004') + self.assertIn(b'<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" ' + b'href="custom.css" />', stdout) + + def test_main(): test_support.run_unittest( OutputTestCase, @@ -468,8 +600,10 @@ def test_main(): SundayTestCase, MonthRangeTestCase, LeapdaysTestCase, + CommandLineTestCase, ) if __name__ == "__main__": test_main() + unittest.main() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_capi.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_capi.py index 42282e5e11..956bcac3b0 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_capi.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_capi.py @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import sys import time import random import unittest -from test import test_support +from test import test_support as support try: import thread import threading @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ except ImportError: thread = None threading = None # Skip this test if the _testcapi module isn't available. -_testcapi = test_support.import_module('_testcapi') +_testcapi = support.import_module('_testcapi') skips = [] @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class TestPendingCalls(unittest.TestCase): #this busy loop is where we expect to be interrupted to #run our callbacks. Note that callbacks are only run on the #main thread - if False and test_support.verbose: + if False and support.verbose: print "(%i)"%(len(l),), for i in xrange(1000): a = i*i @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class TestPendingCalls(unittest.TestCase): count += 1 self.assertTrue(count < 10000, "timeout waiting for %i callbacks, got %i"%(n, len(l))) - if False and test_support.verbose: + if False and support.verbose: print "(%i)"%(len(l),) def test_pendingcalls_threaded(self): @@ -78,15 +78,11 @@ class TestPendingCalls(unittest.TestCase): context.lock = threading.Lock() context.event = threading.Event() - for i in range(context.nThreads): - t = threading.Thread(target=self.pendingcalls_thread, args = (context,)) - t.start() - threads.append(t) - - self.pendingcalls_wait(context.l, n, context) - - for t in threads: - t.join() + threads = [threading.Thread(target=self.pendingcalls_thread, + args=(context,)) + for i in range(context.nThreads)] + with support.start_threads(threads): + self.pendingcalls_wait(context.l, n, context) def pendingcalls_thread(self, context): try: @@ -95,7 +91,7 @@ class TestPendingCalls(unittest.TestCase): with context.lock: context.nFinished += 1 nFinished = context.nFinished - if False and test_support.verbose: + if False and support.verbose: print "finished threads: ", nFinished if nFinished == context.nThreads: context.event.set() @@ -114,7 +110,7 @@ class TestPendingCalls(unittest.TestCase): @unittest.skipUnless(threading and thread and 'TestThreadState' not in skips, 'Threading required for this test.') class TestThreadState(unittest.TestCase): - @test_support.reap_threads + @support.reap_threads def test_thread_state(self): # some extra thread-state tests driven via _testcapi def target(): @@ -140,14 +136,14 @@ def test_main(): for name in dir(_testcapi): if name.startswith('test_') and name not in skips: test = getattr(_testcapi, name) - if test_support.verbose: + if support.verbose: print "internal", name try: test() except _testcapi.error: - raise test_support.TestFailed, sys.exc_info()[1] + raise support.TestFailed, sys.exc_info()[1] - test_support.run_unittest(TestPendingCalls, TestThreadState) + support.run_unittest(TestPendingCalls, TestThreadState) if __name__ == "__main__": test_main() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_cfgparser.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_cfgparser.py index df65f6e9b8..906e9cf123 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_cfgparser.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_cfgparser.py @@ -614,88 +614,96 @@ class ExceptionPicklingTestCase(unittest.TestCase): def test_error(self): import pickle e1 = ConfigParser.Error('value') - pickled = pickle.dumps(e1) - e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) - self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) - self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + pickled = pickle.dumps(e1, proto) + e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) + self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) + self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) def test_nosectionerror(self): import pickle e1 = ConfigParser.NoSectionError('section') - pickled = pickle.dumps(e1) - e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) - self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) - self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) - self.assertEqual(e1.section, e2.section) - self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + pickled = pickle.dumps(e1, proto) + e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) + self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) + self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) + self.assertEqual(e1.section, e2.section) + self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) def test_nooptionerror(self): import pickle e1 = ConfigParser.NoOptionError('option', 'section') - pickled = pickle.dumps(e1) - e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) - self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) - self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) - self.assertEqual(e1.section, e2.section) - self.assertEqual(e1.option, e2.option) - self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + pickled = pickle.dumps(e1, proto) + e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) + self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) + self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) + self.assertEqual(e1.section, e2.section) + self.assertEqual(e1.option, e2.option) + self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) def test_duplicatesectionerror(self): import pickle e1 = ConfigParser.DuplicateSectionError('section') - pickled = pickle.dumps(e1) - e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) - self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) - self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) - self.assertEqual(e1.section, e2.section) - self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + pickled = pickle.dumps(e1, proto) + e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) + self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) + self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) + self.assertEqual(e1.section, e2.section) + self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) def test_interpolationerror(self): import pickle e1 = ConfigParser.InterpolationError('option', 'section', 'msg') - pickled = pickle.dumps(e1) - e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) - self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) - self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) - self.assertEqual(e1.section, e2.section) - self.assertEqual(e1.option, e2.option) - self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + pickled = pickle.dumps(e1, proto) + e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) + self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) + self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) + self.assertEqual(e1.section, e2.section) + self.assertEqual(e1.option, e2.option) + self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) def test_interpolationmissingoptionerror(self): import pickle e1 = ConfigParser.InterpolationMissingOptionError('option', 'section', 'rawval', 'reference') - pickled = pickle.dumps(e1) - e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) - self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) - self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) - self.assertEqual(e1.section, e2.section) - self.assertEqual(e1.option, e2.option) - self.assertEqual(e1.reference, e2.reference) - self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + pickled = pickle.dumps(e1, proto) + e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) + self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) + self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) + self.assertEqual(e1.section, e2.section) + self.assertEqual(e1.option, e2.option) + self.assertEqual(e1.reference, e2.reference) + self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) def test_interpolationsyntaxerror(self): import pickle e1 = ConfigParser.InterpolationSyntaxError('option', 'section', 'msg') - pickled = pickle.dumps(e1) - e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) - self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) - self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) - self.assertEqual(e1.section, e2.section) - self.assertEqual(e1.option, e2.option) - self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + pickled = pickle.dumps(e1, proto) + e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) + self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) + self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) + self.assertEqual(e1.section, e2.section) + self.assertEqual(e1.option, e2.option) + self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) def test_interpolationdeptherror(self): import pickle e1 = ConfigParser.InterpolationDepthError('option', 'section', 'rawval') - pickled = pickle.dumps(e1) - e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) - self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) - self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) - self.assertEqual(e1.section, e2.section) - self.assertEqual(e1.option, e2.option) - self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + pickled = pickle.dumps(e1, proto) + e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) + self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) + self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) + self.assertEqual(e1.section, e2.section) + self.assertEqual(e1.option, e2.option) + self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) def test_parsingerror(self): import pickle @@ -703,25 +711,27 @@ class ExceptionPicklingTestCase(unittest.TestCase): e1.append(1, 'line1') e1.append(2, 'line2') e1.append(3, 'line3') - pickled = pickle.dumps(e1) - e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) - self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) - self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) - self.assertEqual(e1.filename, e2.filename) - self.assertEqual(e1.errors, e2.errors) - self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + pickled = pickle.dumps(e1, proto) + e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) + self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) + self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) + self.assertEqual(e1.filename, e2.filename) + self.assertEqual(e1.errors, e2.errors) + self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) def test_missingsectionheadererror(self): import pickle e1 = ConfigParser.MissingSectionHeaderError('filename', 123, 'line') - pickled = pickle.dumps(e1) - e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) - self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) - self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) - self.assertEqual(e1.line, e2.line) - self.assertEqual(e1.filename, e2.filename) - self.assertEqual(e1.lineno, e2.lineno) - self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + pickled = pickle.dumps(e1, proto) + e2 = pickle.loads(pickled) + self.assertEqual(e1.message, e2.message) + self.assertEqual(e1.args, e2.args) + self.assertEqual(e1.line, e2.line) + self.assertEqual(e1.filename, e2.filename) + self.assertEqual(e1.lineno, e2.lineno) + self.assertEqual(repr(e1), repr(e2)) def test_main(): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_codeccallbacks.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_codeccallbacks.py index dbdb4f4507..b9cd9c2d62 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_codeccallbacks.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_codeccallbacks.py @@ -441,6 +441,16 @@ class CodecCallbackTest(unittest.TestCase): codecs.strict_errors, UnicodeEncodeError("ascii", u"\u3042", 0, 1, "ouch") ) + self.assertRaises( + UnicodeDecodeError, + codecs.strict_errors, + UnicodeDecodeError("ascii", "\xff", 0, 1, "ouch") + ) + self.assertRaises( + UnicodeTranslateError, + codecs.strict_errors, + UnicodeTranslateError(u"\u3042", 0, 1, "ouch") + ) def test_badandgoodignoreexceptions(self): # "ignore" complains about a non-exception passed in @@ -457,16 +467,19 @@ class CodecCallbackTest(unittest.TestCase): ) # If the correct exception is passed in, "ignore" returns an empty replacement self.assertEqual( - codecs.ignore_errors(UnicodeEncodeError("ascii", u"\u3042", 0, 1, "ouch")), - (u"", 1) + codecs.ignore_errors( + UnicodeEncodeError("ascii", u"a\u3042b", 1, 2, "ouch")), + (u"", 2) ) self.assertEqual( - codecs.ignore_errors(UnicodeDecodeError("ascii", "\xff", 0, 1, "ouch")), - (u"", 1) + codecs.ignore_errors( + UnicodeDecodeError("ascii", "a\xffb", 1, 2, "ouch")), + (u"", 2) ) self.assertEqual( - codecs.ignore_errors(UnicodeTranslateError(u"\u3042", 0, 1, "ouch")), - (u"", 1) + codecs.ignore_errors( + UnicodeTranslateError(u"a\u3042b", 1, 2, "ouch")), + (u"", 2) ) def test_badandgoodreplaceexceptions(self): @@ -494,16 +507,19 @@ class CodecCallbackTest(unittest.TestCase): ) # With the correct exception, "replace" returns an "?" or u"\ufffd" replacement self.assertEqual( - codecs.replace_errors(UnicodeEncodeError("ascii", u"\u3042", 0, 1, "ouch")), - (u"?", 1) + codecs.replace_errors( + UnicodeEncodeError("ascii", u"a\u3042b", 1, 2, "ouch")), + (u"?", 2) ) self.assertEqual( - codecs.replace_errors(UnicodeDecodeError("ascii", "\xff", 0, 1, "ouch")), - (u"\ufffd", 1) + codecs.replace_errors( + UnicodeDecodeError("ascii", "a\xffb", 1, 2, "ouch")), + (u"\ufffd", 2) ) self.assertEqual( - codecs.replace_errors(UnicodeTranslateError(u"\u3042", 0, 1, "ouch")), - (u"\ufffd", 1) + codecs.replace_errors( + UnicodeTranslateError(u"a\u3042b", 1, 2, "ouch")), + (u"\ufffd", 2) ) def test_badandgoodxmlcharrefreplaceexceptions(self): @@ -531,13 +547,17 @@ class CodecCallbackTest(unittest.TestCase): UnicodeTranslateError(u"\u3042", 0, 1, "ouch") ) # Use the correct exception - cs = (0, 1, 9, 10, 99, 100, 999, 1000, 9999, 10000, 0x3042) - s = "".join(unichr(c) for c in cs) + cs = (0, 1, 9, 10, 99, 100, 999, 1000, 9999, 10000) + cs += (0xdfff, 0xd800) + s = u"".join(unichr(c) for c in cs) + s += u"\U0001869f\U000186a0\U000f423f\U000f4240" + cs += (99999, 100000, 999999, 1000000) self.assertEqual( codecs.xmlcharrefreplace_errors( - UnicodeEncodeError("ascii", s, 0, len(s), "ouch") + UnicodeEncodeError("ascii", u"a" + s + u"b", + 1, 1 + len(s), "ouch") ), - (u"".join(u"&#%d;" % ord(c) for c in s), len(s)) + (u"".join(u"&#%d;" % c for c in cs), 1 + len(s)) ) def test_badandgoodbackslashreplaceexceptions(self): @@ -565,34 +585,34 @@ class CodecCallbackTest(unittest.TestCase): UnicodeTranslateError(u"\u3042", 0, 1, "ouch") ) # Use the correct exception - self.assertEqual( - codecs.backslashreplace_errors(UnicodeEncodeError("ascii", u"\u3042", 0, 1, "ouch")), - (u"\\u3042", 1) - ) - self.assertEqual( - codecs.backslashreplace_errors(UnicodeEncodeError("ascii", u"\x00", 0, 1, "ouch")), - (u"\\x00", 1) - ) - self.assertEqual( - codecs.backslashreplace_errors(UnicodeEncodeError("ascii", u"\xff", 0, 1, "ouch")), - (u"\\xff", 1) - ) - self.assertEqual( - codecs.backslashreplace_errors(UnicodeEncodeError("ascii", u"\u0100", 0, 1, "ouch")), - (u"\\u0100", 1) - ) - self.assertEqual( - codecs.backslashreplace_errors(UnicodeEncodeError("ascii", u"\uffff", 0, 1, "ouch")), - (u"\\uffff", 1) - ) - if sys.maxunicode>0xffff: - self.assertEqual( - codecs.backslashreplace_errors(UnicodeEncodeError("ascii", u"\U00010000", 0, 1, "ouch")), - (u"\\U00010000", 1) - ) + tests = [ + (u"\u3042", u"\\u3042"), + (u"\n", u"\\x0a"), + (u"a", u"\\x61"), + (u"\x00", u"\\x00"), + (u"\xff", u"\\xff"), + (u"\u0100", u"\\u0100"), + (u"\uffff", u"\\uffff"), + # Lone surrogates + (u"\ud800", u"\\ud800"), + (u"\udfff", u"\\udfff"), + ] + if sys.maxunicode > 0xffff: + tests += [ + (u"\U00010000", u"\\U00010000"), + (u"\U0010ffff", u"\\U0010ffff"), + ] + else: + tests += [ + (u"\U00010000", u"\\ud800\\udc00"), + (u"\U0010ffff", u"\\udbff\\udfff"), + ] + for s, r in tests: self.assertEqual( - codecs.backslashreplace_errors(UnicodeEncodeError("ascii", u"\U0010ffff", 0, 1, "ouch")), - (u"\\U0010ffff", 1) + codecs.backslashreplace_errors( + UnicodeEncodeError("ascii", u"a" + s + u"b", + 1, 1 + len(s), "ouch")), + (r, 1 + len(s)) ) def test_badhandlerresults(self): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_codecs.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_codecs.py index 9f3b17a7c5..de80b0776c 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_codecs.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_codecs.py @@ -1348,6 +1348,28 @@ class CodecsModuleTest(unittest.TestCase): c = codecs.lookup('ASCII') self.assertEqual(c.name, 'ascii') + def test_all(self): + api = ( + "encode", "decode", + "register", "CodecInfo", "Codec", "IncrementalEncoder", + "IncrementalDecoder", "StreamReader", "StreamWriter", "lookup", + "getencoder", "getdecoder", "getincrementalencoder", + "getincrementaldecoder", "getreader", "getwriter", + "register_error", "lookup_error", + "strict_errors", "replace_errors", "ignore_errors", + "xmlcharrefreplace_errors", "backslashreplace_errors", + "open", "EncodedFile", + "iterencode", "iterdecode", + "BOM", "BOM_BE", "BOM_LE", + "BOM_UTF8", "BOM_UTF16", "BOM_UTF16_BE", "BOM_UTF16_LE", + "BOM_UTF32", "BOM_UTF32_BE", "BOM_UTF32_LE", + "BOM32_BE", "BOM32_LE", "BOM64_BE", "BOM64_LE", # Undocumented + "StreamReaderWriter", "StreamRecoder", + ) + self.assertEqual(sorted(api), sorted(codecs.__all__)) + for api in codecs.__all__: + getattr(codecs, api) + class StreamReaderTest(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_collections.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_collections.py index c83f90f662..2270a0816a 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_collections.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_collections.py @@ -910,6 +910,28 @@ class TestCounter(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(c.setdefault('e', 5), 5) self.assertEqual(c['e'], 5) + def test_init(self): + self.assertEqual(list(Counter(self=42).items()), [('self', 42)]) + self.assertEqual(list(Counter(iterable=42).items()), [('iterable', 42)]) + self.assertEqual(list(Counter(iterable=None).items()), [('iterable', None)]) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, Counter, 42) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, Counter, (), ()) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, Counter.__init__) + + def test_update(self): + c = Counter() + c.update(self=42) + self.assertEqual(list(c.items()), [('self', 42)]) + c = Counter() + c.update(iterable=42) + self.assertEqual(list(c.items()), [('iterable', 42)]) + c = Counter() + c.update(iterable=None) + self.assertEqual(list(c.items()), [('iterable', None)]) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, Counter().update, 42) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, Counter().update, {}, {}) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, Counter.update) + def test_copying(self): # Check that counters are copyable, deepcopyable, picklable, and #have a repr/eval round-trip @@ -1011,6 +1033,16 @@ class TestCounter(unittest.TestCase): c.subtract('aaaabbcce') self.assertEqual(c, Counter(a=-1, b=0, c=-1, d=1, e=-1)) + c = Counter() + c.subtract(self=42) + self.assertEqual(list(c.items()), [('self', -42)]) + c = Counter() + c.subtract(iterable=42) + self.assertEqual(list(c.items()), [('iterable', -42)]) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, Counter().subtract, 42) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, Counter().subtract, {}, {}) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, Counter.subtract) + class TestOrderedDict(unittest.TestCase): def test_init(self): @@ -1024,9 +1056,11 @@ class TestOrderedDict(unittest.TestCase): c=3, e=5).items()), pairs) # mixed input # make sure no positional args conflict with possible kwdargs - if '__init__' in OrderedDict.__dict__: # absent in PyPy - self.assertEqual(inspect.getargspec(OrderedDict.__dict__['__init__']).args, - ['self']) + self.assertEqual(list(OrderedDict(self=42).items()), [('self', 42)]) + self.assertEqual(list(OrderedDict(other=42).items()), [('other', 42)]) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, OrderedDict, 42) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, OrderedDict, (), ()) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, OrderedDict.__init__) # Make sure that direct calls to __init__ do not clear previous contents d = OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 44), ('e', 55)]) @@ -1071,6 +1105,10 @@ class TestOrderedDict(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(list(d.items()), [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4), ('e', 5), ('f', 6), ('g', 7)]) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, OrderedDict().update, 42) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, OrderedDict().update, (), ()) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, OrderedDict.update) + def test_abc(self): self.assertIsInstance(OrderedDict(), MutableMapping) self.assertTrue(issubclass(OrderedDict, MutableMapping)) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_cookie.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_cookie.py index 36cd52e58f..404190123f 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_cookie.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_cookie.py @@ -27,6 +27,20 @@ class CookieTests(unittest.TestCase): 'dict': {'keebler' : 'E=mc2'}, 'repr': "<SimpleCookie: keebler='E=mc2'>", 'output': 'Set-Cookie: keebler=E=mc2', + }, + + # issue22931 - Adding '[' and ']' as valid characters in cookie + # values as defined in RFC 6265 + { + 'data': 'a=b; c=[; d=r; f=h', + 'dict': {'a':'b', 'c':'[', 'd':'r', 'f':'h'}, + 'repr': "<SimpleCookie: a='b' c='[' d='r' f='h'>", + 'output': '\n'.join(( + 'Set-Cookie: a=b', + 'Set-Cookie: c=[', + 'Set-Cookie: d=r', + 'Set-Cookie: f=h' + )) } ] diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_cookielib.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_cookielib.py index d4b80fa286..d272d123c9 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_cookielib.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_cookielib.py @@ -445,6 +445,9 @@ class CookieTests(TestCase): interact_netscape(c, "http://www.acme.com:80/", 'foo=bar; expires=') interact_netscape(c, "http://www.acme.com:80/", 'spam=eggs; ' 'expires="Foo Bar 25 33:22:11 3022"') + interact_netscape(c, 'http://www.acme.com/', 'fortytwo=') + interact_netscape(c, 'http://www.acme.com/', '=unladenswallow') + interact_netscape(c, 'http://www.acme.com/', 'holyhandgrenade') cookie = c._cookies[".acme.com"]["/"]["spam"] self.assertEqual(cookie.domain, ".acme.com") @@ -471,6 +474,16 @@ class CookieTests(TestCase): self.assertIsNone(foo.expires) self.assertIsNone(spam.expires) + cookie = c._cookies['www.acme.com']['/']['fortytwo'] + self.assertIsNotNone(cookie.value) + self.assertEqual(cookie.value, '') + + # there should be a distinction between a present but empty value + # (above) and a value that's entirely missing (below) + + cookie = c._cookies['www.acme.com']['/']['holyhandgrenade'] + self.assertIsNone(cookie.value) + def test_ns_parser_special_names(self): # names such as 'expires' are not special in first name=value pair # of Set-Cookie: header @@ -1092,6 +1105,13 @@ class CookieTests(TestCase): parse_ns_headers(["foo"]), [[("foo", None), ("version", "0")]] ) + # missing cookie values for parsed attributes + self.assertEqual( + parse_ns_headers(['foo=bar; expires']), + [[('foo', 'bar'), ('expires', None), ('version', '0')]]) + self.assertEqual( + parse_ns_headers(['foo=bar; version']), + [[('foo', 'bar'), ('version', None)]]) # shouldn't add version if header is empty self.assertEqual(parse_ns_headers([""]), []) @@ -1106,6 +1126,8 @@ class CookieTests(TestCase): c.extract_cookies(r, req) return c + future = cookielib.time2netscape(time.time()+3600) + # none of these bad headers should cause an exception to be raised for headers in [ ["Set-Cookie: "], # actually, nothing wrong with this @@ -1116,6 +1138,7 @@ class CookieTests(TestCase): ["Set-Cookie: b=foo; max-age=oops"], # bad version ["Set-Cookie: b=foo; version=spam"], + ["Set-Cookie:; Expires=%s" % future], ]: c = cookiejar_from_cookie_headers(headers) # these bad cookies shouldn't be set diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_csv.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_csv.py index 52052bfefa..1f53ff392a 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_csv.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_csv.py @@ -134,13 +134,25 @@ class Test_Csv(unittest.TestCase): fileobj.close() os.unlink(name) + def _write_error_test(self, exc, fields, **kwargs): + fd, name = tempfile.mkstemp() + fileobj = os.fdopen(fd, "w+b") + try: + writer = csv.writer(fileobj, **kwargs) + with self.assertRaises(exc): + writer.writerow(fields) + fileobj.seek(0) + self.assertEqual(fileobj.read(), '') + finally: + fileobj.close() + os.unlink(name) + def test_write_arg_valid(self): # PyPy gets a TypeError instead of a csv.Error for "not a sequence" - self.assertRaises((csv.Error, TypeError), self._write_test, None, '') + self._write_error_test((csv.Error, TypeError), None) self._write_test((), '') self._write_test([None], '""') - self.assertRaises(csv.Error, self._write_test, - [None], None, quoting = csv.QUOTE_NONE) + self._write_error_test(csv.Error, [None], quoting = csv.QUOTE_NONE) # Check that exceptions are passed up the chain class BadList: def __len__(self): @@ -148,11 +160,11 @@ class Test_Csv(unittest.TestCase): def __getitem__(self, i): if i > 2: raise IOError - self.assertRaises(IOError, self._write_test, BadList(), '') + self._write_error_test(IOError, BadList()) class BadItem: def __str__(self): raise IOError - self.assertRaises(IOError, self._write_test, [BadItem()], '') + self._write_error_test(IOError, [BadItem()]) def test_write_bigfield(self): # This exercises the buffer realloc functionality @@ -162,10 +174,8 @@ class Test_Csv(unittest.TestCase): def test_write_quoting(self): self._write_test(['a',1,'p,q'], 'a,1,"p,q"') - self.assertRaises(csv.Error, - self._write_test, - ['a',1,'p,q'], 'a,1,p,q', - quoting = csv.QUOTE_NONE) + self._write_error_test(csv.Error, ['a',1,'p,q'], + quoting = csv.QUOTE_NONE) self._write_test(['a',1,'p,q'], 'a,1,"p,q"', quoting = csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL) self._write_test(['a',1,'p,q'], '"a",1,"p,q"', @@ -178,10 +188,8 @@ class Test_Csv(unittest.TestCase): def test_write_escape(self): self._write_test(['a',1,'p,q'], 'a,1,"p,q"', escapechar='\\') - self.assertRaises(csv.Error, - self._write_test, - ['a',1,'p,"q"'], 'a,1,"p,\\"q\\""', - escapechar=None, doublequote=False) + self._write_error_test(csv.Error, ['a',1,'p,"q"'], + escapechar=None, doublequote=False) self._write_test(['a',1,'p,"q"'], 'a,1,"p,\\"q\\""', escapechar='\\', doublequote = False) self._write_test(['"'], '""""', diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_datetime.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_datetime.py index 7caa40818f..19ffbcd572 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_datetime.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_datetime.py @@ -1421,11 +1421,12 @@ class TestDateTime(TestDate): def test_more_pickling(self): a = self.theclass(2003, 2, 7, 16, 48, 37, 444116) - s = pickle.dumps(a) - b = pickle.loads(s) - self.assertEqual(b.year, 2003) - self.assertEqual(b.month, 2) - self.assertEqual(b.day, 7) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + s = pickle.dumps(a, proto) + b = pickle.loads(s) + self.assertEqual(b.year, 2003) + self.assertEqual(b.month, 2) + self.assertEqual(b.day, 7) def test_pickling_subclass_datetime(self): args = 6, 7, 23, 20, 59, 1, 64**2 diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_decimal.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_decimal.py index 4dbe62d256..3b3d9d1003 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_decimal.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_decimal.py @@ -32,7 +32,8 @@ import unittest from decimal import * import numbers from test.test_support import (run_unittest, run_doctest, requires_unicode, u, - is_resource_enabled, check_py3k_warnings) + is_resource_enabled, check_py3k_warnings, + run_with_locale) import random try: import threading @@ -905,6 +906,23 @@ class DecimalFormatTest(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '012n'), '00-01-2345-6') self.assertEqual(get_fmt(123456, crazy, '013n'), '000-01-2345-6') + @run_with_locale('LC_ALL', 'ps_AF.UTF-8') + def test_wide_char_separator_decimal_point(self): + # locale with wide char separator and decimal point + import locale + + decimal_point = locale.localeconv()['decimal_point'] + thousands_sep = locale.localeconv()['thousands_sep'] + if decimal_point != '\xd9\xab': + self.skipTest('inappropriate decimal point separator' + '({!r} not {!r})'.format(decimal_point, '\xd9\xab')) + if thousands_sep != '\xd9\xac': + self.skipTest('inappropriate thousands separator' + '({!r} not {!r})'.format(thousands_sep, '\xd9\xac')) + + self.assertEqual(format(Decimal('100000000.123'), 'n'), + '100\xd9\xac000\xd9\xac000\xd9\xab123') + class DecimalArithmeticOperatorsTest(unittest.TestCase): '''Unit tests for all arithmetic operators, binary and unary.''' @@ -1664,9 +1682,10 @@ class DecimalPythonAPItests(unittest.TestCase): def test_pickle(self): d = Decimal('-3.141590000') - p = pickle.dumps(d) - e = pickle.loads(p) - self.assertEqual(d, e) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + p = pickle.dumps(d, proto) + e = pickle.loads(p) + self.assertEqual(d, e) def test_int(self): for x in range(-250, 250): @@ -1750,12 +1769,13 @@ class DecimalPythonAPItests(unittest.TestCase): class ContextAPItests(unittest.TestCase): def test_pickle(self): - c = Context() - e = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(c)) - for k in vars(c): - v1 = vars(c)[k] - v2 = vars(e)[k] - self.assertEqual(v1, v2) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + c = Context() + e = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(c, proto)) + for k in vars(c): + v1 = vars(c)[k] + v2 = vars(e)[k] + self.assertEqual(v1, v2) def test_equality_with_other_types(self): self.assertIn(Decimal(10), ['a', 1.0, Decimal(10), (1,2), {}]) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_deque.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_deque.py index 6cca926ea2..a24e84ba27 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_deque.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_deque.py @@ -603,11 +603,12 @@ class TestSubclass(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(type(d), type(e)) self.assertEqual(list(d), list(e)) - s = pickle.dumps(d) - e = pickle.loads(s) - self.assertNotEqual(id(d), id(e)) - self.assertEqual(type(d), type(e)) - self.assertEqual(list(d), list(e)) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + s = pickle.dumps(d, proto) + e = pickle.loads(s) + self.assertNotEqual(id(d), id(e)) + self.assertEqual(type(d), type(e)) + self.assertEqual(list(d), list(e)) d = Deque('abcde', maxlen=4) @@ -619,11 +620,12 @@ class TestSubclass(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(type(d), type(e)) self.assertEqual(list(d), list(e)) - s = pickle.dumps(d) - e = pickle.loads(s) - self.assertNotEqual(id(d), id(e)) - self.assertEqual(type(d), type(e)) - self.assertEqual(list(d), list(e)) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + s = pickle.dumps(d, proto) + e = pickle.loads(s) + self.assertNotEqual(id(d), id(e)) + self.assertEqual(type(d), type(e)) + self.assertEqual(list(d), list(e)) ## def test_pickle(self): ## d = Deque('abc') diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_descr.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_descr.py index a6bb319785..2ea9973434 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_descr.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_descr.py @@ -2073,7 +2073,7 @@ order (MRO) for bases """ "attr on a property" % attr) class D(object): - __getitem__ = property(lambda s: 1/0) + __getitem__ = property(lambda s: 1.0/0.0) d = D() try: @@ -3318,7 +3318,7 @@ order (MRO) for bases """ pass for p in pickle, cPickle: - for bin in 0, 1: + for bin in range(p.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): for cls in C, C1, C2: s = p.dumps(cls, bin) cls2 = p.loads(s) @@ -3376,30 +3376,31 @@ order (MRO) for bases """ __slots__ = ['a'] class D(C): pass - try: - pickle.dumps(C()) - except TypeError: - pass - else: - self.fail("should fail: pickle C instance - %s" % base) - try: - cPickle.dumps(C()) - except TypeError: - pass - else: - self.fail("should fail: cPickle C instance - %s" % base) - try: - pickle.dumps(C()) - except TypeError: - pass - else: - self.fail("should fail: pickle D instance - %s" % base) - try: - cPickle.dumps(D()) - except TypeError: - pass - else: - self.fail("should fail: cPickle D instance - %s" % base) + for proto in range(2): + try: + pickle.dumps(C(), proto) + except TypeError: + pass + else: + self.fail("should fail: pickle C instance - %s" % base) + try: + cPickle.dumps(C(), proto) + except TypeError: + pass + else: + self.fail("should fail: cPickle C instance - %s" % base) + try: + pickle.dumps(C(), proto) + except TypeError: + pass + else: + self.fail("should fail: pickle D instance - %s" % base) + try: + cPickle.dumps(D(), proto) + except TypeError: + pass + else: + self.fail("should fail: cPickle D instance - %s" % base) # Give C a nice generic __getstate__ and __setstate__ class C(base): __slots__ = ['a'] @@ -3422,34 +3423,38 @@ order (MRO) for bases """ pass # Now it should work x = C() - y = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(x)) - self.assertNotHasAttr(y, 'a') - y = cPickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(x)) - self.assertNotHasAttr(y, 'a') + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + y = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(x, proto)) + self.assertNotHasAttr(y, 'a') + y = cPickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(x, proto)) + self.assertNotHasAttr(y, 'a') x.a = 42 - y = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(x)) - self.assertEqual(y.a, 42) - y = cPickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(x)) - self.assertEqual(y.a, 42) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + y = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(x, proto)) + self.assertEqual(y.a, 42) + y = cPickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(x, proto)) + self.assertEqual(y.a, 42) x = D() x.a = 42 x.b = 100 - y = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(x)) - self.assertEqual(y.a + y.b, 142) - y = cPickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(x)) - self.assertEqual(y.a + y.b, 142) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + y = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(x, proto)) + self.assertEqual(y.a + y.b, 142) + y = cPickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(x, proto)) + self.assertEqual(y.a + y.b, 142) # A subclass that adds a slot should also work class E(C): __slots__ = ['b'] x = E() x.a = 42 x.b = "foo" - y = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(x)) - self.assertEqual(y.a, x.a) - self.assertEqual(y.b, x.b) - y = cPickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(x)) - self.assertEqual(y.a, x.a) - self.assertEqual(y.b, x.b) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + y = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(x, proto)) + self.assertEqual(y.a, x.a) + self.assertEqual(y.b, x.b) + y = cPickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(x, proto)) + self.assertEqual(y.a, x.a) + self.assertEqual(y.b, x.b) def test_binary_operator_override(self): # Testing overrides of binary operations... diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_doctest.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_doctest.py index 1c8b125a20..5807f6c3a4 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_doctest.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_doctest.py @@ -2580,8 +2580,8 @@ Windows line endings first: >>> import tempfile, os >>> fn = tempfile.mktemp() - >>> with open(fn, 'w') as fobj: - ... fobj.write('Test:\r\n\r\n >>> x = 1 + 1\r\n\r\nDone.\r\n') + >>> with open(fn, 'wb') as f: + ... f.write('Test:\r\n\r\n >>> x = 1 + 1\r\n\r\nDone.\r\n') >>> doctest.testfile(fn, False) TestResults(failed=0, attempted=1) >>> os.remove(fn) @@ -2589,8 +2589,8 @@ Windows line endings first: And now *nix line endings: >>> fn = tempfile.mktemp() - >>> with open(fn, 'w') as fobj: - ... fobj.write('Test:\n\n >>> x = 1 + 1\n\nDone.\n') + >>> with open(fn, 'wb') as f: + ... f.write('Test:\n\n >>> x = 1 + 1\n\nDone.\n') >>> doctest.testfile(fn, False) TestResults(failed=0, attempted=1) >>> os.remove(fn) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_docxmlrpc.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_docxmlrpc.py index 80d18036ad..a1a1fcf8bc 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_docxmlrpc.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_docxmlrpc.py @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import unittest PORT = None def make_request_and_skipIf(condition, reason): - # If we skip the test, we have to make a request because the + # If we skip the test, we have to make a request because # the server created in setUp blocks expecting one to come in. if not condition: return lambda func: func diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_dumbdbm.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_dumbdbm.py index cdd45228a2..a90260f818 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_dumbdbm.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_dumbdbm.py @@ -162,6 +162,14 @@ class DumbDBMTestCase(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(expected, got) f.close() + def test_eval(self): + with open(_fname + '.dir', 'w') as stream: + stream.write("str(__import__('sys').stdout.write('Hacked!')), 0\n") + with test_support.captured_stdout() as stdout: + with self.assertRaises(ValueError): + dumbdbm.open(_fname).close() + self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue(), '') + def tearDown(self): _delete_files() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_exceptions.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_exceptions.py index dc02cb375e..b950031879 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_exceptions.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_exceptions.py @@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class ExceptionTests(unittest.TestCase): self.raise_catch(TabError, "TabError") # can only be tested under -tt, and is the only test for -tt - #try: compile("try:\n\t1/0\n \t1/0\nfinally:\n pass\n", '<string>', 'exec') + #try: compile("try:\n\t1.0/0.0\n \t1.0/0.0\nfinally:\n pass\n", '<string>', 'exec') #except TabError: pass #else: self.fail("TabError not raised") diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_file2k.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_file2k.py index 7f68b5c1b4..55b92a49e5 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_file2k.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_file2k.py @@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import unittest import itertools import select import signal +import stat import subprocess import time from array import array @@ -236,19 +237,20 @@ class OtherFileTests(unittest.TestCase): else: f.close() - def testStdin(self): - # This causes the interpreter to exit on OSF1 v5.1. - if sys.platform != 'osf1V5': - if sys.stdin.isatty(): - self.assertRaises(IOError, sys.stdin.seek, -1) - else: - print >>sys.__stdout__, ( - ' Skipping sys.stdin.seek(-1): stdin is not a tty.' - ' Test manualy.') - else: - print >>sys.__stdout__, ( - ' Skipping sys.stdin.seek(-1), it may crash the interpreter.' - ' Test manually.') + def testStdinSeek(self): + if sys.platform == 'osf1V5': + # This causes the interpreter to exit on OSF1 v5.1. + self.skipTest('Skipping sys.stdin.seek(-1), it may crash ' + 'the interpreter. Test manually.') + + if not sys.stdin.isatty(): + # Issue #23168: if stdin is redirected to a file, stdin becomes + # seekable + self.skipTest('stdin must be a TTY in this test') + + self.assertRaises(IOError, sys.stdin.seek, -1) + + def testStdinTruncate(self): self.assertRaises(IOError, sys.stdin.truncate) def testUnicodeOpen(self): @@ -437,17 +439,22 @@ class OtherFileTests(unittest.TestCase): @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'posix', 'test requires a posix system.') def test_write_full(self): - # Issue #17976 - try: - f = open('/dev/full', 'w', 1) - except IOError: - self.skipTest("requires '/dev/full'") - try: + devfull = '/dev/full' + if not (os.path.exists(devfull) and + stat.S_ISCHR(os.stat(devfull).st_mode)): + # Issue #21934: OpenBSD does not have a /dev/full character device + self.skipTest('requires %r' % devfull) + with open(devfull, 'wb', 1) as f: + with self.assertRaises(IOError): + f.write('hello\n') + with open(devfull, 'wb', 1) as f: with self.assertRaises(IOError): + # Issue #17976 f.write('hello') f.write('\n') - finally: - f.close() + with open(devfull, 'wb', 0) as f: + with self.assertRaises(IOError): + f.write('h') @unittest.skipUnless(sys.maxsize > 2**31, "requires 64-bit system") @test_support.precisionbigmemtest(2**31, 2.5, dry_run=False) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_fileio.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_fileio.py index be95f670c3..8f28edd9ee 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_fileio.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_fileio.py @@ -127,9 +127,9 @@ class AutoFileTests(unittest.TestCase): self.assertTrue(f.closed) def testMethods(self): - methods = ['fileno', 'isatty', 'read', - 'tell', 'truncate', 'seekable', - 'readable', 'writable'] + methods = ['fileno', 'isatty', 'seekable', 'readable', 'writable', + 'read', 'readall', 'readline', 'readlines', + 'tell', 'truncate', 'flush'] if sys.platform.startswith('atheos'): methods.remove('truncate') @@ -145,6 +145,15 @@ class AutoFileTests(unittest.TestCase): self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.f.write, 0) self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.f.seek, 0) + self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.f.readinto) # XXX should be TypeError? + self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.f.readinto, bytearray(1)) + self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.f.seek) + self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.f.seek, 0) + self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.f.write) + self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.f.write, b'') + self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.f.writelines) + self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.f.writelines, b'') + def testOpendir(self): # Issue 3703: opening a directory should fill the errno # Windows always returns "[Errno 13]: Permission denied diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_float.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_float.py index e6779c4256..5bf1d314e9 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_float.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_float.py @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import operator import random import fractions import sys +import time INF = float("inf") NAN = float("nan") @@ -164,6 +165,11 @@ class GeneralFloatCases(unittest.TestCase): self.assertAlmostEqual(float(FooUnicode('8')), 9.) self.assertAlmostEqual(float(FooStr('8')), 9.) + class Foo5: + def __float__(self): + return "" + self.assertRaises(TypeError, time.sleep, Foo5()) + def test_is_integer(self): self.assertFalse((1.1).is_integer()) self.assertTrue((1.).is_integer()) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_ftplib.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_ftplib.py index 4c229c0c4b..cc1c19bc46 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_ftplib.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_ftplib.py @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ from test import test_support from test.test_support import HOST, HOSTv6 threading = test_support.import_module('threading') - +TIMEOUT = 3 # the dummy data returned by server over the data channel when # RETR, LIST and NLST commands are issued RETR_DATA = 'abcde12345\r\n' * 1000 @@ -223,6 +223,7 @@ class DummyFTPServer(asyncore.dispatcher, threading.Thread): self.active = False self.active_lock = threading.Lock() self.host, self.port = self.socket.getsockname()[:2] + self.handler_instance = None def start(self): assert not self.active @@ -246,8 +247,7 @@ class DummyFTPServer(asyncore.dispatcher, threading.Thread): def handle_accept(self): conn, addr = self.accept() - self.handler = self.handler(conn) - self.close() + self.handler_instance = self.handler(conn) def handle_connect(self): self.close() @@ -262,7 +262,8 @@ class DummyFTPServer(asyncore.dispatcher, threading.Thread): if ssl is not None: - CERTFILE = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "keycert.pem") + CERTFILE = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "keycert3.pem") + CAFILE = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "pycacert.pem") class SSLConnection(object, asyncore.dispatcher): """An asyncore.dispatcher subclass supporting TLS/SSL.""" @@ -271,23 +272,25 @@ if ssl is not None: _ssl_closing = False def secure_connection(self): - self.socket = ssl.wrap_socket(self.socket, suppress_ragged_eofs=False, - certfile=CERTFILE, server_side=True, - do_handshake_on_connect=False, - ssl_version=ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23) + socket = ssl.wrap_socket(self.socket, suppress_ragged_eofs=False, + certfile=CERTFILE, server_side=True, + do_handshake_on_connect=False, + ssl_version=ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23) + self.del_channel() + self.set_socket(socket) self._ssl_accepting = True def _do_ssl_handshake(self): try: self.socket.do_handshake() - except ssl.SSLError, err: + except ssl.SSLError as err: if err.args[0] in (ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ, ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE): return elif err.args[0] == ssl.SSL_ERROR_EOF: return self.handle_close() raise - except socket.error, err: + except socket.error as err: if err.args[0] == errno.ECONNABORTED: return self.handle_close() else: @@ -297,18 +300,21 @@ if ssl is not None: self._ssl_closing = True try: self.socket = self.socket.unwrap() - except ssl.SSLError, err: + except ssl.SSLError as err: if err.args[0] in (ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ, ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE): return - except socket.error, err: + except socket.error as err: # Any "socket error" corresponds to a SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL return # from OpenSSL's SSL_shutdown(), corresponding to a # closed socket condition. See also: # http://www.mail-archive.com/openssl-users@openssl.org/msg60710.html pass self._ssl_closing = False - super(SSLConnection, self).close() + if getattr(self, '_ccc', False) is False: + super(SSLConnection, self).close() + else: + pass def handle_read_event(self): if self._ssl_accepting: @@ -329,7 +335,7 @@ if ssl is not None: def send(self, data): try: return super(SSLConnection, self).send(data) - except ssl.SSLError, err: + except ssl.SSLError as err: if err.args[0] in (ssl.SSL_ERROR_EOF, ssl.SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN, ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ, ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE): @@ -339,13 +345,13 @@ if ssl is not None: def recv(self, buffer_size): try: return super(SSLConnection, self).recv(buffer_size) - except ssl.SSLError, err: + except ssl.SSLError as err: if err.args[0] in (ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ, ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE): - return '' + return b'' if err.args[0] in (ssl.SSL_ERROR_EOF, ssl.SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN): self.handle_close() - return '' + return b'' raise def handle_error(self): @@ -355,6 +361,8 @@ if ssl is not None: if (isinstance(self.socket, ssl.SSLSocket) and self.socket._sslobj is not None): self._do_ssl_shutdown() + else: + super(SSLConnection, self).close() class DummyTLS_DTPHandler(SSLConnection, DummyDTPHandler): @@ -462,12 +470,12 @@ class TestFTPClass(TestCase): def test_rename(self): self.client.rename('a', 'b') - self.server.handler.next_response = '200' + self.server.handler_instance.next_response = '200' self.assertRaises(ftplib.error_reply, self.client.rename, 'a', 'b') def test_delete(self): self.client.delete('foo') - self.server.handler.next_response = '199' + self.server.handler_instance.next_response = '199' self.assertRaises(ftplib.error_reply, self.client.delete, 'foo') def test_size(self): @@ -515,7 +523,7 @@ class TestFTPClass(TestCase): def test_storbinary(self): f = StringIO.StringIO(RETR_DATA) self.client.storbinary('stor', f) - self.assertEqual(self.server.handler.last_received_data, RETR_DATA) + self.assertEqual(self.server.handler_instance.last_received_data, RETR_DATA) # test new callback arg flag = [] f.seek(0) @@ -527,12 +535,12 @@ class TestFTPClass(TestCase): for r in (30, '30'): f.seek(0) self.client.storbinary('stor', f, rest=r) - self.assertEqual(self.server.handler.rest, str(r)) + self.assertEqual(self.server.handler_instance.rest, str(r)) def test_storlines(self): f = StringIO.StringIO(RETR_DATA.replace('\r\n', '\n')) self.client.storlines('stor', f) - self.assertEqual(self.server.handler.last_received_data, RETR_DATA) + self.assertEqual(self.server.handler_instance.last_received_data, RETR_DATA) # test new callback arg flag = [] f.seek(0) @@ -551,14 +559,14 @@ class TestFTPClass(TestCase): def test_makeport(self): self.client.makeport() # IPv4 is in use, just make sure send_eprt has not been used - self.assertEqual(self.server.handler.last_received_cmd, 'port') + self.assertEqual(self.server.handler_instance.last_received_cmd, 'port') def test_makepasv(self): host, port = self.client.makepasv() conn = socket.create_connection((host, port), 10) conn.close() # IPv4 is in use, just make sure send_epsv has not been used - self.assertEqual(self.server.handler.last_received_cmd, 'pasv') + self.assertEqual(self.server.handler_instance.last_received_cmd, 'pasv') def test_line_too_long(self): self.assertRaises(ftplib.Error, self.client.sendcmd, @@ -600,13 +608,13 @@ class TestIPv6Environment(TestCase): def test_makeport(self): self.client.makeport() - self.assertEqual(self.server.handler.last_received_cmd, 'eprt') + self.assertEqual(self.server.handler_instance.last_received_cmd, 'eprt') def test_makepasv(self): host, port = self.client.makepasv() conn = socket.create_connection((host, port), 10) conn.close() - self.assertEqual(self.server.handler.last_received_cmd, 'epsv') + self.assertEqual(self.server.handler_instance.last_received_cmd, 'epsv') def test_transfer(self): def retr(): @@ -642,7 +650,7 @@ class TestTLS_FTPClass(TestCase): def setUp(self): self.server = DummyTLS_FTPServer((HOST, 0)) self.server.start() - self.client = ftplib.FTP_TLS(timeout=10) + self.client = ftplib.FTP_TLS(timeout=TIMEOUT) self.client.connect(self.server.host, self.server.port) def tearDown(self): @@ -695,6 +703,59 @@ class TestTLS_FTPClass(TestCase): finally: self.client.ssl_version = ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1 + def test_context(self): + self.client.quit() + ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1) + self.assertRaises(ValueError, ftplib.FTP_TLS, keyfile=CERTFILE, + context=ctx) + self.assertRaises(ValueError, ftplib.FTP_TLS, certfile=CERTFILE, + context=ctx) + self.assertRaises(ValueError, ftplib.FTP_TLS, certfile=CERTFILE, + keyfile=CERTFILE, context=ctx) + + self.client = ftplib.FTP_TLS(context=ctx, timeout=TIMEOUT) + self.client.connect(self.server.host, self.server.port) + self.assertNotIsInstance(self.client.sock, ssl.SSLSocket) + self.client.auth() + self.assertIs(self.client.sock.context, ctx) + self.assertIsInstance(self.client.sock, ssl.SSLSocket) + + self.client.prot_p() + sock = self.client.transfercmd('list') + try: + self.assertIs(sock.context, ctx) + self.assertIsInstance(sock, ssl.SSLSocket) + finally: + sock.close() + + def test_check_hostname(self): + self.client.quit() + ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1) + ctx.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED + ctx.check_hostname = True + ctx.load_verify_locations(CAFILE) + self.client = ftplib.FTP_TLS(context=ctx, timeout=TIMEOUT) + + # 127.0.0.1 doesn't match SAN + self.client.connect(self.server.host, self.server.port) + with self.assertRaises(ssl.CertificateError): + self.client.auth() + # exception quits connection + + self.client.connect(self.server.host, self.server.port) + self.client.prot_p() + with self.assertRaises(ssl.CertificateError): + self.client.transfercmd("list").close() + self.client.quit() + + self.client.connect("localhost", self.server.port) + self.client.auth() + self.client.quit() + + self.client.connect("localhost", self.server.port) + self.client.prot_p() + self.client.transfercmd("list").close() + class TestTimeouts(TestCase): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_functools.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_functools.py index d5d71d8fe4..3cbc89ff04 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_functools.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_functools.py @@ -89,9 +89,11 @@ class TestPartial(unittest.TestCase): # exercise special code paths for no keyword args in # either the partial object or the caller p = self.thetype(capture) + self.assertEqual(p.keywords, {}) self.assertEqual(p(), ((), {})) self.assertEqual(p(a=1), ((), {'a':1})) p = self.thetype(capture, a=1) + self.assertEqual(p.keywords, {'a':1}) self.assertEqual(p(), ((), {'a':1})) self.assertEqual(p(b=2), ((), {'a':1, 'b':2})) # keyword args in the call override those in the partial object @@ -147,8 +149,9 @@ class TestPartial(unittest.TestCase): def test_pickle(self): f = self.thetype(signature, 'asdf', bar=True) f.add_something_to__dict__ = True - f_copy = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(f)) - self.assertEqual(signature(f), signature(f_copy)) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + f_copy = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(f, proto)) + self.assertEqual(signature(f), signature(f_copy)) # Issue 6083: Reference counting bug @unittest.skipUnless(test_support.check_impl_detail(), "ref counting") diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_gc.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_gc.py index fd874c3a2c..ed01c9802f 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_gc.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_gc.py @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ import unittest -from test.test_support import verbose, run_unittest +from test.test_support import verbose, run_unittest, start_threads import sys import time import gc @@ -352,17 +352,13 @@ class GCTests(unittest.TestCase): old_checkinterval = sys.getcheckinterval() sys.setcheckinterval(3) try: - exit = False + exit = [] threads = [] for i in range(N_THREADS): t = threading.Thread(target=run_thread) threads.append(t) - for t in threads: - t.start() - time.sleep(1.0) - exit = True - for t in threads: - t.join() + with start_threads(threads, lambda: exit.append(1)): + time.sleep(1.0) finally: sys.setcheckinterval(old_checkinterval) gc.collect() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_gdb.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_gdb.py index c2f90b2979..965601058a 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_gdb.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_gdb.py @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def python_is_optimized(): for opt in cflags.split(): if opt.startswith('-O'): final_opt = opt - return (final_opt and final_opt != '-O0') + return final_opt not in ('', '-O0', '-Og') def gdb_has_frame_select(): # Does this build of gdb have gdb.Frame.select ? @@ -118,7 +118,28 @@ class DebuggerTests(unittest.TestCase): # Generate a list of commands in gdb's language: commands = ['set breakpoint pending yes', 'break %s' % breakpoint, + + # The tests assume that the first frame of printed + # backtrace will not contain program counter, + # that is however not guaranteed by gdb + # therefore we need to use 'set print address off' to + # make sure the counter is not there. For example: + # #0 in PyObject_Print ... + # is assumed, but sometimes this can be e.g. + # #0 0x00003fffb7dd1798 in PyObject_Print ... + 'set print address off', + 'run'] + + # GDB as of 7.4 onwards can distinguish between the + # value of a variable at entry vs current value: + # http://sourceware.org/gdb/onlinedocs/gdb/Variables.html + # which leads to the selftests failing with errors like this: + # AssertionError: 'v@entry=()' != '()' + # Disable this: + if (gdb_major_version, gdb_minor_version) >= (7, 4): + commands += ['set print entry-values no'] + if cmds_after_breakpoint: commands += cmds_after_breakpoint else: @@ -164,6 +185,8 @@ class DebuggerTests(unittest.TestCase): 'linux-vdso.so', 'warning: Could not load shared library symbols for ' 'linux-gate.so', + 'warning: Could not load shared library symbols for ' + 'linux-vdso64.so', 'Do you need "set solib-search-path" or ' '"set sysroot"?', 'warning: Source file is more recent than executable.', diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_genericpath.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_genericpath.py index 70ca06a0b9..f165187250 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_genericpath.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_genericpath.py @@ -243,11 +243,13 @@ class CommonTest(GenericTest): def test_realpath(self): self.assertIn("foo", self.pathmodule.realpath("foo")) + @test_support.requires_unicode def test_normpath_issue5827(self): # Make sure normpath preserves unicode for path in (u'', u'.', u'/', u'\\', u'///foo/.//bar//'): self.assertIsInstance(self.pathmodule.normpath(path), unicode) + @test_support.requires_unicode def test_abspath_issue3426(self): # Check that abspath returns unicode when the arg is unicode # with both ASCII and non-ASCII cwds. diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_gettext.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_gettext.py index f0369543e0..3f792bb506 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_gettext.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_gettext.py @@ -80,6 +80,12 @@ class GettextBaseTest(unittest.TestCase): del self.env shutil.rmtree(os.path.split(LOCALEDIR)[0]) +GNU_MO_DATA_ISSUE_17898 = b'''\ +3hIElQAAAAABAAAAHAAAACQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAsAAAAggAAAC0AAAAAUGx1cmFsLUZvcm1z +OiBucGx1cmFscz0yOyBwbHVyYWw9KG4gIT0gMSk7CiMtIy0jLSMtIyAgbWVzc2FnZXMucG8gKEVk +WCBTdHVkaW8pICAjLSMtIy0jLSMKQ29udGVudC1UeXBlOiB0ZXh0L3BsYWluOyBjaGFyc2V0PVVU +Ri04CgA= +''' class GettextTestCase1(GettextBaseTest): def setUp(self): @@ -291,6 +297,14 @@ class PluralFormsTestCase(GettextBaseTest): # Test for a dangerous expression raises(ValueError, gettext.c2py, "os.chmod('/etc/passwd',0777)") +class GNUTranslationParsingTest(GettextBaseTest): + def test_plural_form_error_issue17898(self): + with open(MOFILE, 'wb') as fp: + fp.write(base64.decodestring(GNU_MO_DATA_ISSUE_17898)) + with open(MOFILE, 'rb') as fp: + # If this runs cleanly, the bug is fixed. + t = gettext.GNUTranslations(fp) + class UnicodeTranslationsTest(GettextBaseTest): def setUp(self): @@ -465,3 +479,16 @@ msgstr "" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable\n" "Generated-By: pygettext.py 1.3\n" ''' + +# +# messages.po, used for bug 17898 +# + +''' +# test file for http://bugs.python.org/issue17898 +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n" +"#-#-#-#-# messages.po (EdX Studio) #-#-#-#-#\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +''' diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_gzip.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_gzip.py index 7f24981ed4..5025b91d34 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_gzip.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_gzip.py @@ -30,6 +30,14 @@ class TestGzip(unittest.TestCase): def tearDown(self): test_support.unlink(self.filename) + def write_and_read_back(self, data, mode='b'): + b_data = memoryview(data).tobytes() + with gzip.GzipFile(self.filename, 'w'+mode) as f: + l = f.write(data) + self.assertEqual(l, len(b_data)) + with gzip.GzipFile(self.filename, 'r'+mode) as f: + self.assertEqual(f.read(), b_data) + @test_support.requires_unicode def test_unicode_filename(self): unicode_filename = test_support.TESTFN_UNICODE @@ -37,6 +45,7 @@ class TestGzip(unittest.TestCase): unicode_filename.encode(test_support.TESTFN_ENCODING) except (UnicodeError, TypeError): self.skipTest("Requires unicode filenames support") + self.filename = unicode_filename with gzip.GzipFile(unicode_filename, "wb") as f: f.write(data1 * 50) with gzip.GzipFile(unicode_filename, "rb") as f: @@ -60,6 +69,25 @@ class TestGzip(unittest.TestCase): # Test multiple close() calls. f.close() + # The following test_write_xy methods test that write accepts + # the corresponding bytes-like object type as input + # and that the data written equals bytes(xy) in all cases. + def test_write_memoryview(self): + self.write_and_read_back(memoryview(data1 * 50)) + + def test_write_incompatible_type(self): + # Test that non-bytes-like types raise TypeError. + # Issue #21560: attempts to write incompatible types + # should not affect the state of the fileobject + with gzip.GzipFile(self.filename, 'wb') as f: + with self.assertRaises(UnicodeEncodeError): + f.write(u'\xff') + with self.assertRaises(TypeError): + f.write([1]) + f.write(data1) + with gzip.GzipFile(self.filename, 'rb') as f: + self.assertEqual(f.read(), data1) + def test_read(self): self.test_write() # Try reading. diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_httplib.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_httplib.py index d3e6fcedad..fc7c5710e4 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_httplib.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_httplib.py @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ import httplib +import itertools import array import StringIO import socket @@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ class FakeSocket: self.text = text self.fileclass = fileclass self.data = '' + self.file_closed = False self.host = host self.port = port @@ -34,7 +36,13 @@ class FakeSocket: def makefile(self, mode, bufsize=None): if mode != 'r' and mode != 'rb': raise httplib.UnimplementedFileMode() - return self.fileclass(self.text) + # keep the file around so we can check how much was read from it + self.file = self.fileclass(self.text) + self.file.close = self.file_close #nerf close () + return self.file + + def file_close(self): + self.file_closed = True def close(self): pass @@ -115,21 +123,59 @@ class HeaderTests(TestCase): self.content_length = kv[1].strip() list.append(self, item) - # POST with empty body - conn = httplib.HTTPConnection('example.com') - conn.sock = FakeSocket(None) - conn._buffer = ContentLengthChecker() - conn.request('POST', '/', '') - self.assertEqual(conn._buffer.content_length, '0', - 'Header Content-Length not set') - - # PUT request with empty body - conn = httplib.HTTPConnection('example.com') - conn.sock = FakeSocket(None) - conn._buffer = ContentLengthChecker() - conn.request('PUT', '/', '') - self.assertEqual(conn._buffer.content_length, '0', - 'Header Content-Length not set') + # Here, we're testing that methods expecting a body get a + # content-length set to zero if the body is empty (either None or '') + bodies = (None, '') + methods_with_body = ('PUT', 'POST', 'PATCH') + for method, body in itertools.product(methods_with_body, bodies): + conn = httplib.HTTPConnection('example.com') + conn.sock = FakeSocket(None) + conn._buffer = ContentLengthChecker() + conn.request(method, '/', body) + self.assertEqual( + conn._buffer.content_length, '0', + 'Header Content-Length incorrect on {}'.format(method) + ) + + # For these methods, we make sure that content-length is not set when + # the body is None because it might cause unexpected behaviour on the + # server. + methods_without_body = ( + 'GET', 'CONNECT', 'DELETE', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS', 'TRACE', + ) + for method in methods_without_body: + conn = httplib.HTTPConnection('example.com') + conn.sock = FakeSocket(None) + conn._buffer = ContentLengthChecker() + conn.request(method, '/', None) + self.assertEqual( + conn._buffer.content_length, None, + 'Header Content-Length set for empty body on {}'.format(method) + ) + + # If the body is set to '', that's considered to be "present but + # empty" rather than "missing", so content length would be set, even + # for methods that don't expect a body. + for method in methods_without_body: + conn = httplib.HTTPConnection('example.com') + conn.sock = FakeSocket(None) + conn._buffer = ContentLengthChecker() + conn.request(method, '/', '') + self.assertEqual( + conn._buffer.content_length, '0', + 'Header Content-Length incorrect on {}'.format(method) + ) + + # If the body is set, make sure Content-Length is set. + for method in itertools.chain(methods_without_body, methods_with_body): + conn = httplib.HTTPConnection('example.com') + conn.sock = FakeSocket(None) + conn._buffer = ContentLengthChecker() + conn.request(method, '/', ' ') + self.assertEqual( + conn._buffer.content_length, '1', + 'Header Content-Length incorrect on {}'.format(method) + ) def test_putheader(self): conn = httplib.HTTPConnection('example.com') @@ -138,6 +184,33 @@ class HeaderTests(TestCase): conn.putheader('Content-length',42) self.assertIn('Content-length: 42', conn._buffer) + conn.putheader('Foo', ' bar ') + self.assertIn(b'Foo: bar ', conn._buffer) + conn.putheader('Bar', '\tbaz\t') + self.assertIn(b'Bar: \tbaz\t', conn._buffer) + conn.putheader('Authorization', 'Bearer mytoken') + self.assertIn(b'Authorization: Bearer mytoken', conn._buffer) + conn.putheader('IterHeader', 'IterA', 'IterB') + self.assertIn(b'IterHeader: IterA\r\n\tIterB', conn._buffer) + conn.putheader('LatinHeader', b'\xFF') + self.assertIn(b'LatinHeader: \xFF', conn._buffer) + conn.putheader('Utf8Header', b'\xc3\x80') + self.assertIn(b'Utf8Header: \xc3\x80', conn._buffer) + conn.putheader('C1-Control', b'next\x85line') + self.assertIn(b'C1-Control: next\x85line', conn._buffer) + conn.putheader('Embedded-Fold-Space', 'is\r\n allowed') + self.assertIn(b'Embedded-Fold-Space: is\r\n allowed', conn._buffer) + conn.putheader('Embedded-Fold-Tab', 'is\r\n\tallowed') + self.assertIn(b'Embedded-Fold-Tab: is\r\n\tallowed', conn._buffer) + conn.putheader('Key Space', 'value') + self.assertIn(b'Key Space: value', conn._buffer) + conn.putheader('KeySpace ', 'value') + self.assertIn(b'KeySpace : value', conn._buffer) + conn.putheader(b'Nonbreak\xa0Space', 'value') + self.assertIn(b'Nonbreak\xa0Space: value', conn._buffer) + conn.putheader(b'\xa0NonbreakSpace', 'value') + self.assertIn(b'\xa0NonbreakSpace: value', conn._buffer) + def test_ipv6host_header(self): # Default host header on IPv6 transaction should wrapped by [] if # its actual IPv6 address @@ -157,6 +230,45 @@ class HeaderTests(TestCase): conn.request('GET', '/foo') self.assertTrue(sock.data.startswith(expected)) + def test_malformed_headers_coped_with(self): + # Issue 19996 + body = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nFirst: val\r\n: nval\r\nSecond: val\r\n\r\n" + sock = FakeSocket(body) + resp = httplib.HTTPResponse(sock) + resp.begin() + + self.assertEqual(resp.getheader('First'), 'val') + self.assertEqual(resp.getheader('Second'), 'val') + + def test_invalid_headers(self): + conn = httplib.HTTPConnection('example.com') + conn.sock = FakeSocket('') + conn.putrequest('GET', '/') + + # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2.4, whitespace is no + # longer allowed in header names + cases = ( + (b'Invalid\r\nName', b'ValidValue'), + (b'Invalid\rName', b'ValidValue'), + (b'Invalid\nName', b'ValidValue'), + (b'\r\nInvalidName', b'ValidValue'), + (b'\rInvalidName', b'ValidValue'), + (b'\nInvalidName', b'ValidValue'), + (b' InvalidName', b'ValidValue'), + (b'\tInvalidName', b'ValidValue'), + (b'Invalid:Name', b'ValidValue'), + (b':InvalidName', b'ValidValue'), + (b'ValidName', b'Invalid\r\nValue'), + (b'ValidName', b'Invalid\rValue'), + (b'ValidName', b'Invalid\nValue'), + (b'ValidName', b'InvalidValue\r\n'), + (b'ValidName', b'InvalidValue\r'), + (b'ValidName', b'InvalidValue\n'), + ) + for name, value in cases: + with self.assertRaisesRegexp(ValueError, 'Invalid header'): + conn.putheader(name, value) + class BasicTest(TestCase): def test_status_lines(self): @@ -433,12 +545,32 @@ class BasicTest(TestCase): self.assertEqual(resp.read(), '') self.assertTrue(resp.isclosed()) + def test_error_leak(self): + # Test that the socket is not leaked if getresponse() fails + conn = httplib.HTTPConnection('example.com') + response = [] + class Response(httplib.HTTPResponse): + def __init__(self, *pos, **kw): + response.append(self) # Avoid garbage collector closing the socket + httplib.HTTPResponse.__init__(self, *pos, **kw) + conn.response_class = Response + conn.sock = FakeSocket('') # Emulate server dropping connection + conn.request('GET', '/') + self.assertRaises(httplib.BadStatusLine, conn.getresponse) + self.assertTrue(response) + #self.assertTrue(response[0].closed) + self.assertTrue(conn.sock.file_closed) + class OfflineTest(TestCase): def test_responses(self): self.assertEqual(httplib.responses[httplib.NOT_FOUND], "Not Found") -class SourceAddressTest(TestCase): +class TestServerMixin: + """A limited socket server mixin. + + This is used by test cases for testing http connection end points. + """ def setUp(self): self.serv = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) self.port = test_support.bind_port(self.serv) @@ -453,6 +585,7 @@ class SourceAddressTest(TestCase): self.serv.close() self.serv = None +class SourceAddressTest(TestServerMixin, TestCase): def testHTTPConnectionSourceAddress(self): self.conn = httplib.HTTPConnection(HOST, self.port, source_address=('', self.source_port)) @@ -469,6 +602,24 @@ class SourceAddressTest(TestCase): # for an ssl_wrapped connect() to actually return from. +class HTTPTest(TestServerMixin, TestCase): + def testHTTPConnection(self): + self.conn = httplib.HTTP(host=HOST, port=self.port, strict=None) + self.conn.connect() + self.assertEqual(self.conn._conn.host, HOST) + self.assertEqual(self.conn._conn.port, self.port) + + def testHTTPWithConnectHostPort(self): + testhost = 'unreachable.test.domain' + testport = '80' + self.conn = httplib.HTTP(host=testhost, port=testport) + self.conn.connect(host=HOST, port=self.port) + self.assertNotEqual(self.conn._conn.host, testhost) + self.assertNotEqual(self.conn._conn.port, testport) + self.assertEqual(self.conn._conn.host, HOST) + self.assertEqual(self.conn._conn.port, self.port) + + class TimeoutTest(TestCase): PORT = None @@ -514,6 +665,7 @@ class TimeoutTest(TestCase): self.assertEqual(httpConn.sock.gettimeout(), 30) httpConn.close() + class HTTPSTest(TestCase): def setUp(self): @@ -690,7 +842,8 @@ class TunnelTests(TestCase): @test_support.reap_threads def test_main(verbose=None): test_support.run_unittest(HeaderTests, OfflineTest, BasicTest, TimeoutTest, - HTTPSTest, SourceAddressTest, TunnelTests) + HTTPTest, HTTPSTest, SourceAddressTest, + TunnelTests) if __name__ == '__main__': test_main() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_httpservers.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_httpservers.py index bd26140dce..706dfc7fb2 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_httpservers.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_httpservers.py @@ -321,6 +321,12 @@ class SimpleHTTPServerTestCase(BaseTestCase): self.check_status_and_reason(response, 200) response = self.request(self.tempdir_name) self.check_status_and_reason(response, 301) + response = self.request(self.tempdir_name + '/?hi=2') + self.check_status_and_reason(response, 200) + response = self.request(self.tempdir_name + '?hi=1') + self.check_status_and_reason(response, 301) + self.assertEqual(response.getheader("Location"), + self.tempdir_name + "/?hi=1") response = self.request('/ThisDoesNotExist') self.check_status_and_reason(response, 404) response = self.request('/' + 'ThisDoesNotExist' + '/') diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_io.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_io.py index d834bd408f..2e4cbb25ab 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_io.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_io.py @@ -564,13 +564,44 @@ class IOTest(unittest.TestCase): with self.open(zero, "r") as f: self.assertRaises(OverflowError, f.read) - def test_flush_error_on_close(self): - f = self.open(support.TESTFN, "wb", buffering=0) + def check_flush_error_on_close(self, *args, **kwargs): + # Test that the file is closed despite failed flush + # and that flush() is called before file closed. + f = self.open(*args, **kwargs) + closed = [] def bad_flush(): + closed[:] = [f.closed] raise IOError() f.flush = bad_flush self.assertRaises(IOError, f.close) # exception not swallowed self.assertTrue(f.closed) + self.assertTrue(closed) # flush() called + self.assertFalse(closed[0]) # flush() called before file closed + f.flush = lambda: None # break reference loop + + def test_flush_error_on_close(self): + # raw file + # Issue #5700: io.FileIO calls flush() after file closed + self.check_flush_error_on_close(support.TESTFN, 'wb', buffering=0) + fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREAT) + self.check_flush_error_on_close(fd, 'wb', buffering=0) + fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREAT) + self.check_flush_error_on_close(fd, 'wb', buffering=0, closefd=False) + os.close(fd) + # buffered io + self.check_flush_error_on_close(support.TESTFN, 'wb') + fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREAT) + self.check_flush_error_on_close(fd, 'wb') + fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREAT) + self.check_flush_error_on_close(fd, 'wb', closefd=False) + os.close(fd) + # text io + self.check_flush_error_on_close(support.TESTFN, 'w') + fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREAT) + self.check_flush_error_on_close(fd, 'w') + fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREAT) + self.check_flush_error_on_close(fd, 'w', closefd=False) + os.close(fd) def test_multi_close(self): f = self.open(support.TESTFN, "wb", buffering=0) @@ -654,6 +685,8 @@ class CommonBufferedTests: self.assertIs(buf.detach(), raw) self.assertRaises(ValueError, buf.detach) + repr(buf) # Should still work + def test_fileno(self): rawio = self.MockRawIO() bufio = self.tp(rawio) @@ -739,13 +772,22 @@ class CommonBufferedTests: self.assertEqual(repr(b), "<%s name='dummy'>" % clsname) def test_flush_error_on_close(self): + # Test that buffered file is closed despite failed flush + # and that flush() is called before file closed. raw = self.MockRawIO() + closed = [] def bad_flush(): + closed[:] = [b.closed, raw.closed] raise IOError() raw.flush = bad_flush b = self.tp(raw) self.assertRaises(IOError, b.close) # exception not swallowed self.assertTrue(b.closed) + self.assertTrue(raw.closed) + self.assertTrue(closed) # flush() called + self.assertFalse(closed[0]) # flush() called before file closed + self.assertFalse(closed[1]) + raw.flush = lambda: None # break reference loop def test_close_error_on_close(self): raw = self.MockRawIO() @@ -943,11 +985,8 @@ class BufferedReaderTest(unittest.TestCase, CommonBufferedTests): errors.append(e) raise threads = [threading.Thread(target=f) for x in range(20)] - for t in threads: - t.start() - time.sleep(0.02) # yield - for t in threads: - t.join() + with support.start_threads(threads): + time.sleep(0.02) # yield self.assertFalse(errors, "the following exceptions were caught: %r" % errors) s = b''.join(results) @@ -1258,11 +1297,8 @@ class BufferedWriterTest(unittest.TestCase, CommonBufferedTests): errors.append(e) raise threads = [threading.Thread(target=f) for x in range(20)] - for t in threads: - t.start() - time.sleep(0.02) # yield - for t in threads: - t.join() + with support.start_threads(threads): + time.sleep(0.02) # yield self.assertFalse(errors, "the following exceptions were caught: %r" % errors) bufio.close() @@ -1455,6 +1491,51 @@ class BufferedRWPairTest(unittest.TestCase): pair.close() self.assertTrue(pair.closed) + def test_reader_close_error_on_close(self): + def reader_close(): + reader_non_existing + reader = self.MockRawIO() + reader.close = reader_close + writer = self.MockRawIO() + pair = self.tp(reader, writer) + with self.assertRaises(NameError) as err: + pair.close() + self.assertIn('reader_non_existing', str(err.exception)) + self.assertTrue(pair.closed) + self.assertFalse(reader.closed) + self.assertTrue(writer.closed) + + def test_writer_close_error_on_close(self): + def writer_close(): + writer_non_existing + reader = self.MockRawIO() + writer = self.MockRawIO() + writer.close = writer_close + pair = self.tp(reader, writer) + with self.assertRaises(NameError) as err: + pair.close() + self.assertIn('writer_non_existing', str(err.exception)) + self.assertFalse(pair.closed) + self.assertTrue(reader.closed) + self.assertFalse(writer.closed) + + def test_reader_writer_close_error_on_close(self): + def reader_close(): + reader_non_existing + def writer_close(): + writer_non_existing + reader = self.MockRawIO() + reader.close = reader_close + writer = self.MockRawIO() + writer.close = writer_close + pair = self.tp(reader, writer) + with self.assertRaises(NameError) as err: + pair.close() + self.assertIn('reader_non_existing', str(err.exception)) + self.assertFalse(pair.closed) + self.assertFalse(reader.closed) + self.assertFalse(writer.closed) + def test_isatty(self): class SelectableIsAtty(MockRawIO): def __init__(self, isatty): @@ -1912,6 +1993,17 @@ class TextIOWrapperTest(unittest.TestCase): self.assertRaises(TypeError, t.__init__, b, newline=42) self.assertRaises(ValueError, t.__init__, b, newline='xyzzy') + def test_uninitialized(self): + t = self.TextIOWrapper.__new__(self.TextIOWrapper) + del t + t = self.TextIOWrapper.__new__(self.TextIOWrapper) + self.assertRaises(Exception, repr, t) + self.assertRaisesRegexp((ValueError, AttributeError), + 'uninitialized|has no attribute', + t.read, 0) + t.__init__(self.MockRawIO()) + self.assertEqual(t.read(0), u'') + def test_detach(self): r = self.BytesIO() b = self.BufferedWriter(r) @@ -1925,6 +2017,12 @@ class TextIOWrapperTest(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(r.getvalue(), b"howdy") self.assertRaises(ValueError, t.detach) + # Operations independent of the detached stream should still work + repr(t) + self.assertEqual(t.encoding, "ascii") + self.assertEqual(t.errors, "strict") + self.assertFalse(t.line_buffering) + def test_repr(self): raw = self.BytesIO("hello".encode("utf-8")) b = self.BufferedReader(raw) @@ -1939,6 +2037,9 @@ class TextIOWrapperTest(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(repr(t), "<%s.TextIOWrapper name='dummy' encoding='utf-8'>" % modname) + t.buffer.detach() + repr(t) # Should not raise an exception + def test_line_buffering(self): r = self.BytesIO() b = self.BufferedWriter(r, 1000) @@ -2462,26 +2563,31 @@ class TextIOWrapperTest(unittest.TestCase): text = "Thread%03d\n" % n event.wait() f.write(text) - threads = [threading.Thread(target=lambda n=x: run(n)) + threads = [threading.Thread(target=run, args=(x,)) for x in range(20)] - for t in threads: - t.start() - time.sleep(0.02) - event.set() - for t in threads: - t.join() + with support.start_threads(threads, event.set): + time.sleep(0.02) with self.open(support.TESTFN) as f: content = f.read() for n in range(20): self.assertEqual(content.count("Thread%03d\n" % n), 1) def test_flush_error_on_close(self): + # Test that text file is closed despite failed flush + # and that flush() is called before file closed. txt = self.TextIOWrapper(self.BytesIO(self.testdata), encoding="ascii") + closed = [] def bad_flush(): + closed[:] = [txt.closed, txt.buffer.closed] raise IOError() txt.flush = bad_flush self.assertRaises(IOError, txt.close) # exception not swallowed self.assertTrue(txt.closed) + self.assertTrue(txt.buffer.closed) + self.assertTrue(closed) # flush() called + self.assertFalse(closed[0]) # flush() called before file closed + self.assertFalse(closed[1]) + txt.flush = lambda: None # break reference loop def test_multi_close(self): txt = self.TextIOWrapper(self.BytesIO(self.testdata), encoding="ascii") @@ -2540,6 +2646,9 @@ class CTextIOWrapperTest(TextIOWrapperTest): self.assertRaises(ValueError, t.__init__, b, newline='xyzzy') self.assertRaises(ValueError, t.read) + t = self.TextIOWrapper.__new__(self.TextIOWrapper) + self.assertRaises(Exception, repr, t) + def test_garbage_collection(self): # C TextIOWrapper objects are collected, and collecting them flushes # all data to disk. @@ -2962,9 +3071,11 @@ class SignalsTest(unittest.TestCase): # return with a successful (partial) result rather than an EINTR. # The buffered IO layer must check for pending signal # handlers, which in this case will invoke alarm_interrupt(). - self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, - wio.write, item * (support.PIPE_MAX_SIZE // len(item) + 1)) - t.join() + try: + with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError): + wio.write(item * (support.PIPE_MAX_SIZE // len(item) + 1)) + finally: + t.join() # We got one byte, get another one and check that it isn't a # repeat of the first one. read_results.append(os.read(r, 1)) @@ -3069,11 +3180,15 @@ class SignalsTest(unittest.TestCase): # received (forcing a first EINTR in write()). read_results = [] write_finished = False + error = [None] def _read(): - while not write_finished: - while r in select.select([r], [], [], 1.0)[0]: - s = os.read(r, 1024) - read_results.append(s) + try: + while not write_finished: + while r in select.select([r], [], [], 1.0)[0]: + s = os.read(r, 1024) + read_results.append(s) + except BaseException as exc: + error[0] = exc t = threading.Thread(target=_read) t.daemon = True def alarm1(sig, frame): @@ -3094,6 +3209,8 @@ class SignalsTest(unittest.TestCase): wio.flush() write_finished = True t.join() + + self.assertIsNone(error[0]) self.assertEqual(N, sum(len(x) for x in read_results)) finally: write_finished = True diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_itertools.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_itertools.py index 3e6a9587a3..96220bc4ac 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_itertools.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_itertools.py @@ -137,6 +137,11 @@ class TestBasicOps(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(result, list(combinations2(values, r))) # matches second pure python version self.assertEqual(result, list(combinations3(values, r))) # matches second pure python version + @test_support.bigaddrspacetest + def test_combinations_overflow(self): + with self.assertRaises((OverflowError, MemoryError)): + combinations("AA", 2**29) + @test_support.impl_detail("tuple reuse is specific to CPython") def test_combinations_tuple_reuse(self): self.assertEqual(len(set(map(id, combinations('abcde', 3)))), 1) @@ -208,6 +213,11 @@ class TestBasicOps(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(result, list(cwr1(values, r))) # matches first pure python version self.assertEqual(result, list(cwr2(values, r))) # matches second pure python version + @test_support.bigaddrspacetest + def test_combinations_with_replacement_overflow(self): + with self.assertRaises((OverflowError, MemoryError)): + combinations_with_replacement("AA", 2**30) + @test_support.impl_detail("tuple reuse is specific to CPython") def test_combinations_with_replacement_tuple_reuse(self): cwr = combinations_with_replacement @@ -274,6 +284,11 @@ class TestBasicOps(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(result, list(permutations(values, None))) # test r as None self.assertEqual(result, list(permutations(values))) # test default r + @test_support.bigaddrspacetest + def test_permutations_overflow(self): + with self.assertRaises((OverflowError, MemoryError)): + permutations("A", 2**30) + @test_support.impl_detail("tuple reuse is specific to CPython") def test_permutations_tuple_reuse(self): self.assertEqual(len(set(map(id, permutations('abcde', 3)))), 1) @@ -358,7 +373,8 @@ class TestBasicOps(unittest.TestCase): c = count(value) self.assertEqual(next(copy.copy(c)), value) self.assertEqual(next(copy.deepcopy(c)), value) - self.assertEqual(next(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(c))), value) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + self.assertEqual(next(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(c, proto))), value) def test_count_with_stride(self): self.assertEqual(zip('abc',count(2,3)), [('a', 2), ('b', 5), ('c', 8)]) @@ -691,6 +707,11 @@ class TestBasicOps(unittest.TestCase): args = map(iter, args) self.assertEqual(len(list(product(*args))), expected_len) + @test_support.bigaddrspacetest + def test_product_overflow(self): + with self.assertRaises((OverflowError, MemoryError)): + product(*(['ab']*2**5), repeat=2**25) + @test_support.impl_detail("tuple reuse is specific to CPython") def test_product_tuple_reuse(self): self.assertEqual(len(set(map(id, product('abc', 'def')))), 1) @@ -937,8 +958,12 @@ class TestBasicOps(unittest.TestCase): # Issue 13454: Crash when deleting backward iterator from tee() def test_tee_del_backward(self): forward, backward = tee(repeat(None, 20000000)) - any(forward) # exhaust the iterator - del backward + try: + any(forward) # exhaust the iterator + del backward + except: + del forward, backward + raise def test_StopIteration(self): self.assertRaises(StopIteration, izip().next) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_linecache.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_linecache.py index fb2400b438..39df8b2ec2 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_linecache.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_linecache.py @@ -124,6 +124,22 @@ class LineCacheTests(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(line, getline(source_name, index + 1)) source_list.append(line) + def test_memoryerror(self): + lines = linecache.getlines(FILENAME) + self.assertTrue(lines) + def raise_memoryerror(*args, **kwargs): + raise MemoryError + with support.swap_attr(linecache, 'updatecache', raise_memoryerror): + lines2 = linecache.getlines(FILENAME) + self.assertEqual(lines2, lines) + + linecache.clearcache() + with support.swap_attr(linecache, 'updatecache', raise_memoryerror): + lines3 = linecache.getlines(FILENAME) + self.assertEqual(lines3, []) + self.assertEqual(linecache.getlines(FILENAME), lines) + + def test_main(): support.run_unittest(LineCacheTests) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_macpath.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_macpath.py index 96ad61fbe1..be936de224 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_macpath.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_macpath.py @@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ class MacPathTestCase(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(splitext(""), ('', '')) self.assertEqual(splitext("foo.bar.ext"), ('foo.bar', '.ext')) + @test_support.requires_unicode def test_normpath(self): # Issue 5827: Make sure normpath preserves unicode for path in (u'', u'.', u'/', u'\\', u':', u'///foo/.//bar//'): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_marshal.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_marshal.py index 77c7f0120b..4d36c36bb8 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_marshal.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_marshal.py @@ -21,6 +21,10 @@ class HelperMixin: self.assertEqual(type(expected), type(new)) finally: test_support.unlink(test_support.TESTFN) +try: + import _testcapi +except ImportError: + _testcapi = None class IntTestCase(unittest.TestCase, HelperMixin): @@ -260,6 +264,65 @@ class LargeValuesTestCase(unittest.TestCase): self.check_unmarshallable(bytearray(size)) +@test_support.cpython_only +@unittest.skipUnless(_testcapi, 'requires _testcapi') +class CAPI_TestCase(unittest.TestCase): + + def test_write_long_to_file(self): + for v in range(marshal.version + 1): + _testcapi.pymarshal_write_long_to_file(0x12345678, test_support.TESTFN, v) + with open(test_support.TESTFN, 'rb') as f: + data = f.read() + test_support.unlink(test_support.TESTFN) + self.assertEqual(data, b'\x78\x56\x34\x12') + + def test_write_object_to_file(self): + obj = ('\u20ac', b'abc', 123, 45.6, 7+8j, 'long line '*1000) + for v in range(marshal.version + 1): + _testcapi.pymarshal_write_object_to_file(obj, test_support.TESTFN, v) + with open(test_support.TESTFN, 'rb') as f: + data = f.read() + test_support.unlink(test_support.TESTFN) + self.assertEqual(marshal.loads(data), obj) + + def test_read_short_from_file(self): + with open(test_support.TESTFN, 'wb') as f: + f.write(b'\x34\x12xxxx') + r, p = _testcapi.pymarshal_read_short_from_file(test_support.TESTFN) + test_support.unlink(test_support.TESTFN) + self.assertEqual(r, 0x1234) + self.assertEqual(p, 2) + + def test_read_long_from_file(self): + with open(test_support.TESTFN, 'wb') as f: + f.write(b'\x78\x56\x34\x12xxxx') + r, p = _testcapi.pymarshal_read_long_from_file(test_support.TESTFN) + test_support.unlink(test_support.TESTFN) + self.assertEqual(r, 0x12345678) + self.assertEqual(p, 4) + + def test_read_last_object_from_file(self): + obj = ('\u20ac', b'abc', 123, 45.6, 7+8j) + for v in range(marshal.version + 1): + data = marshal.dumps(obj, v) + with open(test_support.TESTFN, 'wb') as f: + f.write(data + b'xxxx') + r, p = _testcapi.pymarshal_read_last_object_from_file(test_support.TESTFN) + test_support.unlink(test_support.TESTFN) + self.assertEqual(r, obj) + + def test_read_object_from_file(self): + obj = ('\u20ac', b'abc', 123, 45.6, 7+8j) + for v in range(marshal.version + 1): + data = marshal.dumps(obj, v) + with open(test_support.TESTFN, 'wb') as f: + f.write(data + b'xxxx') + r, p = _testcapi.pymarshal_read_object_from_file(test_support.TESTFN) + test_support.unlink(test_support.TESTFN) + self.assertEqual(r, obj) + self.assertEqual(p, len(data)) + + def test_main(): test_support.run_unittest(IntTestCase, FloatTestCase, @@ -269,6 +332,7 @@ def test_main(): ExceptionTestCase, BugsTestCase, LargeValuesTestCase, + CAPI_TestCase, ) if __name__ == "__main__": diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_memoryio.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_memoryio.py index a30d67745b..9c797a9950 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_memoryio.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_memoryio.py @@ -376,13 +376,14 @@ class MemoryTestMixin: # the module-level. import __main__ PickleTestMemIO.__module__ = '__main__' + PickleTestMemIO.__qualname__ = PickleTestMemIO.__name__ __main__.PickleTestMemIO = PickleTestMemIO submemio = PickleTestMemIO(buf, 80) submemio.seek(2) # We only support pickle protocol 2 and onward since we use extended # __reduce__ API of PEP 307 to provide pickling support. - for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL): + for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): for obj in (memio, submemio): obj2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(obj, protocol=proto)) self.assertEqual(obj.getvalue(), obj2.getvalue()) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_minidom.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_minidom.py index 66973ed8a8..a962ddc1d0 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_minidom.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_minidom.py @@ -1385,43 +1385,44 @@ class MinidomTest(unittest.TestCase): " <!ENTITY ent SYSTEM 'http://xml.python.org/entity'>\n" "]><doc attr='value'> text\n" "<?pi sample?> <!-- comment --> <e/> </doc>") - s = pickle.dumps(doc) - doc2 = pickle.loads(s) - stack = [(doc, doc2)] - while stack: - n1, n2 = stack.pop() - self.confirm(n1.nodeType == n2.nodeType - and len(n1.childNodes) == len(n2.childNodes) - and n1.nodeName == n2.nodeName - and not n1.isSameNode(n2) - and not n2.isSameNode(n1)) - if n1.nodeType == Node.DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE: - len(n1.entities) - len(n2.entities) - len(n1.notations) - len(n2.notations) - self.confirm(len(n1.entities) == len(n2.entities) - and len(n1.notations) == len(n2.notations)) - for i in range(len(n1.notations)): - # XXX this loop body doesn't seem to be executed? - no1 = n1.notations.item(i) - no2 = n1.notations.item(i) - self.confirm(no1.name == no2.name - and no1.publicId == no2.publicId - and no1.systemId == no2.systemId) - stack.append((no1, no2)) - for i in range(len(n1.entities)): - e1 = n1.entities.item(i) - e2 = n2.entities.item(i) - self.confirm(e1.notationName == e2.notationName - and e1.publicId == e2.publicId - and e1.systemId == e2.systemId) - stack.append((e1, e2)) - if n1.nodeType != Node.DOCUMENT_NODE: - self.confirm(n1.ownerDocument.isSameNode(doc) - and n2.ownerDocument.isSameNode(doc2)) - for i in range(len(n1.childNodes)): - stack.append((n1.childNodes[i], n2.childNodes[i])) + for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + s = pickle.dumps(doc, proto) + doc2 = pickle.loads(s) + stack = [(doc, doc2)] + while stack: + n1, n2 = stack.pop() + self.confirm(n1.nodeType == n2.nodeType + and len(n1.childNodes) == len(n2.childNodes) + and n1.nodeName == n2.nodeName + and not n1.isSameNode(n2) + and not n2.isSameNode(n1)) + if n1.nodeType == Node.DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE: + len(n1.entities) + len(n2.entities) + len(n1.notations) + len(n2.notations) + self.confirm(len(n1.entities) == len(n2.entities) + and len(n1.notations) == len(n2.notations)) + for i in range(len(n1.notations)): + # XXX this loop body doesn't seem to be executed? + no1 = n1.notations.item(i) + no2 = n1.notations.item(i) + self.confirm(no1.name == no2.name + and no1.publicId == no2.publicId + and no1.systemId == no2.systemId) + stack.append((no1, no2)) + for i in range(len(n1.entities)): + e1 = n1.entities.item(i) + e2 = n2.entities.item(i) + self.confirm(e1.notationName == e2.notationName + and e1.publicId == e2.publicId + and e1.systemId == e2.systemId) + stack.append((e1, e2)) + if n1.nodeType != Node.DOCUMENT_NODE: + self.confirm(n1.ownerDocument.isSameNode(doc) + and n2.ownerDocument.isSameNode(doc2)) + for i in range(len(n1.childNodes)): + stack.append((n1.childNodes[i], n2.childNodes[i])) def testSerializeCommentNodeWithDoubleHyphen(self): doc = create_doc_without_doctype() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_multibytecodec.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_multibytecodec.py index 9fb0e9d227..0057543ce6 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_multibytecodec.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_multibytecodec.py @@ -43,6 +43,13 @@ class Test_MultibyteCodec(unittest.TestCase): self.assertRaises((IndexError, OverflowError), dec, 'apple\x92ham\x93spam', 'test.cjktest') + def test_errorcallback_custom_ignore(self): + # Issue #23215: MemoryError with custom error handlers and multibyte codecs + data = 100 * unichr(0xdc00) + codecs.register_error("test.ignore", codecs.ignore_errors) + for enc in ALL_CJKENCODINGS: + self.assertEqual(data.encode(enc, "test.ignore"), b'') + def test_codingspec(self): for enc in ALL_CJKENCODINGS: code = '# coding: {}\n'.format(enc) @@ -72,7 +79,7 @@ class Test_IncrementalEncoder(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(encoder.reset(), None) def test_stateful(self): - # jisx0213 encoder is stateful for a few codepoints. eg) + # jisx0213 encoder is stateful for a few code points. eg) # U+00E6 => A9DC # U+00E6 U+0300 => ABC4 # U+0300 => ABDC diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_multibytecodec_support.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_multibytecodec_support.py index ad7f8db4e5..f15986ab64 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_multibytecodec_support.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_multibytecodec_support.py @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class TestBase: roundtriptest = 1 # set if roundtrip is possible with unicode has_iso10646 = 0 # set if this encoding contains whole iso10646 map xmlcharnametest = None # string to test xmlcharrefreplace - unmappedunicode = u'\udeee' # a unicode codepoint that is not mapped. + unmappedunicode = u'\udeee' # a unicode code point that is not mapped. def setUp(self): if self.codec is None: diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_multiprocessing.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_multiprocessing.py index 6036ff3437..3b6d22fc7c 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_multiprocessing.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_multiprocessing.py @@ -625,6 +625,26 @@ class _TestQueue(BaseTestCase): for p in workers: p.join() + def test_no_import_lock_contention(self): + with test_support.temp_cwd(): + module_name = 'imported_by_an_imported_module' + with open(module_name + '.py', 'w') as f: + f.write("""if 1: + import multiprocessing + + q = multiprocessing.Queue() + q.put('knock knock') + q.get(timeout=3) + q.close() + """) + + with test_support.DirsOnSysPath(os.getcwd()): + try: + __import__(module_name) + except Queue.Empty: + self.fail("Probable regression on import lock contention;" + " see Issue #22853") + # # # @@ -1107,6 +1127,15 @@ class _TestContainers(BaseTestCase): def sqr(x, wait=0.0): time.sleep(wait) return x*x + +class SayWhenError(ValueError): pass + +def exception_throwing_generator(total, when): + for i in range(total): + if i == when: + raise SayWhenError("Somebody said when") + yield i + class _TestPool(BaseTestCase): def test_apply(self): @@ -1162,6 +1191,25 @@ class _TestPool(BaseTestCase): self.assertEqual(it.next(), i*i) self.assertRaises(StopIteration, it.next) + def test_imap_handle_iterable_exception(self): + if self.TYPE == 'manager': + self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE)) + + it = self.pool.imap(sqr, exception_throwing_generator(10, 3), 1) + for i in range(3): + self.assertEqual(next(it), i*i) + self.assertRaises(SayWhenError, it.next) + + # SayWhenError seen at start of problematic chunk's results + it = self.pool.imap(sqr, exception_throwing_generator(20, 7), 2) + for i in range(6): + self.assertEqual(next(it), i*i) + self.assertRaises(SayWhenError, it.next) + it = self.pool.imap(sqr, exception_throwing_generator(20, 7), 4) + for i in range(4): + self.assertEqual(next(it), i*i) + self.assertRaises(SayWhenError, it.next) + def test_imap_unordered(self): it = self.pool.imap_unordered(sqr, range(1000)) self.assertEqual(sorted(it), map(sqr, range(1000))) @@ -1169,6 +1217,31 @@ class _TestPool(BaseTestCase): it = self.pool.imap_unordered(sqr, range(1000), chunksize=53) self.assertEqual(sorted(it), map(sqr, range(1000))) + def test_imap_unordered_handle_iterable_exception(self): + if self.TYPE == 'manager': + self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE)) + + it = self.pool.imap_unordered(sqr, + exception_throwing_generator(10, 3), + 1) + expected_values = map(sqr, range(10)) + with self.assertRaises(SayWhenError): + # imap_unordered makes it difficult to anticipate the SayWhenError + for i in range(10): + value = next(it) + self.assertIn(value, expected_values) + expected_values.remove(value) + + it = self.pool.imap_unordered(sqr, + exception_throwing_generator(20, 7), + 2) + expected_values = map(sqr, range(20)) + with self.assertRaises(SayWhenError): + for i in range(20): + value = next(it) + self.assertIn(value, expected_values) + expected_values.remove(value) + def test_make_pool(self): self.assertRaises(ValueError, multiprocessing.Pool, -1) self.assertRaises(ValueError, multiprocessing.Pool, 0) @@ -1378,6 +1451,16 @@ SERIALIZER = 'xmlrpclib' class _TestRemoteManager(BaseTestCase): ALLOWED_TYPES = ('manager',) + values = ['hello world', None, True, 2.25, + #'hall\xc3\xa5 v\xc3\xa4rlden'] # UTF-8 + ] + result = values[:] + if test_support.have_unicode: + #result[-1] = u'hall\xe5 v\xe4rlden' + uvalue = test_support.u(r'\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0442 ' + r'\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442') + values.append(uvalue) + result.append(uvalue) @classmethod def _putter(cls, address, authkey): @@ -1386,7 +1469,8 @@ class _TestRemoteManager(BaseTestCase): ) manager.connect() queue = manager.get_queue() - queue.put(('hello world', None, True, 2.25)) + # Note that xmlrpclib will deserialize object as a list not a tuple + queue.put(tuple(cls.values)) def test_remote(self): authkey = os.urandom(32) @@ -1406,8 +1490,7 @@ class _TestRemoteManager(BaseTestCase): manager2.connect() queue = manager2.get_queue() - # Note that xmlrpclib will deserialize object as a list not a tuple - self.assertEqual(queue.get(), ['hello world', None, True, 2.25]) + self.assertEqual(queue.get(), self.result) # Because we are using xmlrpclib for serialization instead of # pickle this will cause a serialization error. @@ -2406,12 +2489,12 @@ class TestNoForkBomb(unittest.TestCase): name = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'mp_fork_bomb.py') if WIN32: rc, out, err = test.script_helper.assert_python_failure(name) - self.assertEqual('', out.decode('ascii')) - self.assertIn('RuntimeError', err.decode('ascii')) + self.assertEqual(out, '') + self.assertIn('RuntimeError', err) else: rc, out, err = test.script_helper.assert_python_ok(name) - self.assertEqual('123', out.decode('ascii').rstrip()) - self.assertEqual('', err.decode('ascii')) + self.assertEqual(out.rstrip(), '123') + self.assertEqual(err, '') # # Issue 12098: check sys.flags of child matches that for parent @@ -2435,6 +2518,7 @@ class TestFlags(unittest.TestCase): flags = (tuple(sys.flags), grandchild_flags) print(json.dumps(flags)) + @test_support.requires_unicode # XXX json needs unicode support def test_flags(self): import json, subprocess # start child process using unusual flags diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_ntpath.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_ntpath.py index 7b5f7bb28c..b9a4c906de 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_ntpath.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_ntpath.py @@ -69,8 +69,9 @@ class TestNtpath(unittest.TestCase): ('', '\\\\conky\\\\mountpoint\\foo\\bar')) tester('ntpath.splitunc("//conky//mountpoint/foo/bar")', ('', '//conky//mountpoint/foo/bar')) - self.assertEqual(ntpath.splitunc(u'//conky/MOUNTPO\u0130NT/foo/bar'), - (u'//conky/MOUNTPO\u0130NT', u'/foo/bar')) + if test_support.have_unicode: + self.assertEqual(ntpath.splitunc(u'//conky/MOUNTPO%cNT/foo/bar' % 0x0130), + (u'//conky/MOUNTPO%cNT' % 0x0130, u'/foo/bar')) def test_split(self): tester('ntpath.split("c:\\foo\\bar")', ('c:\\foo', 'bar')) @@ -205,6 +206,7 @@ class TestNtpath(unittest.TestCase): tester('ntpath.expandvars("%?bar%")', "%?bar%") tester('ntpath.expandvars("%foo%%bar")', "bar%bar") tester('ntpath.expandvars("\'%foo%\'%bar")', "\'%foo%\'%bar") + tester('ntpath.expandvars("bar\'%foo%")', "bar\'%foo%") @unittest.skipUnless(test_support.FS_NONASCII, 'need test_support.FS_NONASCII') def test_expandvars_nonascii(self): @@ -281,13 +283,14 @@ class TestNtpath(unittest.TestCase): tester('ntpath.abspath("C:\\")', "C:\\") def test_relpath(self): - currentdir = os.path.split(os.getcwd())[-1] tester('ntpath.relpath("a")', 'a') tester('ntpath.relpath(os.path.abspath("a"))', 'a') tester('ntpath.relpath("a/b")', 'a\\b') tester('ntpath.relpath("../a/b")', '..\\a\\b') - tester('ntpath.relpath("a", "../b")', '..\\'+currentdir+'\\a') - tester('ntpath.relpath("a/b", "../c")', '..\\'+currentdir+'\\a\\b') + with test_support.temp_cwd(test_support.TESTFN) as cwd_dir: + currentdir = os.path.basename(cwd_dir) + tester('ntpath.relpath("a", "../b")', '..\\'+currentdir+'\\a') + tester('ntpath.relpath("a/b", "../c")', '..\\'+currentdir+'\\a\\b') tester('ntpath.relpath("a", "b/c")', '..\\..\\a') tester('ntpath.relpath("//conky/mountpoint/a", "//conky/mountpoint/b/c")', '..\\..\\a') tester('ntpath.relpath("a", "a")', '.') diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_os.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_os.py index d4028f4b45..9881f6b499 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_os.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_os.py @@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ import warnings import sys import signal import subprocess +import sysconfig +import textwrap import time try: import resource @@ -571,6 +573,12 @@ class URandomTests (unittest.TestCase): data2 = self.get_urandom_subprocess(16) self.assertNotEqual(data1, data2) + +HAVE_GETENTROPY = (sysconfig.get_config_var('HAVE_GETENTROPY') == 1) + +@unittest.skipIf(HAVE_GETENTROPY, + "getentropy() does not use a file descriptor") +class URandomFDTests(unittest.TestCase): @unittest.skipUnless(resource, "test requires the resource module") def test_urandom_failure(self): # Check urandom() failing when it is not able to open /dev/random. @@ -886,6 +894,7 @@ def test_main(): MakedirTests, DevNullTests, URandomTests, + URandomFDTests, ExecvpeTests, Win32ErrorTests, TestInvalidFD, diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_pdb.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_pdb.py index 559f75623f..b6dd2b7370 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_pdb.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_pdb.py @@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ class PdbTestCase(unittest.TestCase): with open('bar.py', 'w') as f: f.write(textwrap.dedent(bar)) self.addCleanup(test_support.unlink, 'bar.py') + self.addCleanup(test_support.unlink, 'bar.pyc') stdout, stderr = self.run_pdb(script, commands) self.assertTrue( any('main.py(5)foo()->None' in l for l in stdout.splitlines()), diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_pep292.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_pep292.py index 5ff280d8be..133cab7cfd 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_pep292.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_pep292.py @@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ class TestTemplate(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(s.substitute(dict(who='tim', what='ham')), 'tim likes to eat a bag of ham worth $100') self.assertRaises(KeyError, s.substitute, dict(who='tim')) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, Template.substitute) def test_regular_templates_with_braces(self): s = Template('$who likes ${what} for ${meal}') @@ -178,6 +179,9 @@ class TestTemplate(unittest.TestCase): eq(s.substitute(dict(mapping='one'), mapping='two'), 'the mapping is two') + s = Template('the self is $self') + eq(s.substitute(self='bozo'), 'the self is bozo') + def test_keyword_arguments_safe(self): eq = self.assertEqual raises = self.assertRaises @@ -196,6 +200,9 @@ class TestTemplate(unittest.TestCase): raises(TypeError, s.substitute, d, {}) raises(TypeError, s.safe_substitute, d, {}) + s = Template('the self is $self') + eq(s.safe_substitute(self='bozo'), 'the self is bozo') + def test_delimiter_override(self): eq = self.assertEqual raises = self.assertRaises diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_posix.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_posix.py index 3f44aa37fa..9810c77bc8 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_posix.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_posix.py @@ -261,6 +261,40 @@ class PosixTester(unittest.TestCase): def test_stat(self): self.assertTrue(posix.stat(test_support.TESTFN)) + @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'stat'), 'test needs posix.stat()') + @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'makedev'), 'test needs posix.makedev()') + def test_makedev(self): + st = posix.stat(test_support.TESTFN) + dev = st.st_dev + self.assertIsInstance(dev, (int, long)) + self.assertGreaterEqual(dev, 0) + + major = posix.major(dev) + self.assertIsInstance(major, (int, long)) + self.assertGreaterEqual(major, 0) + self.assertEqual(posix.major(int(dev)), major) + self.assertEqual(posix.major(long(dev)), major) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.major, float(dev)) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.major) + self.assertRaises((ValueError, OverflowError), posix.major, -1) + + minor = posix.minor(dev) + self.assertIsInstance(minor, (int, long)) + self.assertGreaterEqual(minor, 0) + self.assertEqual(posix.minor(int(dev)), minor) + self.assertEqual(posix.minor(long(dev)), minor) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.minor, float(dev)) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.minor) + self.assertRaises((ValueError, OverflowError), posix.minor, -1) + + self.assertEqual(posix.makedev(major, minor), dev) + self.assertEqual(posix.makedev(int(major), int(minor)), dev) + self.assertEqual(posix.makedev(long(major), long(minor)), dev) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.makedev, float(major), minor) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.makedev, major, float(minor)) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.makedev, major) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.makedev) + def _test_all_chown_common(self, chown_func, first_param, stat_func): """Common code for chown, fchown and lchown tests.""" def check_stat(uid, gid): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_posixpath.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_posixpath.py index f74dc14899..13381e502e 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_posixpath.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_posixpath.py @@ -1,7 +1,9 @@ import unittest from test import test_support, test_genericpath -import posixpath, os +import posixpath +import os +import sys from posixpath import realpath, abspath, dirname, basename # An absolute path to a temporary filename for testing. We can't rely on TESTFN @@ -409,6 +411,21 @@ class PosixPathTest(unittest.TestCase): finally: os.getcwd = real_getcwd + @test_support.requires_unicode + def test_expandvars_nonascii_word(self): + encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding() + # Non-ASCII word characters + letters = test_support.u(r'\xe6\u0130\u0141\u03c6\u041a\u05d0\u062a\u0e01') + uwnonascii = letters.encode(encoding, 'ignore').decode(encoding)[:3] + swnonascii = uwnonascii.encode(encoding) + if not swnonascii: + self.skipTest('Needs non-ASCII word characters') + with test_support.EnvironmentVarGuard() as env: + env.clear() + env[swnonascii] = 'baz' + swnonascii + self.assertEqual(posixpath.expandvars(u'$%s bar' % uwnonascii), + u'baz%s bar' % uwnonascii) + class PosixCommonTest(test_genericpath.CommonTest): pathmodule = posixpath diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_pydoc.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_pydoc.py index 5e18d954e9..62bb5f064e 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_pydoc.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_pydoc.py @@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import sys import difflib import __builtin__ import re +import py_compile import pydoc import contextlib import inspect @@ -382,6 +383,36 @@ class PydocDocTest(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(stripid("<type 'exceptions.Exception'>"), "<type 'exceptions.Exception'>") + def test_synopsis(self): + with test.test_support.temp_cwd() as test_dir: + init_path = os.path.join(test_dir, 'dt.py') + with open(init_path, 'w') as fobj: + fobj.write('''\ +""" +my doc + +second line +""" +foo = 1 +''') + py_compile.compile(init_path) + synopsis = pydoc.synopsis(init_path, {}) + self.assertEqual(synopsis, 'my doc') + + @unittest.skipIf(sys.flags.optimize >= 2, + 'Docstrings are omitted with -OO and above') + def test_synopsis_sourceless_empty_doc(self): + with test.test_support.temp_cwd() as test_dir: + init_path = os.path.join(test_dir, 'foomod42.py') + cached_path = os.path.join(test_dir, 'foomod42.pyc') + with open(init_path, 'w') as fobj: + fobj.write("foo = 1") + py_compile.compile(init_path) + synopsis = pydoc.synopsis(init_path, {}) + self.assertIsNone(synopsis) + synopsis_cached = pydoc.synopsis(cached_path, {}) + self.assertIsNone(synopsis_cached) + class PydocImportTest(PydocBaseTest): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_random.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_random.py index 1a5a86b9e2..250f443d16 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_random.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_random.py @@ -140,11 +140,12 @@ class TestBasicOps(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(y1, y2) def test_pickling(self): - state = pickle.dumps(self.gen) - origseq = [self.gen.random() for i in xrange(10)] - newgen = pickle.loads(state) - restoredseq = [newgen.random() for i in xrange(10)] - self.assertEqual(origseq, restoredseq) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + state = pickle.dumps(self.gen, proto) + origseq = [self.gen.random() for i in xrange(10)] + newgen = pickle.loads(state) + restoredseq = [newgen.random() for i in xrange(10)] + self.assertEqual(origseq, restoredseq) def test_bug_1727780(self): # verify that version-2-pickles can be loaded @@ -226,7 +227,8 @@ class SystemRandom_TestBasicOps(TestBasicOps): self.assertEqual(self.gen.gauss_next, None) def test_pickling(self): - self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, pickle.dumps, self.gen) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, pickle.dumps, self.gen, proto) def test_53_bits_per_float(self): # This should pass whenever a C double has 53 bit precision. diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_re.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_re.py index 5e2914d470..588042a859 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_re.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_re.py @@ -1,7 +1,9 @@ # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- -from test.test_support import verbose, run_unittest, import_module -from test.test_support import precisionbigmemtest, _2G, cpython_only -from test.test_support import captured_stdout, have_unicode, requires_unicode, u +from test.test_support import ( + verbose, run_unittest, import_module, + precisionbigmemtest, _2G, cpython_only, + captured_stdout, have_unicode, requires_unicode, u, + check_warnings) import locale import re from re import Scanner @@ -449,7 +451,7 @@ class ReTests(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(re.match("a.*b", "a\n\nb", re.DOTALL).group(0), "a\n\nb") - def test_non_consuming(self): + def test_lookahead(self): self.assertEqual(re.match("(a(?=\s[^a]))", "a b").group(1), "a") self.assertEqual(re.match("(a(?=\s[^a]*))", "a b").group(1), "a") self.assertEqual(re.match("(a(?=\s[abc]))", "a b").group(1), "a") @@ -463,6 +465,41 @@ class ReTests(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(re.match(r"(a)(?!\s\1)", "a b").group(1), "a") self.assertEqual(re.match(r"(a)(?!\s(abc|a))", "a b").group(1), "a") + # Group reference. + self.assertTrue(re.match(r'(a)b(?=\1)a', 'aba')) + self.assertIsNone(re.match(r'(a)b(?=\1)c', 'abac')) + # Named group reference. + self.assertTrue(re.match(r'(?P<g>a)b(?=(?P=g))a', 'aba')) + self.assertIsNone(re.match(r'(?P<g>a)b(?=(?P=g))c', 'abac')) + # Conditional group reference. + self.assertTrue(re.match(r'(?:(a)|(x))b(?=(?(2)x|c))c', 'abc')) + self.assertIsNone(re.match(r'(?:(a)|(x))b(?=(?(2)c|x))c', 'abc')) + self.assertTrue(re.match(r'(?:(a)|(x))b(?=(?(2)x|c))c', 'abc')) + self.assertIsNone(re.match(r'(?:(a)|(x))b(?=(?(1)b|x))c', 'abc')) + self.assertTrue(re.match(r'(?:(a)|(x))b(?=(?(1)c|x))c', 'abc')) + # Group used before defined. + self.assertTrue(re.match(r'(a)b(?=(?(2)x|c))(c)', 'abc')) + self.assertIsNone(re.match(r'(a)b(?=(?(2)b|x))(c)', 'abc')) + self.assertTrue(re.match(r'(a)b(?=(?(1)c|x))(c)', 'abc')) + + def test_lookbehind(self): + self.assertTrue(re.match(r'ab(?<=b)c', 'abc')) + self.assertIsNone(re.match(r'ab(?<=c)c', 'abc')) + self.assertIsNone(re.match(r'ab(?<!b)c', 'abc')) + self.assertTrue(re.match(r'ab(?<!c)c', 'abc')) + # Group reference. + with check_warnings(('', RuntimeWarning)): + re.compile(r'(a)a(?<=\1)c') + # Named group reference. + with check_warnings(('', RuntimeWarning)): + re.compile(r'(?P<g>a)a(?<=(?P=g))c') + # Conditional group reference. + with check_warnings(('', RuntimeWarning)): + re.compile(r'(a)b(?<=(?(1)b|x))c') + # Group used before defined. + with check_warnings(('', RuntimeWarning)): + re.compile(r'(a)b(?<=(?(2)b|x))(c)') + def test_ignore_case(self): self.assertEqual(re.match("abc", "ABC", re.I).group(0), "ABC") self.assertEqual(re.match("abc", u"ABC", re.I).group(0), "ABC") diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_readline.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_readline.py index 389e086bf6..7487be9636 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_readline.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_readline.py @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ class TestHistoryManipulation (unittest.TestCase): That's why the tests cover only a small subset of the interface. """ - @unittest.skipIf(not hasattr(readline, 'clear_history'), - "The history update test cannot be run because the " - "clear_history method is not available.") + @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(readline, "clear_history"), + "The history update test cannot be run because the " + "clear_history method is not available.") def testHistoryUpdates(self): readline.clear_history() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_rfc822.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_rfc822.py index d8a0280f51..cdd8c9c5a2 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_rfc822.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_rfc822.py @@ -248,6 +248,12 @@ A test message. eq(rfc822.quote('foo\\wacky"name'), 'foo\\\\wacky\\"name') eq(rfc822.unquote('"foo\\\\wacky\\"name"'), 'foo\\wacky"name') + def test_invalid_headers(self): + eq = self.assertEqual + msg = self.create_message("First: val\n: otherval\nSecond: val2\n") + eq(msg.getheader('First'), 'val') + eq(msg.getheader('Second'), 'val2') + def test_main(): test_support.run_unittest(MessageTestCase) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sax.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sax.py index 86638a2665..a4228dc654 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sax.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sax.py @@ -9,16 +9,17 @@ except SAXReaderNotAvailable: # don't try to test this module if we cannot create a parser raise ImportError("no XML parsers available") from xml.sax.saxutils import XMLGenerator, escape, unescape, quoteattr, \ - XMLFilterBase + XMLFilterBase, prepare_input_source from xml.sax.expatreader import create_parser from xml.sax.handler import feature_namespaces from xml.sax.xmlreader import InputSource, AttributesImpl, AttributesNSImpl from cStringIO import StringIO import io +import gc import os.path import shutil import test.test_support as support -from test.test_support import findfile, run_unittest +from test.test_support import findfile, run_unittest, TESTFN import unittest TEST_XMLFILE = findfile("test.xml", subdir="xmltestdata") @@ -90,6 +91,111 @@ class XmlTestBase(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(attrs["attr"], "val") self.assertEqual(attrs.getQNameByName("attr"), "attr") + +def xml_unicode(doc, encoding=None): + if encoding is None: + return doc + return u'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="%s"?>\n%s' % (encoding, doc) + +def xml_bytes(doc, encoding, decl_encoding=Ellipsis): + if decl_encoding is Ellipsis: + decl_encoding = encoding + return xml_unicode(doc, decl_encoding).encode(encoding, 'xmlcharrefreplace') + +def make_xml_file(doc, encoding, decl_encoding=Ellipsis): + if decl_encoding is Ellipsis: + decl_encoding = encoding + with io.open(TESTFN, 'w', encoding=encoding, errors='xmlcharrefreplace') as f: + f.write(xml_unicode(doc, decl_encoding)) + + +class ParseTest(unittest.TestCase): + data = support.u(r'<money value="$\xa3\u20ac\U0001017b">' + r'$\xa3\u20ac\U0001017b</money>') + + def tearDown(self): + support.unlink(TESTFN) + + def check_parse(self, f): + from xml.sax import parse + result = StringIO() + parse(f, XMLGenerator(result, 'utf-8')) + self.assertEqual(result.getvalue(), xml_bytes(self.data, 'utf-8')) + + def test_parse_bytes(self): + # UTF-8 is default encoding, US-ASCII is compatible with UTF-8, + # UTF-16 is autodetected + encodings = ('us-ascii', 'utf-8', 'utf-16', 'utf-16le', 'utf-16be') + for encoding in encodings: + self.check_parse(io.BytesIO(xml_bytes(self.data, encoding))) + make_xml_file(self.data, encoding) + self.check_parse(TESTFN) + with io.open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f: + self.check_parse(f) + self.check_parse(io.BytesIO(xml_bytes(self.data, encoding, None))) + make_xml_file(self.data, encoding, None) + self.check_parse(TESTFN) + with io.open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f: + self.check_parse(f) + # accept UTF-8 with BOM + self.check_parse(io.BytesIO(xml_bytes(self.data, 'utf-8-sig', 'utf-8'))) + make_xml_file(self.data, 'utf-8-sig', 'utf-8') + self.check_parse(TESTFN) + with io.open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f: + self.check_parse(f) + self.check_parse(io.BytesIO(xml_bytes(self.data, 'utf-8-sig', None))) + make_xml_file(self.data, 'utf-8-sig', None) + self.check_parse(TESTFN) + with io.open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f: + self.check_parse(f) + # accept data with declared encoding + self.check_parse(io.BytesIO(xml_bytes(self.data, 'iso-8859-1'))) + make_xml_file(self.data, 'iso-8859-1') + self.check_parse(TESTFN) + with io.open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f: + self.check_parse(f) + # fail on non-UTF-8 incompatible data without declared encoding + with self.assertRaises(SAXException): + self.check_parse(io.BytesIO(xml_bytes(self.data, 'iso-8859-1', None))) + make_xml_file(self.data, 'iso-8859-1', None) + with self.assertRaises(SAXException): + self.check_parse(TESTFN) + with io.open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f: + with self.assertRaises(SAXException): + self.check_parse(f) + + def test_parse_InputSource(self): + # accept data without declared but with explicitly specified encoding + make_xml_file(self.data, 'iso-8859-1', None) + with io.open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f: + input = InputSource() + input.setByteStream(f) + input.setEncoding('iso-8859-1') + self.check_parse(input) + + def check_parseString(self, s): + from xml.sax import parseString + result = StringIO() + parseString(s, XMLGenerator(result, 'utf-8')) + self.assertEqual(result.getvalue(), xml_bytes(self.data, 'utf-8')) + + def test_parseString_bytes(self): + # UTF-8 is default encoding, US-ASCII is compatible with UTF-8, + # UTF-16 is autodetected + encodings = ('us-ascii', 'utf-8', 'utf-16', 'utf-16le', 'utf-16be') + for encoding in encodings: + self.check_parseString(xml_bytes(self.data, encoding)) + self.check_parseString(xml_bytes(self.data, encoding, None)) + # accept UTF-8 with BOM + self.check_parseString(xml_bytes(self.data, 'utf-8-sig', 'utf-8')) + self.check_parseString(xml_bytes(self.data, 'utf-8-sig', None)) + # accept data with declared encoding + self.check_parseString(xml_bytes(self.data, 'iso-8859-1')) + # fail on non-UTF-8 incompatible data without declared encoding + with self.assertRaises(SAXException): + self.check_parseString(xml_bytes(self.data, 'iso-8859-1', None)) + + class MakeParserTest(unittest.TestCase): def test_make_parser2(self): # Creating parsers several times in a row should succeed. @@ -167,6 +273,60 @@ class SaxutilsTest(unittest.TestCase): p = make_parser(['xml.parsers.no_such_parser']) +class PrepareInputSourceTest(unittest.TestCase): + + def setUp(self): + self.file = support.TESTFN + with open(self.file, "w") as tmp: + tmp.write("This was read from a file.") + + def tearDown(self): + support.unlink(self.file) + + def make_byte_stream(self): + return io.BytesIO(b"This is a byte stream.") + + def checkContent(self, stream, content): + self.assertIsNotNone(stream) + self.assertEqual(stream.read(), content) + stream.close() + + + def test_byte_stream(self): + # If the source is an InputSource that does not have a character + # stream but does have a byte stream, use the byte stream. + src = InputSource(self.file) + src.setByteStream(self.make_byte_stream()) + prep = prepare_input_source(src) + self.assertIsNone(prep.getCharacterStream()) + self.checkContent(prep.getByteStream(), + b"This is a byte stream.") + + def test_system_id(self): + # If the source is an InputSource that has neither a character + # stream nor a byte stream, open the system ID. + src = InputSource(self.file) + prep = prepare_input_source(src) + self.assertIsNone(prep.getCharacterStream()) + self.checkContent(prep.getByteStream(), + b"This was read from a file.") + + def test_string(self): + # If the source is a string, use it as a system ID and open it. + prep = prepare_input_source(self.file) + self.assertIsNone(prep.getCharacterStream()) + self.checkContent(prep.getByteStream(), + b"This was read from a file.") + + def test_binary_file(self): + # If the source is a binary file-like object, use it as a byte + # stream. + prep = prepare_input_source(self.make_byte_stream()) + self.assertIsNone(prep.getCharacterStream()) + self.checkContent(prep.getByteStream(), + b"This is a byte stream.") + + # ===== XMLGenerator start = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>\n' @@ -481,7 +641,7 @@ class ExpatReaderTest(XmlTestBase): # ===== XMLReader support - def test_expat_file(self): + def test_expat_binary_file(self): parser = create_parser() result = StringIO() xmlgen = XMLGenerator(result) @@ -660,7 +820,7 @@ class ExpatReaderTest(XmlTestBase): self.assertEqual(result.getvalue(), xml_test_out) - def test_expat_inpsource_stream(self): + def test_expat_inpsource_byte_stream(self): parser = create_parser() result = StringIO() xmlgen = XMLGenerator(result) @@ -773,6 +933,8 @@ class ErrorReportingTest(unittest.TestCase): parser = create_parser() parser.setContentHandler(ContentHandler()) # do nothing self.assertRaises(SAXParseException, parser.parse, StringIO("<foo>")) + self.assertEqual(parser.getColumnNumber(), 5) + self.assertEqual(parser.getLineNumber(), 1) def test_sax_parse_exception_str(self): # pass various values from a locator to the SAXParseException to @@ -895,7 +1057,9 @@ class XmlReaderTest(XmlTestBase): def test_main(): run_unittest(MakeParserTest, + ParseTest, SaxutilsTest, + PrepareInputSourceTest, StringXmlgenTest, BytesIOXmlgenTest, WriterXmlgenTest, diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_set.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_set.py index 4df713ac64..c202596eb2 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_set.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_set.py @@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ class TestJointOps(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(self.s, dup, "%s != %s" % (self.s, dup)) if type(self.s) not in (set, frozenset): self.s.x = 10 - p = pickle.dumps(self.s) + p = pickle.dumps(self.s, i) dup = pickle.loads(p) self.assertEqual(self.s.x, dup.x) @@ -789,10 +789,11 @@ class TestBasicOps(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(setiter.__length_hint__(), len(self.set)) def test_pickling(self): - p = pickle.dumps(self.set) - copy = pickle.loads(p) - self.assertEqual(self.set, copy, - "%s != %s" % (self.set, copy)) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + p = pickle.dumps(self.set, proto) + copy = pickle.loads(p) + self.assertEqual(self.set, copy, + "%s != %s" % (self.set, copy)) #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sets.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sets.py index b60001c0db..212d416f00 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sets.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sets.py @@ -75,10 +75,11 @@ class TestBasicOps(unittest.TestCase): self.assertIn(v, self.values) def test_pickling(self): - p = pickle.dumps(self.set) - copy = pickle.loads(p) - self.assertEqual(self.set, copy, - "%s != %s" % (self.set, copy)) + for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): + p = pickle.dumps(self.set, proto) + copy = pickle.loads(p) + self.assertEqual(self.set, copy, + "%s != %s" % (self.set, copy)) #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_shutil.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_shutil.py index 0e811459fc..bcabe75ad7 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_shutil.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_shutil.py @@ -581,6 +581,29 @@ class TestShutil(unittest.TestCase): finally: unregister_archive_format('xxx') + def test_make_tarfile_in_curdir(self): + # Issue #21280 + root_dir = self.mkdtemp() + saved_dir = os.getcwd() + try: + os.chdir(root_dir) + self.assertEqual(make_archive('test', 'tar'), 'test.tar') + self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile('test.tar')) + finally: + os.chdir(saved_dir) + + @unittest.skipUnless(zlib, "Requires zlib") + def test_make_zipfile_in_curdir(self): + # Issue #21280 + root_dir = self.mkdtemp() + saved_dir = os.getcwd() + try: + os.chdir(root_dir) + self.assertEqual(make_archive('test', 'zip'), 'test.zip') + self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile('test.zip')) + finally: + os.chdir(saved_dir) + def test_register_archive_format(self): self.assertRaises(TypeError, register_archive_format, 'xxx', 1) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_ssl.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_ssl.py index 46342cc6c0..e58f55ac4c 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_ssl.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_ssl.py @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ BADKEY = data_file("badkey.pem") NOKIACERT = data_file("nokia.pem") NULLBYTECERT = data_file("nullbytecert.pem") -DHFILE = data_file("dh512.pem") +DHFILE = data_file("dh1024.pem") BYTES_DHFILE = DHFILE.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding()) @@ -169,8 +169,9 @@ class BasicSocketTests(unittest.TestCase): sys.stdout.write("\n RAND_status is %d (%s)\n" % (v, (v and "sufficient randomness") or "insufficient randomness")) - self.assertRaises(TypeError, ssl.RAND_egd, 1) - self.assertRaises(TypeError, ssl.RAND_egd, 'foo', 1) + if hasattr(ssl, 'RAND_egd'): + self.assertRaises(TypeError, ssl.RAND_egd, 1) + self.assertRaises(TypeError, ssl.RAND_egd, 'foo', 1) ssl.RAND_add("this is a random string", 75.0) def test_parse_cert(self): @@ -274,7 +275,7 @@ class BasicSocketTests(unittest.TestCase): self.assertGreaterEqual(fix, 0) self.assertLess(fix, 256) self.assertGreaterEqual(patch, 0) - self.assertLessEqual(patch, 26) + self.assertLessEqual(patch, 63) self.assertGreaterEqual(status, 0) self.assertLessEqual(status, 15) # Version string as returned by {Open,Libre}SSL, the format might change @@ -748,8 +749,9 @@ class ContextTests(unittest.TestCase): "verify_flags need OpenSSL > 0.9.8") def test_verify_flags(self): ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1) - # default value by OpenSSL - self.assertEqual(ctx.verify_flags, ssl.VERIFY_DEFAULT) + # default value + tf = getattr(ssl, "VERIFY_X509_TRUSTED_FIRST", 0) + self.assertEqual(ctx.verify_flags, ssl.VERIFY_DEFAULT | tf) ctx.verify_flags = ssl.VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAF self.assertEqual(ctx.verify_flags, ssl.VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAF) ctx.verify_flags = ssl.VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_CHAIN @@ -1568,7 +1570,8 @@ else: try: self.sslconn = self.server.context.wrap_socket( self.sock, server_side=True) - self.server.selected_protocols.append(self.sslconn.selected_npn_protocol()) + self.server.selected_npn_protocols.append(self.sslconn.selected_npn_protocol()) + self.server.selected_alpn_protocols.append(self.sslconn.selected_alpn_protocol()) except socket.error as e: # We treat ConnectionResetError as though it were an # SSLError - OpenSSL on Ubuntu abruptly closes the @@ -1677,7 +1680,8 @@ else: def __init__(self, certificate=None, ssl_version=None, certreqs=None, cacerts=None, chatty=True, connectionchatty=False, starttls_server=False, - npn_protocols=None, ciphers=None, context=None): + npn_protocols=None, alpn_protocols=None, + ciphers=None, context=None): if context: self.context = context else: @@ -1692,6 +1696,8 @@ else: self.context.load_cert_chain(certificate) if npn_protocols: self.context.set_npn_protocols(npn_protocols) + if alpn_protocols: + self.context.set_alpn_protocols(alpn_protocols) if ciphers: self.context.set_ciphers(ciphers) self.chatty = chatty @@ -1701,7 +1707,8 @@ else: self.port = support.bind_port(self.sock) self.flag = None self.active = False - self.selected_protocols = [] + self.selected_npn_protocols = [] + self.selected_alpn_protocols = [] self.conn_errors = [] threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.daemon = True @@ -1926,11 +1933,13 @@ else: 'compression': s.compression(), 'cipher': s.cipher(), 'peercert': s.getpeercert(), + 'client_alpn_protocol': s.selected_alpn_protocol(), 'client_npn_protocol': s.selected_npn_protocol(), 'version': s.version(), }) s.close() - stats['server_npn_protocols'] = server.selected_protocols + stats['server_alpn_protocols'] = server.selected_alpn_protocols + stats['server_npn_protocols'] = server.selected_npn_protocols return stats def try_protocol_combo(server_protocol, client_protocol, expect_success, @@ -2056,7 +2065,8 @@ else: context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1) context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED context.load_verify_locations(SIGNING_CA) - self.assertEqual(context.verify_flags, ssl.VERIFY_DEFAULT) + tf = getattr(ssl, "VERIFY_X509_TRUSTED_FIRST", 0) + self.assertEqual(context.verify_flags, ssl.VERIFY_DEFAULT | tf) # VERIFY_DEFAULT should pass server = ThreadedEchoServer(context=server_context, chatty=True) @@ -2786,6 +2796,55 @@ else: if "ADH" not in parts and "EDH" not in parts and "DHE" not in parts: self.fail("Non-DH cipher: " + cipher[0]) + def test_selected_alpn_protocol(self): + # selected_alpn_protocol() is None unless ALPN is used. + context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1) + context.load_cert_chain(CERTFILE) + stats = server_params_test(context, context, + chatty=True, connectionchatty=True) + self.assertIs(stats['client_alpn_protocol'], None) + + @unittest.skipUnless(ssl.HAS_ALPN, "ALPN support required") + def test_selected_alpn_protocol_if_server_uses_alpn(self): + # selected_alpn_protocol() is None unless ALPN is used by the client. + client_context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1) + client_context.load_verify_locations(CERTFILE) + server_context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1) + server_context.load_cert_chain(CERTFILE) + server_context.set_alpn_protocols(['foo', 'bar']) + stats = server_params_test(client_context, server_context, + chatty=True, connectionchatty=True) + self.assertIs(stats['client_alpn_protocol'], None) + + @unittest.skipUnless(ssl.HAS_ALPN, "ALPN support needed for this test") + def test_alpn_protocols(self): + server_protocols = ['foo', 'bar', 'milkshake'] + protocol_tests = [ + (['foo', 'bar'], 'foo'), + (['bar', 'foo'], 'foo'), + (['milkshake'], 'milkshake'), + (['http/3.0', 'http/4.0'], None) + ] + for client_protocols, expected in protocol_tests: + server_context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1) + server_context.load_cert_chain(CERTFILE) + server_context.set_alpn_protocols(server_protocols) + client_context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1) + client_context.load_cert_chain(CERTFILE) + client_context.set_alpn_protocols(client_protocols) + stats = server_params_test(client_context, server_context, + chatty=True, connectionchatty=True) + + msg = "failed trying %s (s) and %s (c).\n" \ + "was expecting %s, but got %%s from the %%s" \ + % (str(server_protocols), str(client_protocols), + str(expected)) + client_result = stats['client_alpn_protocol'] + self.assertEqual(client_result, expected, msg % (client_result, "client")) + server_result = stats['server_alpn_protocols'][-1] \ + if len(stats['server_alpn_protocols']) else 'nothing' + self.assertEqual(server_result, expected, msg % (server_result, "server")) + def test_selected_npn_protocol(self): # selected_npn_protocol() is None unless NPN is used context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1) @@ -2897,7 +2956,7 @@ else: server_context, other_context, client_context = self.sni_contexts() def cb_raising(ssl_sock, server_name, initial_context): - 1/0 + 1.0/0.0 server_context.set_servername_callback(cb_raising) with self.assertRaises(ssl.SSLError) as cm, \ diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_string.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_string.py index e786ab6156..fdb3253a44 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_string.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_string.py @@ -196,6 +196,18 @@ class ModuleTest(unittest.TestCase): self.assertRaises(ValueError, format, '', '#') self.assertRaises(ValueError, format, '', '#20') + def test_format_keyword_arguments(self): + fmt = string.Formatter() + self.assertEqual(fmt.format("-{arg}-", arg='test'), '-test-') + self.assertRaises(KeyError, fmt.format, "-{arg}-") + self.assertEqual(fmt.format("-{self}-", self='test'), '-test-') + self.assertRaises(KeyError, fmt.format, "-{self}-") + self.assertEqual(fmt.format("-{format_string}-", format_string='test'), + '-test-') + self.assertRaises(KeyError, fmt.format, "-{format_string}-") + self.assertEqual(fmt.format(arg='test', format_string="-{arg}-"), + '-test-') + class BytesAliasTest(unittest.TestCase): def test_builtin(self): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_stringprep.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_stringprep.py index 15bdf87652..f6db89e0cc 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_stringprep.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_stringprep.py @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ # To fully test this module, we would need a copy of the stringprep tables. -# Since we don't have them, this test checks only a few codepoints. +# Since we don't have them, this test checks only a few code points. import unittest from test import test_support diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_strptime.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_strptime.py index 66b9ab3b16..7a47f9eb10 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_strptime.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_strptime.py @@ -484,6 +484,24 @@ class CalculationTests(unittest.TestCase): test_helper((2006, 12, 31), "Last Sunday of 2006") test_helper((2006, 12, 24), "Second to last Sunday of 2006") + def test_week_0(self): + def check(value, format, *expected): + self.assertEqual(_strptime._strptime_time(value, format)[:-1], expected) + check('2015 0 0', '%Y %U %w', 2014, 12, 28, 0, 0, 0, 6, -3) + check('2015 0 0', '%Y %W %w', 2015, 1, 4, 0, 0, 0, 6, 4) + check('2015 0 1', '%Y %U %w', 2014, 12, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, -2) + check('2015 0 1', '%Y %W %w', 2014, 12, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, -2) + check('2015 0 2', '%Y %U %w', 2014, 12, 30, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1) + check('2015 0 2', '%Y %W %w', 2014, 12, 30, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1) + check('2015 0 3', '%Y %U %w', 2014, 12, 31, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0) + check('2015 0 3', '%Y %W %w', 2014, 12, 31, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0) + check('2015 0 4', '%Y %U %w', 2015, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 3, 1) + check('2015 0 4', '%Y %W %w', 2015, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 3, 1) + check('2015 0 5', '%Y %U %w', 2015, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 4, 2) + check('2015 0 5', '%Y %W %w', 2015, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 4, 2) + check('2015 0 6', '%Y %U %w', 2015, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0, 5, 3) + check('2015 0 6', '%Y %W %w', 2015, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0, 5, 3) + class CacheTests(unittest.TestCase): """Test that caching works properly.""" diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_struct.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_struct.py index 7fcf51ae7d..fde680f0fb 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_struct.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_struct.py @@ -433,24 +433,24 @@ class StructTest(unittest.TestCase): self.assertRaises(struct.error, s.unpack_from, data, i) self.assertRaises(struct.error, struct.unpack_from, fmt, data, i) - def test_pack_into(self): + def test_pack_into(self, cls=bytearray, tobytes=str): test_string = 'Reykjavik rocks, eow!' - writable_buf = array.array('c', ' '*100) + writable_buf = cls(' '*100) fmt = '21s' s = struct.Struct(fmt) # Test without offset s.pack_into(writable_buf, 0, test_string) - from_buf = writable_buf.tostring()[:len(test_string)] + from_buf = tobytes(writable_buf)[:len(test_string)] self.assertEqual(from_buf, test_string) # Test with offset. s.pack_into(writable_buf, 10, test_string) - from_buf = writable_buf.tostring()[:len(test_string)+10] + from_buf = tobytes(writable_buf)[:len(test_string)+10] self.assertEqual(from_buf, test_string[:10] + test_string) # Go beyond boundaries. - small_buf = array.array('c', ' '*10) + small_buf = cls(' '*10) self.assertRaises((ValueError, struct.error), s.pack_into, small_buf, 0, test_string) self.assertRaises((ValueError, struct.error), s.pack_into, small_buf, 2, @@ -461,6 +461,15 @@ class StructTest(unittest.TestCase): self.assertRaises((TypeError, struct.error), struct.pack_into, b'', sb, None) + def test_pack_into_array(self): + self.test_pack_into(cls=lambda b: array.array('c', b), + tobytes=array.array.tostring) + + def test_pack_into_memoryview(self): + # Issue #22113 + self.test_pack_into(cls=lambda b: memoryview(bytearray(b)), + tobytes=memoryview.tobytes) + def test_pack_into_fn(self): test_string = 'Reykjavik rocks, eow!' writable_buf = array.array('c', ' '*100) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sundry.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sundry.py index 46cbab5f47..8fe89953b7 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sundry.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sundry.py @@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ class TestUntestedModules(unittest.TestCase): import sunaudio import symbol import tabnanny - import timeit import toaiff import token try: diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_support.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_support.py index 9c5467a583..1b0513c01c 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_support.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_support.py @@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ except ImportError: __all__ = ["Error", "TestFailed", "ResourceDenied", "import_module", "verbose", "use_resources", "max_memuse", "record_original_stdout", "get_original_stdout", "unload", "unlink", "rmtree", "forget", - "is_resource_enabled", "requires", "find_unused_port", "bind_port", + "is_resource_enabled", "requires", "requires_mac_ver", + "find_unused_port", "bind_port", "fcmp", "have_unicode", "is_jython", "TESTFN", "HOST", "FUZZ", "SAVEDCWD", "temp_cwd", "findfile", "sortdict", "check_syntax_error", "open_urlresource", "check_warnings", "check_py3k_warnings", @@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ __all__ = ["Error", "TestFailed", "ResourceDenied", "import_module", "captured_stdout", "TransientResource", "transient_internet", "run_with_locale", "set_memlimit", "bigmemtest", "bigaddrspacetest", "BasicTestRunner", "run_unittest", "run_doctest", "threading_setup", - "threading_cleanup", "reap_children", "cpython_only", + "threading_cleanup", "reap_threads", "start_threads", "cpython_only", "check_impl_detail", "get_attribute", "py3k_bytes", "import_fresh_module", "threading_cleanup", "reap_children", "strip_python_stderr", "IPV6_ENABLED"] @@ -361,6 +362,33 @@ def requires(resource, msg=None): msg = "Use of the `%s' resource not enabled" % resource raise ResourceDenied(msg) +def requires_mac_ver(*min_version): + """Decorator raising SkipTest if the OS is Mac OS X and the OS X + version if less than min_version. + + For example, @requires_mac_ver(10, 5) raises SkipTest if the OS X version + is lesser than 10.5. + """ + def decorator(func): + @functools.wraps(func) + def wrapper(*args, **kw): + if sys.platform == 'darwin': + version_txt = platform.mac_ver()[0] + try: + version = tuple(map(int, version_txt.split('.'))) + except ValueError: + pass + else: + if version < min_version: + min_version_txt = '.'.join(map(str, min_version)) + raise unittest.SkipTest( + "Mac OS X %s or higher required, not %s" + % (min_version_txt, version_txt)) + return func(*args, **kw) + wrapper.min_version = min_version + return wrapper + return decorator + # Don't use "localhost", since resolving it uses the DNS under recent # Windows versions (see issue #18792). @@ -1531,6 +1559,39 @@ def reap_children(): break @contextlib.contextmanager +def start_threads(threads, unlock=None): + threads = list(threads) + started = [] + try: + try: + for t in threads: + t.start() + started.append(t) + except: + if verbose: + print("Can't start %d threads, only %d threads started" % + (len(threads), len(started))) + raise + yield + finally: + if unlock: + unlock() + endtime = starttime = time.time() + for timeout in range(1, 16): + endtime += 60 + for t in started: + t.join(max(endtime - time.time(), 0.01)) + started = [t for t in started if t.isAlive()] + if not started: + break + if verbose: + print('Unable to join %d threads during a period of ' + '%d minutes' % (len(started), timeout)) + started = [t for t in started if t.isAlive()] + if started: + raise AssertionError('Unable to join %d threads' % len(started)) + +@contextlib.contextmanager def swap_attr(obj, attr, new_val): """Temporary swap out an attribute with a new object. diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sys.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sys.py index 7b3cbdcc01..59c2451030 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sys.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sys.py @@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ class SysModuleTest(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(type(getattr(sys.flags, attr)), int, attr) self.assertTrue(repr(sys.flags)) - @test.test_support.impl_detail("sys._clear_type_cache") + @test.test_support.cpython_only def test_clear_type_cache(self): sys._clear_type_cache() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sys_settrace.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sys_settrace.py index ffbfba0236..f9141d3598 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sys_settrace.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_sys_settrace.py @@ -562,6 +562,15 @@ def jump_in_nested_finally(output): jump_in_nested_finally.jump = (4, 9) jump_in_nested_finally.output = [2, 9] +def jump_infinite_while_loop(output): + output.append(1) + while 1: + output.append(2) + output.append(3) + +jump_infinite_while_loop.jump = (3, 4) +jump_infinite_while_loop.output = [1, 3] + # The second set of 'jump' tests are for things that are not allowed: def no_jump_too_far_forwards(output): @@ -734,6 +743,8 @@ class JumpTestCase(unittest.TestCase): self.run_test(jump_to_same_line) def test_07_jump_in_nested_finally(self): self.run_test(jump_in_nested_finally) + def test_jump_infinite_while_loop(self): + self.run_test(jump_infinite_while_loop) def test_08_no_jump_too_far_forwards(self): self.run_test(no_jump_too_far_forwards) def test_09_no_jump_too_far_backwards(self): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_tcl.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_tcl.py index 5836989df8..9c9afde3c2 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_tcl.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_tcl.py @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ import unittest +import re import sys import os from test import test_support @@ -18,27 +19,22 @@ try: except ImportError: INT_MAX = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX = sys.maxsize -tcl_version = _tkinter.TCL_VERSION.split('.') -try: - for i in range(len(tcl_version)): - tcl_version[i] = int(tcl_version[i]) -except ValueError: - pass -tcl_version = tuple(tcl_version) +tcl_version = tuple(map(int, _tkinter.TCL_VERSION.split('.'))) _tk_patchlevel = None def get_tk_patchlevel(): global _tk_patchlevel if _tk_patchlevel is None: tcl = Tcl() - patchlevel = [] - for x in tcl.call('info', 'patchlevel').split('.'): - try: - x = int(x, 10) - except ValueError: - x = -1 - patchlevel.append(x) - _tk_patchlevel = tuple(patchlevel) + patchlevel = tcl.call('info', 'patchlevel') + m = re.match(r'(\d+)\.(\d+)([ab.])(\d+)$', patchlevel) + major, minor, releaselevel, serial = m.groups() + major, minor, serial = int(major), int(minor), int(serial) + releaselevel = {'a': 'alpha', 'b': 'beta', '.': 'final'}[releaselevel] + if releaselevel == 'final': + _tk_patchlevel = major, minor, serial, releaselevel, 0 + else: + _tk_patchlevel = major, minor, 0, releaselevel, serial return _tk_patchlevel @@ -130,9 +126,28 @@ class TclTest(unittest.TestCase): tcl = self.interp self.assertRaises(TclError,tcl.unsetvar,'a') + def get_integers(self): + integers = (0, 1, -1, 2**31-1, -2**31) + if tcl_version >= (8, 4): # wideInt was added in Tcl 8.4 + integers += (2**31, -2**31-1, 2**63-1, -2**63) + # bignum was added in Tcl 8.5, but its support is able only since 8.5.8 + if (get_tk_patchlevel() >= (8, 6, 0, 'final') or + (8, 5, 8) <= get_tk_patchlevel() < (8, 6)): + integers += (2**63, -2**63-1, 2**1000, -2**1000) + return integers + def test_getint(self): tcl = self.interp.tk - self.assertEqual(tcl.getint(' 42 '), 42) + for i in self.get_integers(): + result = tcl.getint(' %d ' % i) + self.assertEqual(result, i) + self.assertIsInstance(result, type(int(result))) + if tcl_version >= (8, 5): + self.assertEqual(tcl.getint(' {:#o} '.format(i)), i) + self.assertEqual(tcl.getint(' %#o ' % i), i) + self.assertEqual(tcl.getint(' %#x ' % i), i) + if tcl_version < (8, 5): # bignum was added in Tcl 8.5 + self.assertRaises(TclError, tcl.getint, str(2**1000)) self.assertEqual(tcl.getint(42), 42) self.assertRaises(TypeError, tcl.getint) self.assertRaises(TypeError, tcl.getint, '42', '10') @@ -165,7 +180,12 @@ class TclTest(unittest.TestCase): tcl = self.interp.tk self.assertIs(tcl.getboolean('on'), True) self.assertIs(tcl.getboolean('1'), True) - self.assertEqual(tcl.getboolean(42), 42) + self.assertIs(tcl.getboolean(u'on'), True) + self.assertIs(tcl.getboolean(u'1'), True) + self.assertIs(tcl.getboolean(42), True) + self.assertIs(tcl.getboolean(0), False) + self.assertIs(tcl.getboolean(42L), True) + self.assertIs(tcl.getboolean(0L), False) self.assertRaises(TypeError, tcl.getboolean) self.assertRaises(TypeError, tcl.getboolean, 'on', '1') self.assertRaises(TypeError, tcl.getboolean, 1.0) @@ -286,7 +306,7 @@ class TclTest(unittest.TestCase): check('"a\xc2\xbd\xe2\x82\xac"', 'a\xc2\xbd\xe2\x82\xac') check(r'"a\xbd\u20ac"', 'a\xc2\xbd\xe2\x82\xac') check(r'"a\0b"', 'a\xc0\x80b') - if tcl_version >= (8, 5): + if tcl_version >= (8, 5): # bignum was added in Tcl 8.5 check('2**64', str(2**64)) def test_exprdouble(self): @@ -317,7 +337,7 @@ class TclTest(unittest.TestCase): check('[string length "a\xc2\xbd\xe2\x82\xac"]', 3.0) check(r'[string length "a\xbd\u20ac"]', 3.0) self.assertRaises(TclError, tcl.exprdouble, '"abc"') - if tcl_version >= (8, 5): + if tcl_version >= (8, 5): # bignum was added in Tcl 8.5 check('2**64', float(2**64)) def test_exprlong(self): @@ -348,7 +368,7 @@ class TclTest(unittest.TestCase): check('[string length "a\xc2\xbd\xe2\x82\xac"]', 3) check(r'[string length "a\xbd\u20ac"]', 3) self.assertRaises(TclError, tcl.exprlong, '"abc"') - if tcl_version >= (8, 5): + if tcl_version >= (8, 5): # bignum was added in Tcl 8.5 self.assertRaises(TclError, tcl.exprlong, '2**64') def test_exprboolean(self): @@ -388,9 +408,44 @@ class TclTest(unittest.TestCase): check('[string length "a\xc2\xbd\xe2\x82\xac"]', True) check(r'[string length "a\xbd\u20ac"]', True) self.assertRaises(TclError, tcl.exprboolean, '"abc"') - if tcl_version >= (8, 5): + if tcl_version >= (8, 5): # bignum was added in Tcl 8.5 check('2**64', True) + @unittest.skipUnless(tcl_version >= (8, 5), 'requires Tcl version >= 8.5') + def test_booleans(self): + tcl = self.interp + def check(expr, expected): + result = tcl.call('expr', expr) + if tcl.wantobjects(): + self.assertEqual(result, expected) + self.assertIsInstance(result, int) + else: + self.assertIn(result, (expr, str(int(expected)))) + self.assertIsInstance(result, str) + check('true', True) + check('yes', True) + check('on', True) + check('false', False) + check('no', False) + check('off', False) + check('1 < 2', True) + check('1 > 2', False) + + def test_expr_bignum(self): + tcl = self.interp + for i in self.get_integers(): + result = tcl.call('expr', str(i)) + if self.wantobjects: + self.assertEqual(result, i) + self.assertIsInstance(result, (int, long)) + if abs(result) < 2**31: + self.assertIsInstance(result, int) + else: + self.assertEqual(result, str(i)) + self.assertIsInstance(result, str) + if tcl_version < (8, 5): # bignum was added in Tcl 8.5 + self.assertRaises(TclError, tcl.call, 'expr', str(2**1000)) + def test_passing_values(self): def passValue(value): return self.interp.call('set', '_', value) @@ -408,8 +463,10 @@ class TclTest(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(passValue(u'str\x00ing'), u'str\x00ing') self.assertEqual(passValue(u'str\x00ing\xbd'), u'str\x00ing\xbd') self.assertEqual(passValue(u'str\x00ing\u20ac'), u'str\x00ing\u20ac') - for i in (0, 1, -1, int(2**31-1), int(-2**31)): + for i in self.get_integers(): self.assertEqual(passValue(i), i if self.wantobjects else str(i)) + if tcl_version < (8, 5): # bignum was added in Tcl 8.5 + self.assertEqual(passValue(2**1000), str(2**1000)) for f in (0.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1//3, 1/3.0, sys.float_info.min, sys.float_info.max, -sys.float_info.min, -sys.float_info.max): @@ -465,8 +522,10 @@ class TclTest(unittest.TestCase): check(u'str\x00ing') check(u'str\x00ing\xbd') check(u'str\x00ing\u20ac') - for i in (0, 1, -1, 2**31-1, -2**31): + for i in self.get_integers(): check(i, str(i)) + if tcl_version < (8, 5): # bignum was added in Tcl 8.5 + check(2**1000, str(2**1000)) for f in (0.0, 1.0, -1.0): check(f, repr(f)) for f in (1/3.0, sys.float_info.min, sys.float_info.max, diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_threadedtempfile.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_threadedtempfile.py index 81d9687be2..c2c30dec7c 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_threadedtempfile.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_threadedtempfile.py @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ FILES_PER_THREAD = 50 import tempfile -from test.test_support import threading_setup, threading_cleanup, run_unittest, import_module +from test.test_support import start_threads, run_unittest, import_module threading = import_module('threading') import unittest import StringIO @@ -46,25 +46,12 @@ class TempFileGreedy(threading.Thread): class ThreadedTempFileTest(unittest.TestCase): def test_main(self): - threads = [] - thread_info = threading_setup() - - for i in range(NUM_THREADS): - t = TempFileGreedy() - threads.append(t) - t.start() - - startEvent.set() - - ok = 0 - errors = [] - for t in threads: - t.join() - ok += t.ok_count - if t.error_count: - errors.append(str(t.getName()) + str(t.errors.getvalue())) - - threading_cleanup(*thread_info) + threads = [TempFileGreedy() for i in range(NUM_THREADS)] + with start_threads(threads, startEvent.set): + pass + ok = sum(t.ok_count for t in threads) + errors = [str(t.getName()) + str(t.errors.getvalue()) + for t in threads if t.error_count] msg = "Errors: errors %d ok %d\n%s" % (len(errors), ok, '\n'.join(errors)) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_threading.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_threading.py index e289c915d4..cd1f31475a 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_threading.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_threading.py @@ -803,7 +803,7 @@ class ThreadingExceptionTests(BaseTestCase): running = True while running: time.sleep(0.01) - 1/0 + 1.0/0.0 t = threading.Thread(target=run) t.start() while not running: @@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ class ThreadingExceptionTests(BaseTestCase): running = True while running: time.sleep(0.01) - 1/0 + 1.0/0.0 t = threading.Thread(target=run) t.start() while not running: @@ -858,7 +858,7 @@ class ThreadingExceptionTests(BaseTestCase): running = True while running: time.sleep(0.01) - 1/0 + 1.0/0.0 sys.stderr = None t = threading.Thread(target=run) t.start() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_threading_local.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_threading_local.py index 47b5154bc5..4ad060cd2f 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_threading_local.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_threading_local.py @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ import unittest from doctest import DocTestSuite -from test import test_support +from test import test_support as support import weakref import gc # Modules under test -_thread = test_support.import_module('thread') -threading = test_support.import_module('threading') +_thread = support.import_module('thread') +threading = support.import_module('threading') import _threading_local @@ -63,14 +63,9 @@ class BaseLocalTest: # Simply check that the variable is correctly set self.assertEqual(local.x, i) - threads= [] - for i in range(10): - t = threading.Thread(target=f, args=(i,)) - t.start() - threads.append(t) - - for t in threads: - t.join() + with support.start_threads(threading.Thread(target=f, args=(i,)) + for i in range(10)): + pass def test_derived_cycle_dealloc(self): # http://bugs.python.org/issue6990 @@ -229,7 +224,7 @@ def test_main(): setUp=setUp, tearDown=tearDown) ) - test_support.run_unittest(suite) + support.run_unittest(suite) if __name__ == '__main__': test_main() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_timeit.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_timeit.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a084b68b3f --- /dev/null +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_timeit.py @@ -0,0 +1,312 @@ +import timeit +import unittest +import sys +from StringIO import StringIO +import time +from textwrap import dedent + +from test.test_support import run_unittest +from test.test_support import captured_stdout +from test.test_support import captured_stderr + +# timeit's default number of iterations. +DEFAULT_NUMBER = 1000000 + +# timeit's default number of repetitions. +DEFAULT_REPEAT = 3 + +# XXX: some tests are commented out that would improve the coverage but take a +# long time to run because they test the default number of loops, which is +# large. The tests could be enabled if there was a way to override the default +# number of loops during testing, but this would require changing the signature +# of some functions that use the default as a default argument. + +class FakeTimer: + BASE_TIME = 42.0 + def __init__(self, seconds_per_increment=1.0): + self.count = 0 + self.setup_calls = 0 + self.seconds_per_increment=seconds_per_increment + timeit._fake_timer = self + + def __call__(self): + return self.BASE_TIME + self.count * self.seconds_per_increment + + def inc(self): + self.count += 1 + + def setup(self): + self.setup_calls += 1 + + def wrap_timer(self, timer): + """Records 'timer' and returns self as callable timer.""" + self.saved_timer = timer + return self + +class TestTimeit(unittest.TestCase): + + def tearDown(self): + try: + del timeit._fake_timer + except AttributeError: + pass + + def test_reindent_empty(self): + self.assertEqual(timeit.reindent("", 0), "") + self.assertEqual(timeit.reindent("", 4), "") + + def test_reindent_single(self): + self.assertEqual(timeit.reindent("pass", 0), "pass") + self.assertEqual(timeit.reindent("pass", 4), "pass") + + def test_reindent_multi_empty(self): + self.assertEqual(timeit.reindent("\n\n", 0), "\n\n") + self.assertEqual(timeit.reindent("\n\n", 4), "\n \n ") + + def test_reindent_multi(self): + self.assertEqual(timeit.reindent( + "print()\npass\nbreak", 0), + "print()\npass\nbreak") + self.assertEqual(timeit.reindent( + "print()\npass\nbreak", 4), + "print()\n pass\n break") + + def test_timer_invalid_stmt(self): + self.assertRaises(ValueError, timeit.Timer, stmt=None) + self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, timeit.Timer, stmt='return') + self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, timeit.Timer, stmt='yield') + self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, timeit.Timer, stmt='break') + self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, timeit.Timer, stmt='continue') + + def test_timer_invalid_setup(self): + self.assertRaises(ValueError, timeit.Timer, setup=None) + self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, timeit.Timer, setup='return') + self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, timeit.Timer, setup='yield') + self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, timeit.Timer, setup='break') + self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, timeit.Timer, setup='continue') + + fake_setup = "import timeit; timeit._fake_timer.setup()" + fake_stmt = "import timeit; timeit._fake_timer.inc()" + + def fake_callable_setup(self): + self.fake_timer.setup() + + def fake_callable_stmt(self): + self.fake_timer.inc() + + def timeit(self, stmt, setup, number=None): + self.fake_timer = FakeTimer() + t = timeit.Timer(stmt=stmt, setup=setup, timer=self.fake_timer) + kwargs = {} + if number is None: + number = DEFAULT_NUMBER + else: + kwargs['number'] = number + delta_time = t.timeit(**kwargs) + self.assertEqual(self.fake_timer.setup_calls, 1) + self.assertEqual(self.fake_timer.count, number) + self.assertEqual(delta_time, number) + + # Takes too long to run in debug build. + #def test_timeit_default_iters(self): + # self.timeit(self.fake_stmt, self.fake_setup) + + def test_timeit_zero_iters(self): + self.timeit(self.fake_stmt, self.fake_setup, number=0) + + def test_timeit_few_iters(self): + self.timeit(self.fake_stmt, self.fake_setup, number=3) + + def test_timeit_callable_stmt(self): + self.timeit(self.fake_callable_stmt, self.fake_setup, number=3) + + def test_timeit_callable_stmt_and_setup(self): + self.timeit(self.fake_callable_stmt, + self.fake_callable_setup, number=3) + + # Takes too long to run in debug build. + #def test_timeit_function(self): + # delta_time = timeit.timeit(self.fake_stmt, self.fake_setup, + # timer=FakeTimer()) + # self.assertEqual(delta_time, DEFAULT_NUMBER) + + def test_timeit_function_zero_iters(self): + delta_time = timeit.timeit(self.fake_stmt, self.fake_setup, number=0, + timer=FakeTimer()) + self.assertEqual(delta_time, 0) + + def repeat(self, stmt, setup, repeat=None, number=None): + self.fake_timer = FakeTimer() + t = timeit.Timer(stmt=stmt, setup=setup, timer=self.fake_timer) + kwargs = {} + if repeat is None: + repeat = DEFAULT_REPEAT + else: + kwargs['repeat'] = repeat + if number is None: + number = DEFAULT_NUMBER + else: + kwargs['number'] = number + delta_times = t.repeat(**kwargs) + self.assertEqual(self.fake_timer.setup_calls, repeat) + self.assertEqual(self.fake_timer.count, repeat * number) + self.assertEqual(delta_times, repeat * [float(number)]) + + # Takes too long to run in debug build. + #def test_repeat_default(self): + # self.repeat(self.fake_stmt, self.fake_setup) + + def test_repeat_zero_reps(self): + self.repeat(self.fake_stmt, self.fake_setup, repeat=0) + + def test_repeat_zero_iters(self): + self.repeat(self.fake_stmt, self.fake_setup, number=0) + + def test_repeat_few_reps_and_iters(self): + self.repeat(self.fake_stmt, self.fake_setup, repeat=3, number=5) + + def test_repeat_callable_stmt(self): + self.repeat(self.fake_callable_stmt, self.fake_setup, + repeat=3, number=5) + + def test_repeat_callable_stmt_and_setup(self): + self.repeat(self.fake_callable_stmt, self.fake_callable_setup, + repeat=3, number=5) + + # Takes too long to run in debug build. + #def test_repeat_function(self): + # delta_times = timeit.repeat(self.fake_stmt, self.fake_setup, + # timer=FakeTimer()) + # self.assertEqual(delta_times, DEFAULT_REPEAT * [float(DEFAULT_NUMBER)]) + + def test_repeat_function_zero_reps(self): + delta_times = timeit.repeat(self.fake_stmt, self.fake_setup, repeat=0, + timer=FakeTimer()) + self.assertEqual(delta_times, []) + + def test_repeat_function_zero_iters(self): + delta_times = timeit.repeat(self.fake_stmt, self.fake_setup, number=0, + timer=FakeTimer()) + self.assertEqual(delta_times, DEFAULT_REPEAT * [0.0]) + + def assert_exc_string(self, exc_string, expected_exc_name): + exc_lines = exc_string.splitlines() + self.assertGreater(len(exc_lines), 2) + self.assertTrue(exc_lines[0].startswith('Traceback')) + self.assertTrue(exc_lines[-1].startswith(expected_exc_name)) + + def test_print_exc(self): + s = StringIO() + t = timeit.Timer("1.0/0.0") + try: + t.timeit() + except: + t.print_exc(s) + self.assert_exc_string(s.getvalue(), 'ZeroDivisionError') + + MAIN_DEFAULT_OUTPUT = "10 loops, best of 3: 1 sec per loop\n" + + def run_main(self, seconds_per_increment=1.0, switches=None, timer=None): + if timer is None: + timer = FakeTimer(seconds_per_increment=seconds_per_increment) + if switches is None: + args = [] + else: + args = switches[:] + args.append(self.fake_stmt) + # timeit.main() modifies sys.path, so save and restore it. + orig_sys_path = sys.path[:] + with captured_stdout() as s: + timeit.main(args=args, _wrap_timer=timer.wrap_timer) + sys.path[:] = orig_sys_path[:] + return s.getvalue() + + def test_main_bad_switch(self): + s = self.run_main(switches=['--bad-switch']) + self.assertEqual(s, dedent("""\ + option --bad-switch not recognized + use -h/--help for command line help + """)) + + def test_main_seconds(self): + s = self.run_main(seconds_per_increment=5.5) + self.assertEqual(s, "10 loops, best of 3: 5.5 sec per loop\n") + + def test_main_milliseconds(self): + s = self.run_main(seconds_per_increment=0.0055) + self.assertEqual(s, "100 loops, best of 3: 5.5 msec per loop\n") + + def test_main_microseconds(self): + s = self.run_main(seconds_per_increment=0.0000025, switches=['-n100']) + self.assertEqual(s, "100 loops, best of 3: 2.5 usec per loop\n") + + def test_main_fixed_iters(self): + s = self.run_main(seconds_per_increment=2.0, switches=['-n35']) + self.assertEqual(s, "35 loops, best of 3: 2 sec per loop\n") + + def test_main_setup(self): + s = self.run_main(seconds_per_increment=2.0, + switches=['-n35', '-s', 'print("CustomSetup")']) + self.assertEqual(s, "CustomSetup\n" * 3 + + "35 loops, best of 3: 2 sec per loop\n") + + def test_main_fixed_reps(self): + s = self.run_main(seconds_per_increment=60.0, switches=['-r9']) + self.assertEqual(s, "10 loops, best of 9: 60 sec per loop\n") + + def test_main_negative_reps(self): + s = self.run_main(seconds_per_increment=60.0, switches=['-r-5']) + self.assertEqual(s, "10 loops, best of 1: 60 sec per loop\n") + + @unittest.skipIf(sys.flags.optimize >= 2, "need __doc__") + def test_main_help(self): + s = self.run_main(switches=['-h']) + self.assertEqual(s, timeit.__doc__) + + def test_main_using_time(self): + fake_timer = FakeTimer() + s = self.run_main(switches=['-t'], timer=fake_timer) + self.assertEqual(s, self.MAIN_DEFAULT_OUTPUT) + self.assertIs(fake_timer.saved_timer, time.time) + + def test_main_using_clock(self): + fake_timer = FakeTimer() + s = self.run_main(switches=['-c'], timer=fake_timer) + self.assertEqual(s, self.MAIN_DEFAULT_OUTPUT) + self.assertIs(fake_timer.saved_timer, time.clock) + + def test_main_verbose(self): + s = self.run_main(switches=['-v']) + self.assertEqual(s, dedent("""\ + 10 loops -> 10 secs + raw times: 10 10 10 + 10 loops, best of 3: 1 sec per loop + """)) + + def test_main_very_verbose(self): + s = self.run_main(seconds_per_increment=0.000050, switches=['-vv']) + self.assertEqual(s, dedent("""\ + 10 loops -> 0.0005 secs + 100 loops -> 0.005 secs + 1000 loops -> 0.05 secs + 10000 loops -> 0.5 secs + raw times: 0.5 0.5 0.5 + 10000 loops, best of 3: 50 usec per loop + """)) + + def test_main_exception(self): + with captured_stderr() as error_stringio: + s = self.run_main(switches=['1.0/0.0']) + self.assert_exc_string(error_stringio.getvalue(), 'ZeroDivisionError') + + def test_main_exception_fixed_reps(self): + with captured_stderr() as error_stringio: + s = self.run_main(switches=['-n1', '1.0/0.0']) + self.assert_exc_string(error_stringio.getvalue(), 'ZeroDivisionError') + + +def test_main(): + run_unittest(TestTimeit) + +if __name__ == '__main__': + test_main() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_unicode.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_unicode.py index 743ac067e0..d2eed6acc3 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_unicode.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_unicode.py @@ -875,9 +875,9 @@ class UnicodeTest( def test_utf8_decode_invalid_sequences(self): # continuation bytes in a sequence of 2, 3, or 4 bytes continuation_bytes = map(chr, range(0x80, 0xC0)) - # start bytes of a 2-byte sequence equivalent to codepoints < 0x7F + # start bytes of a 2-byte sequence equivalent to code points < 0x7F invalid_2B_seq_start_bytes = map(chr, range(0xC0, 0xC2)) - # start bytes of a 4-byte sequence equivalent to codepoints > 0x10FFFF + # start bytes of a 4-byte sequence equivalent to code points > 0x10FFFF invalid_4B_seq_start_bytes = map(chr, range(0xF5, 0xF8)) invalid_start_bytes = ( continuation_bytes + invalid_2B_seq_start_bytes + @@ -1706,6 +1706,9 @@ class UnicodeTest( if sys.maxunicode > 0xffff: check_format(u'\U0010ffff', b'%c', c_int(0x10ffff)) + else: + with self.assertRaises(OverflowError): + PyUnicode_FromFormat(b'%c', c_int(0x10000)) with self.assertRaises(OverflowError): PyUnicode_FromFormat(b'%c', c_int(0x110000)) # Issue #18183 @@ -1756,8 +1759,45 @@ class UnicodeTest( b'%zu', c_size_t(123)) # test long output + min_long = -(2 ** (8 * sizeof(c_long) - 1)) + max_long = -min_long - 1 + check_format(unicode(min_long), + b'%ld', c_long(min_long)) + check_format(unicode(max_long), + b'%ld', c_long(max_long)) + max_ulong = 2 ** (8 * sizeof(c_ulong)) - 1 + check_format(unicode(max_ulong), + b'%lu', c_ulong(max_ulong)) PyUnicode_FromFormat(b'%p', c_void_p(-1)) + # test padding (width and/or precision) + check_format(u'123'.rjust(10, u'0'), + b'%010i', c_int(123)) + check_format(u'123'.rjust(100), + b'%100i', c_int(123)) + check_format(u'123'.rjust(100, u'0'), + b'%.100i', c_int(123)) + check_format(u'123'.rjust(80, u'0').rjust(100), + b'%100.80i', c_int(123)) + + check_format(u'123'.rjust(10, u'0'), + b'%010u', c_uint(123)) + check_format(u'123'.rjust(100), + b'%100u', c_uint(123)) + check_format(u'123'.rjust(100, u'0'), + b'%.100u', c_uint(123)) + check_format(u'123'.rjust(80, u'0').rjust(100), + b'%100.80u', c_uint(123)) + + check_format(u'123'.rjust(10, u'0'), + b'%010x', c_int(0x123)) + check_format(u'123'.rjust(100), + b'%100x', c_int(0x123)) + check_format(u'123'.rjust(100, u'0'), + b'%.100x', c_int(0x123)) + check_format(u'123'.rjust(80, u'0').rjust(100), + b'%100.80x', c_int(0x123)) + # test %V check_format(u'repr=abc', b'repr=%V', u'abc', b'xyz') diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_urllib.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_urllib.py index 003286516b..adffb5731f 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_urllib.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_urllib.py @@ -773,21 +773,55 @@ class Pathname_Tests(unittest.TestCase): class Utility_Tests(unittest.TestCase): """Testcase to test the various utility functions in the urllib.""" + # In Python 3 this test class is moved to test_urlparse. + + def test_splittype(self): + splittype = urllib.splittype + self.assertEqual(splittype('type:opaquestring'), ('type', 'opaquestring')) + self.assertEqual(splittype('opaquestring'), (None, 'opaquestring')) + self.assertEqual(splittype(':opaquestring'), (None, ':opaquestring')) + self.assertEqual(splittype('type:'), ('type', '')) + self.assertEqual(splittype('type:opaque:string'), ('type', 'opaque:string')) + + def test_splithost(self): + splithost = urllib.splithost + self.assertEqual(splithost('//www.example.org:80/foo/bar/baz.html'), + ('www.example.org:80', '/foo/bar/baz.html')) + self.assertEqual(splithost('//www.example.org:80'), + ('www.example.org:80', '')) + self.assertEqual(splithost('/foo/bar/baz.html'), + (None, '/foo/bar/baz.html')) + + def test_splituser(self): + splituser = urllib.splituser + self.assertEqual(splituser('User:Pass@www.python.org:080'), + ('User:Pass', 'www.python.org:080')) + self.assertEqual(splituser('@www.python.org:080'), + ('', 'www.python.org:080')) + self.assertEqual(splituser('www.python.org:080'), + (None, 'www.python.org:080')) + self.assertEqual(splituser('User:Pass@'), + ('User:Pass', '')) + self.assertEqual(splituser('User@example.com:Pass@www.python.org:080'), + ('User@example.com:Pass', 'www.python.org:080')) def test_splitpasswd(self): - """Some of the password examples are not sensible, but it is added to - confirming to RFC2617 and addressing issue4675. - """ - self.assertEqual(('user', 'ab'),urllib.splitpasswd('user:ab')) - self.assertEqual(('user', 'a\nb'),urllib.splitpasswd('user:a\nb')) - self.assertEqual(('user', 'a\tb'),urllib.splitpasswd('user:a\tb')) - self.assertEqual(('user', 'a\rb'),urllib.splitpasswd('user:a\rb')) - self.assertEqual(('user', 'a\fb'),urllib.splitpasswd('user:a\fb')) - self.assertEqual(('user', 'a\vb'),urllib.splitpasswd('user:a\vb')) - self.assertEqual(('user', 'a:b'),urllib.splitpasswd('user:a:b')) - self.assertEqual(('user', 'a b'),urllib.splitpasswd('user:a b')) - self.assertEqual(('user 2', 'ab'),urllib.splitpasswd('user 2:ab')) - self.assertEqual(('user+1', 'a+b'),urllib.splitpasswd('user+1:a+b')) + # Some of the password examples are not sensible, but it is added to + # confirming to RFC2617 and addressing issue4675. + splitpasswd = urllib.splitpasswd + self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:ab'), ('user', 'ab')) + self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:a\nb'), ('user', 'a\nb')) + self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:a\tb'), ('user', 'a\tb')) + self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:a\rb'), ('user', 'a\rb')) + self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:a\fb'), ('user', 'a\fb')) + self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:a\vb'), ('user', 'a\vb')) + self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:a:b'), ('user', 'a:b')) + self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:a b'), ('user', 'a b')) + self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user 2:ab'), ('user 2', 'ab')) + self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user+1:a+b'), ('user+1', 'a+b')) + self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:'), ('user', '')) + self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user'), ('user', None)) + self.assertEqual(splitpasswd(':ab'), ('', 'ab')) def test_splitport(self): splitport = urllib.splitport @@ -796,6 +830,9 @@ class Utility_Tests(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(splitport('parrot:'), ('parrot', None)) self.assertEqual(splitport('127.0.0.1'), ('127.0.0.1', None)) self.assertEqual(splitport('parrot:cheese'), ('parrot:cheese', None)) + self.assertEqual(splitport('[::1]:88'), ('[::1]', '88')) + self.assertEqual(splitport('[::1]'), ('[::1]', None)) + self.assertEqual(splitport(':88'), ('', '88')) def test_splitnport(self): splitnport = urllib.splitnport @@ -809,6 +846,59 @@ class Utility_Tests(unittest.TestCase): self.assertEqual(splitnport('parrot:cheese'), ('parrot', None)) self.assertEqual(splitnport('parrot:cheese', 55), ('parrot', None)) + def test_splitquery(self): + # Normal cases are exercised by other tests; ensure that we also + # catch cases with no port specified (testcase ensuring coverage) + splitquery = urllib.splitquery + self.assertEqual(splitquery('http://python.org/fake?foo=bar'), + ('http://python.org/fake', 'foo=bar')) + self.assertEqual(splitquery('http://python.org/fake?foo=bar?'), + ('http://python.org/fake?foo=bar', '')) + self.assertEqual(splitquery('http://python.org/fake'), + ('http://python.org/fake', None)) + self.assertEqual(splitquery('?foo=bar'), ('', 'foo=bar')) + + def test_splittag(self): + splittag = urllib.splittag + self.assertEqual(splittag('http://example.com?foo=bar#baz'), + ('http://example.com?foo=bar', 'baz')) + self.assertEqual(splittag('http://example.com?foo=bar#'), + ('http://example.com?foo=bar', '')) + self.assertEqual(splittag('#baz'), ('', 'baz')) + self.assertEqual(splittag('http://example.com?foo=bar'), + ('http://example.com?foo=bar', None)) + self.assertEqual(splittag('http://example.com?foo=bar#baz#boo'), + ('http://example.com?foo=bar#baz', 'boo')) + + def test_splitattr(self): + splitattr = urllib.splitattr + self.assertEqual(splitattr('/path;attr1=value1;attr2=value2'), + ('/path', ['attr1=value1', 'attr2=value2'])) + self.assertEqual(splitattr('/path;'), ('/path', [''])) + self.assertEqual(splitattr(';attr1=value1;attr2=value2'), + ('', ['attr1=value1', 'attr2=value2'])) + self.assertEqual(splitattr('/path'), ('/path', [])) + + def test_splitvalue(self): + # Normal cases are exercised by other tests; test pathological cases + # with no key/value pairs. (testcase ensuring coverage) + splitvalue = urllib.splitvalue + self.assertEqual(splitvalue('foo=bar'), ('foo', 'bar')) + self.assertEqual(splitvalue('foo='), ('foo', '')) + self.assertEqual(splitvalue('=bar'), ('', 'bar')) + self.assertEqual(splitvalue('foobar'), ('foobar', None)) + self.assertEqual(splitvalue('foo=bar=baz'), ('foo', 'bar=baz')) + + def test_toBytes(self): + result = urllib.toBytes(u'http://www.python.org') + self.assertEqual(result, 'http://www.python.org') + self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, urllib.toBytes, + test_support.u(r'http://www.python.org/medi\u00e6val')) + + def test_unwrap(self): + url = urllib.unwrap('<URL:type://host/path>') + self.assertEqual(url, 'type://host/path') + class URLopener_Tests(unittest.TestCase): """Testcase to test the open method of URLopener class.""" diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_urllib2.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_urllib2.py index 11528c8993..5a94607fa9 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_urllib2.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_urllib2.py @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class TrivialTests(unittest.TestCase): self.assertRaises(ValueError, urllib2.urlopen, 'bogus url') # XXX Name hacking to get this to work on Windows. - fname = os.path.abspath(urllib2.__file__).replace('\\', '/') + fname = os.path.abspath(urllib2.__file__).replace(os.sep, '/') # And more hacking to get it to work on MacOS. This assumes # urllib.pathname2url works, unfortunately... diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_urllib2_localnet.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_urllib2_localnet.py index a24a077b2c..bb82b26db1 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_urllib2_localnet.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_urllib2_localnet.py @@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import urllib2 import BaseHTTPServer import unittest import hashlib -import ssl from test import test_support @@ -557,7 +556,6 @@ class TestUrlopen(BaseTestCase): def test_https_with_cafile(self): handler = self.start_https_server(certfile=CERT_localhost) - import ssl # Good cert data = self.urlopen("https://localhost:%s/bizarre" % handler.port, cafile=CERT_localhost) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_urllib2net.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_urllib2net.py index 52f6c48a23..9e882e0ca2 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_urllib2net.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_urllib2net.py @@ -103,7 +103,8 @@ class OtherNetworkTests(unittest.TestCase): def test_ftp(self): urls = [ 'ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/README', - 'ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/non-existent-file', + ('ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/non-existent-file', + None, urllib2.URLError), ] self._test_urls(urls, self._extra_handlers()) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_uuid.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_uuid.py index bccfcb746e..0a8130ee0c 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_uuid.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_uuid.py @@ -12,9 +12,6 @@ def importable(name): return False class TestUUID(unittest.TestCase): - last_node = None - source2node = {} - def test_UUID(self): equal = self.assertEqual ascending = [] @@ -282,119 +279,13 @@ class TestUUID(unittest.TestCase): badtype(lambda: setattr(u, 'clock_seq_low', 0)) badtype(lambda: setattr(u, 'node', 0)) - def check_node(self, node, source): - message = "%012x is not an RFC 4122 node ID" % node - self.assertTrue(0 < node, message) - self.assertTrue(node < (1L << 48), message) - - TestUUID.source2node[source] = node - if TestUUID.last_node: - if TestUUID.last_node != node: - msg = "different sources disagree on node:\n" - for s, n in TestUUID.source2node.iteritems(): - msg += " from source %r, node was %012x\n" % (s, n) - # There's actually no reason to expect the MAC addresses - # to agree across various methods -- e.g., a box may have - # multiple network interfaces, and different ways of getting - # a MAC address may favor different HW. - ##self.fail(msg) - else: - TestUUID.last_node = node - - @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'posix', 'requires Posix') - def test_ifconfig_getnode(self): - node = uuid._ifconfig_getnode() - if node is not None: - self.check_node(node, 'ifconfig') - - @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'posix', 'requires Posix') - def test_arp_getnode(self): - node = uuid._arp_getnode() - if node is not None: - self.check_node(node, 'arp') - - @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'posix', 'requires Posix') - def test_lanscan_getnode(self): - node = uuid._lanscan_getnode() - if node is not None: - self.check_node(node, 'lanscan') - - @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'posix', 'requires Posix') - def test_netstat_getnode(self): - node = uuid._netstat_getnode() - if node is not None: - self.check_node(node, 'netstat') - - @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'nt', 'requires Windows') - def test_ipconfig_getnode(self): - node = uuid._ipconfig_getnode() - if node is not None: - self.check_node(node, 'ipconfig') - - @unittest.skipUnless(importable('win32wnet'), 'requires win32wnet') - @unittest.skipUnless(importable('netbios'), 'requires netbios') - def test_netbios_getnode(self): - self.check_node(uuid._netbios_getnode(), 'netbios') - - def test_random_getnode(self): - node = uuid._random_getnode() - # Least significant bit of first octet must be set. - self.assertTrue(node & 0x010000000000) - self.assertTrue(node < (1L << 48)) - - @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'posix', 'requires Posix') - @unittest.skipUnless(importable('ctypes'), 'requires ctypes') - def test_unixdll_getnode(self): - try: # Issues 1481, 3581: _uuid_generate_time() might be None. - self.check_node(uuid._unixdll_getnode(), 'unixdll') - except TypeError: - pass - - @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'nt', 'requires Windows') - @unittest.skipUnless(importable('ctypes'), 'requires ctypes') - def test_windll_getnode(self): - self.check_node(uuid._windll_getnode(), 'windll') - def test_getnode(self): node1 = uuid.getnode() - self.check_node(node1, "getnode1") + self.assertTrue(0 < node1 < (1 << 48), '%012x' % node1) # Test it again to ensure consistency. node2 = uuid.getnode() - self.check_node(node2, "getnode2") - - self.assertEqual(node1, node2) - - @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'posix', 'requires Posix') - def test_find_mac(self): - data = '''\ - -fake hwaddr -cscotun0 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 -eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 12:34:56:78:90:ab -''' - def mock_popen(cmd): - return io.BytesIO(data) - - path = os.environ.get("PATH", os.defpath).split(os.pathsep) - path.extend(('/sbin', '/usr/sbin')) - for dir in path: - executable = os.path.join(dir, 'ifconfig') - if (os.path.exists(executable) and - os.access(executable, os.F_OK | os.X_OK) and - not os.path.isdir(executable)): - break - else: - self.skipTest('requires ifconfig') - - with test_support.swap_attr(os, 'popen', mock_popen): - mac = uuid._find_mac( - command='ifconfig', - args='', - hw_identifiers=['hwaddr'], - get_index=lambda x: x + 1, - ) - self.assertEqual(mac, 0x1234567890ab) + self.assertEqual(node1, node2, '%012x != %012x' % (node1, node2)) @unittest.skipUnless(importable('ctypes'), 'requires ctypes') def test_uuid1(self): @@ -506,11 +397,106 @@ eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 12:34:56:78:90:ab self.assertNotEqual(parent_value, child_value) +class TestInternals(unittest.TestCase): + @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'posix', 'requires Posix') + def test_find_mac(self): + data = '''\ + +fake hwaddr +cscotun0 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 +eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 12:34:56:78:90:ab +''' + def mock_popen(cmd): + return io.BytesIO(data) + + path = os.environ.get("PATH", os.defpath).split(os.pathsep) + path.extend(('/sbin', '/usr/sbin')) + for dir in path: + executable = os.path.join(dir, 'ifconfig') + if (os.path.exists(executable) and + os.access(executable, os.F_OK | os.X_OK) and + not os.path.isdir(executable)): + break + else: + self.skipTest('requires ifconfig') + + with test_support.swap_attr(os, 'popen', mock_popen): + mac = uuid._find_mac( + command='ifconfig', + args='', + hw_identifiers=['hwaddr'], + get_index=lambda x: x + 1, + ) + self.assertEqual(mac, 0x1234567890ab) + + def check_node(self, node, requires=None, network=False): + if requires and node is None: + self.skipTest('requires ' + requires) + hex = '%012x' % node + if test_support.verbose >= 2: + print hex + ' ', + if network: + # 47 bit will never be set in IEEE 802 addresses obtained + # from network cards. + self.assertFalse(node & 0x010000000000, hex) + self.assertTrue(0 < node < (1L << 48), + "%s is not an RFC 4122 node ID" % hex) + + @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'posix', 'requires Posix') + def test_ifconfig_getnode(self): + node = uuid._ifconfig_getnode() + self.check_node(node, 'ifconfig', True) + + @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'posix', 'requires Posix') + def test_arp_getnode(self): + node = uuid._arp_getnode() + self.check_node(node, 'arp', True) + + @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'posix', 'requires Posix') + def test_lanscan_getnode(self): + node = uuid._lanscan_getnode() + self.check_node(node, 'lanscan', True) + + @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'posix', 'requires Posix') + def test_netstat_getnode(self): + node = uuid._netstat_getnode() + self.check_node(node, 'netstat', True) + + @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'nt', 'requires Windows') + def test_ipconfig_getnode(self): + node = uuid._ipconfig_getnode() + self.check_node(node, 'ipconfig', True) + @unittest.skipUnless(importable('win32wnet'), 'requires win32wnet') + @unittest.skipUnless(importable('netbios'), 'requires netbios') + def test_netbios_getnode(self): + node = uuid._netbios_getnode() + self.check_node(node, network=True) + + def test_random_getnode(self): + node = uuid._random_getnode() + # Least significant bit of first octet must be set. + self.assertTrue(node & 0x010000000000, '%012x' % node) + self.check_node(node) + + @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'posix', 'requires Posix') + @unittest.skipUnless(importable('ctypes'), 'requires ctypes') + def test_unixdll_getnode(self): + try: # Issues 1481, 3581: _uuid_generate_time() might be None. + node = uuid._unixdll_getnode() + except TypeError: + self.skipTest('requires uuid_generate_time') + self.check_node(node) + + @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'nt', 'requires Windows') + @unittest.skipUnless(importable('ctypes'), 'requires ctypes') + def test_windll_getnode(self): + node = uuid._windll_getnode() + self.check_node(node) def test_main(): - test_support.run_unittest(TestUUID) + test_support.run_unittest(TestUUID, TestInternals) if __name__ == '__main__': test_main() diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_warnings.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_warnings.py index 661a9ebd02..588cd6e05d 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_warnings.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_warnings.py @@ -562,6 +562,15 @@ class _WarningsTests(BaseTest): finally: globals_dict['__file__'] = oldfile + def test_stderr_none(self): + rc, stdout, stderr = assert_python_ok("-c", + "import sys; sys.stderr = None; " + "import warnings; warnings.simplefilter('always'); " + "warnings.warn('Warning!')") + self.assertEqual(stdout, b'') + self.assertNotIn(b'Warning!', stderr) + self.assertNotIn(b'Error', stderr) + class WarningsDisplayTests(unittest.TestCase): diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_xpickle.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_xpickle.py index ac3a33f321..95ad4eba77 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_xpickle.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_xpickle.py @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class DumpPickle_LoadCPickle(AbstractPickleTests): # Ignore fast return cPickle.loads(buf) -def have_python_version(name): +def have_python_version(name, cache={}): """Check whether the given name is a valid Python binary and has test.test_support. @@ -68,7 +68,9 @@ def have_python_version(name): Returns: True if the name is valid, False otherwise. """ - return os.system(name + " -c 'import test.test_support'") == 0 + if name not in cache: + cache[name] = os.system(name + ' -c "import test.test_support"') == 0 + return cache[name] class AbstractCompatTests(AbstractPickleTests): @@ -81,6 +83,9 @@ class AbstractCompatTests(AbstractPickleTests): self.assertTrue(self.python) self.assertTrue(self.module) self.assertTrue(self.error) + test_support.requires("xpickle") + if not have_python_version(self.python): + self.skipTest('%s not available' % self.python) def send_to_worker(self, python, obj, proto): """Bounce a pickled object through another version of Python. @@ -119,14 +124,9 @@ class AbstractCompatTests(AbstractPickleTests): # These tests are disabled because they require some special setup # on the worker that's hard to keep in sync. - def test_global_ext1(self): - pass - - def test_global_ext2(self): - pass - - def test_global_ext4(self): - pass + test_global_ext1 = None + test_global_ext2 = None + test_global_ext4 = None # This is a cut-down version of pickletester's test_float. Backwards # compatibility for the values in for_bin_protos was explicitly broken in @@ -151,48 +151,36 @@ class AbstractCompatTests(AbstractPickleTests): self.assertEqual(value, got) # Backwards compatibility was explicitly broken in r67934 to fix a bug. - def test_unicode_high_plane(self): - pass + test_unicode_high_plane = None # This tests a fix that's in 2.7 only - def test_dynamic_class(self): - pass - - if test_support.have_unicode: - # This is a cut-down version of pickletester's test_unicode. Backwards - # compatibility was explicitly broken in r67934 to fix a bug. - def test_unicode(self): - endcases = [u'', u'<\\u>', u'<\\\u1234>', u'<\n>', u'<\\>'] - for proto in pickletester.protocols: - for u in endcases: - p = self.dumps(u, proto) - u2 = self.loads(p) - self.assertEqual(u2, u) - - -def run_compat_test(python_name): - return (test_support.is_resource_enabled("xpickle") and - have_python_version(python_name)) + test_dynamic_class = None + + # This is a cut-down version of pickletester's test_unicode. Backwards + # compatibility was explicitly broken in r67934 to fix a bug. + def test_unicode(self): + if not test_support.have_unicode: + # Python 2.5 has no unittest.skipUnless + self.skipTest('no unicode support') + endcases = [u'', u'<\\u>', u'<\\%c>' % 0x1234, u'<\n>', u'<\\>'] + for proto in pickletester.protocols: + for u in endcases: + p = self.dumps(u, proto) + u2 = self.loads(p) + self.assertEqual(u2, u) # Test backwards compatibility with Python 2.4. -if not run_compat_test("python2.4"): - class CPicklePython24Compat(unittest.TestCase): - pass -else: - class CPicklePython24Compat(AbstractCompatTests): +class CPicklePython24Compat(AbstractCompatTests): - module = cPickle - python = "python2.4" - error = cPickle.BadPickleGet - - # Disable these tests for Python 2.4. Making them pass would require - # nontrivially monkeypatching the pickletester module in the worker. - def test_reduce_calls_base(self): - pass + module = cPickle + python = "python2.4" + error = cPickle.BadPickleGet - def test_reduce_ex_calls_base(self): - pass + # Disable these tests for Python 2.4. Making them pass would require + # nontrivially monkeypatching the pickletester module in the worker. + test_reduce_calls_base = None + test_reduce_ex_calls_base = None class PicklePython24Compat(CPicklePython24Compat): @@ -201,15 +189,11 @@ class PicklePython24Compat(CPicklePython24Compat): # Test backwards compatibility with Python 2.5. -if not run_compat_test("python2.5"): - class CPicklePython25Compat(unittest.TestCase): - pass -else: - class CPicklePython25Compat(AbstractCompatTests): +class CPicklePython25Compat(AbstractCompatTests): - module = cPickle - python = "python2.5" - error = cPickle.BadPickleGet + module = cPickle + python = "python2.5" + error = cPickle.BadPickleGet class PicklePython25Compat(CPicklePython25Compat): @@ -218,15 +202,11 @@ class PicklePython25Compat(CPicklePython25Compat): # Test backwards compatibility with Python 2.6. -if not run_compat_test("python2.6"): - class CPicklePython26Compat(unittest.TestCase): - pass -else: - class CPicklePython26Compat(AbstractCompatTests): +class CPicklePython26Compat(AbstractCompatTests): - module = cPickle - python = "python2.6" - error = cPickle.BadPickleGet + module = cPickle + python = "python2.6" + error = cPickle.BadPickleGet class PicklePython26Compat(CPicklePython26Compat): @@ -234,6 +214,18 @@ class PicklePython26Compat(CPicklePython26Compat): error = KeyError +class CPicklePython27Compat(AbstractCompatTests): + + module = cPickle + python = "python2.7" + error = cPickle.BadPickleGet + +class PicklePython27Compat(CPicklePython27Compat): + + module = pickle + error = KeyError + + def worker_main(in_stream, out_stream): message = cPickle.load(in_stream) protocol, obj = message @@ -241,20 +233,17 @@ def worker_main(in_stream, out_stream): def test_main(): - if not test_support.is_resource_enabled("xpickle"): - print >>sys.stderr, "test_xpickle -- skipping backwards compat tests." - print >>sys.stderr, "Use 'regrtest.py -u xpickle' to run them." - sys.stderr.flush() - test_support.run_unittest( DumpCPickle_LoadPickle, DumpPickle_LoadCPickle, CPicklePython24Compat, CPicklePython25Compat, CPicklePython26Compat, + CPicklePython27Compat, PicklePython24Compat, PicklePython25Compat, PicklePython26Compat, + PicklePython27Compat, ) if __name__ == "__main__": diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_zipfile.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_zipfile.py index fbeda53096..71c6605829 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_zipfile.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_zipfile.py @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import unittest from StringIO import StringIO from tempfile import TemporaryFile -from random import randint, random +from random import randint, random, getrandbits from unittest import skipUnless from test.test_support import TESTFN, TESTFN_UNICODE, TESTFN_ENCODING, \ @@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ SMALL_TEST_DATA = [('_ziptest1', '1q2w3e4r5t'), ('ziptest2dir/ziptest3dir/_ziptest3', 'azsxdcfvgb'), ('ziptest2dir/ziptest3dir/ziptest4dir/_ziptest3', '6y7u8i9o0p')] +def getrandbytes(size): + return bytes(bytearray.fromhex('%0*x' % (2 * size, getrandbits(8 * size)))) class TestsWithSourceFile(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): @@ -773,7 +775,12 @@ class TestZip64InSmallFiles(unittest.TestCase): class PyZipFileTests(unittest.TestCase): + def requiresWriteAccess(self, path): + if not os.access(path, os.W_OK): + self.skipTest('requires write access to the installed location') + def test_write_pyfile(self): + self.requiresWriteAccess(os.path.dirname(__file__)) with zipfile.PyZipFile(TemporaryFile(), "w") as zipfp: fn = __file__ if fn.endswith('.pyc') or fn.endswith('.pyo'): @@ -801,6 +808,7 @@ class PyZipFileTests(unittest.TestCase): def test_write_python_package(self): import email packagedir = os.path.dirname(email.__file__) + self.requiresWriteAccess(packagedir) with zipfile.PyZipFile(TemporaryFile(), "w") as zipfp: zipfp.writepy(packagedir) @@ -1168,8 +1176,7 @@ class OtherTests(unittest.TestCase): # than requested. for test_size in (1, 4095, 4096, 4097, 16384): file_size = test_size + 1 - junk = b''.join(struct.pack('B', randint(0, 255)) - for x in range(file_size)) + junk = getrandbytes(file_size) with zipfile.ZipFile(io.BytesIO(), "w", compression) as zipf: zipf.writestr('foo', junk) with zipf.open('foo', 'r') as fp: @@ -1400,50 +1407,104 @@ class TestsWithRandomBinaryFiles(unittest.TestCase): @skipUnless(zlib, "requires zlib") class TestsWithMultipleOpens(unittest.TestCase): - def setUp(self): + @classmethod + def setUpClass(cls): + cls.data1 = b'111' + getrandbytes(10000) + cls.data2 = b'222' + getrandbytes(10000) + + def make_test_archive(self, f): # Create the ZIP archive - with zipfile.ZipFile(TESTFN2, "w", zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zipfp: - zipfp.writestr('ones', '1'*FIXEDTEST_SIZE) - zipfp.writestr('twos', '2'*FIXEDTEST_SIZE) + with zipfile.ZipFile(f, "w", zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zipfp: + zipfp.writestr('ones', self.data1) + zipfp.writestr('twos', self.data2) def test_same_file(self): # Verify that (when the ZipFile is in control of creating file objects) # multiple open() calls can be made without interfering with each other. + self.make_test_archive(TESTFN2) with zipfile.ZipFile(TESTFN2, mode="r") as zipf: with zipf.open('ones') as zopen1, zipf.open('ones') as zopen2: data1 = zopen1.read(500) data2 = zopen2.read(500) - data1 += zopen1.read(500) - data2 += zopen2.read(500) + data1 += zopen1.read() + data2 += zopen2.read() self.assertEqual(data1, data2) + self.assertEqual(data1, self.data1) def test_different_file(self): # Verify that (when the ZipFile is in control of creating file objects) # multiple open() calls can be made without interfering with each other. + self.make_test_archive(TESTFN2) with zipfile.ZipFile(TESTFN2, mode="r") as zipf: with zipf.open('ones') as zopen1, zipf.open('twos') as zopen2: data1 = zopen1.read(500) data2 = zopen2.read(500) - data1 += zopen1.read(500) - data2 += zopen2.read(500) - self.assertEqual(data1, '1'*FIXEDTEST_SIZE) - self.assertEqual(data2, '2'*FIXEDTEST_SIZE) + data1 += zopen1.read() + data2 += zopen2.read() + self.assertEqual(data1, self.data1) + self.assertEqual(data2, self.data2) def test_interleaved(self): # Verify that (when the ZipFile is in control of creating file objects) # multiple open() calls can be made without interfering with each other. + self.make_test_archive(TESTFN2) with zipfile.ZipFile(TESTFN2, mode="r") as zipf: with zipf.open('ones') as zopen1, zipf.open('twos') as zopen2: data1 = zopen1.read(500) data2 = zopen2.read(500) - data1 += zopen1.read(500) - data2 += zopen2.read(500) - self.assertEqual(data1, '1'*FIXEDTEST_SIZE) - self.assertEqual(data2, '2'*FIXEDTEST_SIZE) + data1 += zopen1.read() + data2 += zopen2.read() + self.assertEqual(data1, self.data1) + self.assertEqual(data2, self.data2) + + def test_read_after_close(self): + self.make_test_archive(TESTFN2) + zopen1 = zopen2 = None + try: + with zipfile.ZipFile(TESTFN2, 'r') as zipf: + zopen1 = zipf.open('ones') + zopen2 = zipf.open('twos') + data1 = zopen1.read(500) + data2 = zopen2.read(500) + data1 += zopen1.read() + data2 += zopen2.read() + finally: + if zopen1: + zopen1.close() + if zopen2: + zopen2.close() + self.assertEqual(data1, self.data1) + self.assertEqual(data2, self.data2) + + def test_read_after_write(self): + with zipfile.ZipFile(TESTFN2, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zipf: + zipf.writestr('ones', self.data1) + zipf.writestr('twos', self.data2) + with zipf.open('ones') as zopen1: + data1 = zopen1.read(500) + self.assertEqual(data1, self.data1[:500]) + with zipfile.ZipFile(TESTFN2, 'r') as zipf: + data1 = zipf.read('ones') + data2 = zipf.read('twos') + self.assertEqual(data1, self.data1) + self.assertEqual(data2, self.data2) + + def test_write_after_read(self): + with zipfile.ZipFile(TESTFN2, "w", zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zipf: + zipf.writestr('ones', self.data1) + with zipf.open('ones') as zopen1: + zopen1.read(500) + zipf.writestr('twos', self.data2) + with zipfile.ZipFile(TESTFN2, 'r') as zipf: + data1 = zipf.read('ones') + data2 = zipf.read('twos') + self.assertEqual(data1, self.data1) + self.assertEqual(data2, self.data2) def test_many_opens(self): # Verify that read() and open() promptly close the file descriptor, # and don't rely on the garbage collector to free resources. + self.make_test_archive(TESTFN2) with zipfile.ZipFile(TESTFN2, mode="r") as zipf: for x in range(100): zipf.read('ones') diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/xmltestdata/test.xml b/lib-python/2.7/test/xmltestdata/test.xml index 9af92fb435..92136da76d 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/xmltestdata/test.xml +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/xmltestdata/test.xml @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -<?xml version="1.0"?> +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?> <HTML xmlns:pp="http://www.isogen.com/paul/post-processor"> <TITLE>Introduction to XSL</TITLE> <H1>Introduction to XSL</H1> @@ -110,6 +110,6 @@ </UL> - +µ </HTML> diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/xmltestdata/test.xml.out b/lib-python/2.7/test/xmltestdata/test.xml.out index d4ab1abcb6..f7e9ad2938 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/test/xmltestdata/test.xml.out +++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/xmltestdata/test.xml.out @@ -110,6 +110,6 @@ </UL> - +µ </HTML>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/textwrap.py b/lib-python/2.7/textwrap.py index 62ea0b48e6..e755860828 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/textwrap.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/textwrap.py @@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ class TextWrapper: """_munge_whitespace(text : string) -> string Munge whitespace in text: expand tabs and convert all other - whitespace characters to spaces. Eg. " foo\tbar\n\nbaz" + whitespace characters to spaces. Eg. " foo\\tbar\\n\\nbaz" becomes " foo bar baz". """ if self.expand_tabs: @@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class TextWrapper: """_fix_sentence_endings(chunks : [string]) Correct for sentence endings buried in 'chunks'. Eg. when the - original text contains "... foo.\nBar ...", munge_whitespace() + original text contains "... foo.\\nBar ...", munge_whitespace() and split() will convert that to [..., "foo.", " ", "Bar", ...] which has one too few spaces; this method simply changes the one space to two. @@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ def dedent(text): in indented form. Note that tabs and spaces are both treated as whitespace, but they - are not equal: the lines " hello" and "\thello" are + are not equal: the lines " hello" and "\\thello" are considered to have no common leading whitespace. (This behaviour is new in Python 2.5; older versions of this module incorrectly expanded tabs before searching for common leading whitespace.) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/timeit.py b/lib-python/2.7/timeit.py index 7d9eb51e51..f8c0b0d24d 100755 --- a/lib-python/2.7/timeit.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/timeit.py @@ -120,6 +120,12 @@ class Timer: self.timer = timer ns = {} if isinstance(stmt, basestring): + # Check that the code can be compiled outside a function + if isinstance(setup, basestring): + compile(setup, dummy_src_name, "exec") + compile(setup + '\n' + stmt, dummy_src_name, "exec") + else: + compile(stmt, dummy_src_name, "exec") stmt = reindent(stmt, 8) if isinstance(setup, basestring): setup = reindent(setup, 4) @@ -240,10 +246,10 @@ def repeat(stmt="pass", setup="pass", timer=default_timer, """Convenience function to create Timer object and call repeat method.""" return Timer(stmt, setup, timer).repeat(repeat, number) -def main(args=None): +def main(args=None, _wrap_timer=None): """Main program, used when run as a script. - The optional argument specifies the command line to be parsed, + The optional 'args' argument specifies the command line to be parsed, defaulting to sys.argv[1:]. The return value is an exit code to be passed to sys.exit(); it @@ -252,6 +258,10 @@ def main(args=None): When an exception happens during timing, a traceback is printed to stderr and the return value is 1. Exceptions at other times (including the template compilation) are not caught. + + '_wrap_timer' is an internal interface used for unit testing. If it + is not None, it must be a callable that accepts a timer function + and returns another timer function (used for unit testing). """ if args is None: args = sys.argv[1:] @@ -297,6 +307,8 @@ def main(args=None): # directory) import os sys.path.insert(0, os.curdir) + if _wrap_timer is not None: + timer = _wrap_timer(timer) t = Timer(stmt, setup, timer) if number == 0: # determine number so that 0.2 <= total time < 2.0 diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/types.py b/lib-python/2.7/types.py index ff90e04973..d414f54931 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/types.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/types.py @@ -82,3 +82,5 @@ GetSetDescriptorType = type(FunctionType.func_code) MemberDescriptorType = type(FunctionType.func_globals) del sys, _f, _g, _C, _x # Not for export + +__all__ = list(n for n in globals() if n[:1] != '_') diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/unittest/case.py b/lib-python/2.7/unittest/case.py index 644fe5b5c5..6bbc55fbc6 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/unittest/case.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/unittest/case.py @@ -127,6 +127,8 @@ class _AssertRaisesContext(object): (expected_regexp.pattern, str(exc_value))) return True +def _sentinel(*args, **kwargs): + raise AssertionError('Should never be called') class TestCase(object): """A class whose instances are single test cases. @@ -443,7 +445,7 @@ class TestCase(object): return '%s : %s' % (safe_repr(standardMsg), safe_repr(msg)) - def assertRaises(self, excClass, callableObj=None, *args, **kwargs): + def assertRaises(self, excClass, callableObj=_sentinel, *args, **kwargs): """Fail unless an exception of class excClass is raised by callableObj when invoked with arguments args and keyword arguments kwargs. If a different type of exception is @@ -451,7 +453,7 @@ class TestCase(object): deemed to have suffered an error, exactly as for an unexpected exception. - If called with callableObj omitted or None, will return a + If called with callableObj omitted, will return a context object used like this:: with self.assertRaises(SomeException): @@ -467,7 +469,7 @@ class TestCase(object): self.assertEqual(the_exception.error_code, 3) """ context = _AssertRaisesContext(excClass, self) - if callableObj is None: + if callableObj is _sentinel: return context with context: callableObj(*args, **kwargs) @@ -973,7 +975,7 @@ class TestCase(object): self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg)) def assertRaisesRegexp(self, expected_exception, expected_regexp, - callable_obj=None, *args, **kwargs): + callable_obj=_sentinel, *args, **kwargs): """Asserts that the message in a raised exception matches a regexp. Args: @@ -987,7 +989,7 @@ class TestCase(object): if expected_regexp is not None: expected_regexp = re.compile(expected_regexp) context = _AssertRaisesContext(expected_exception, self, expected_regexp) - if callable_obj is None: + if callable_obj is _sentinel: return context with context: callable_obj(*args, **kwargs) diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/unittest/test/test_case.py b/lib-python/2.7/unittest/test/test_case.py index 4ddf4362e0..4c2d1f99eb 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/unittest/test/test_case.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/unittest/test/test_case.py @@ -954,6 +954,50 @@ test case self.assertRaises(self.failureException, self.assertRegexpMatches, 'saaas', r'aaaa') + def testAssertRaisesCallable(self): + class ExceptionMock(Exception): + pass + def Stub(): + raise ExceptionMock('We expect') + self.assertRaises(ExceptionMock, Stub) + # A tuple of exception classes is accepted + self.assertRaises((ValueError, ExceptionMock), Stub) + # *args and **kwargs also work + self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '19', base=8) + # Failure when no exception is raised + with self.assertRaises(self.failureException): + self.assertRaises(ExceptionMock, lambda: 0) + # Failure when the function is None + with self.assertRaises(TypeError): + self.assertRaises(ExceptionMock, None) + # Failure when another exception is raised + with self.assertRaises(ExceptionMock): + self.assertRaises(ValueError, Stub) + + def testAssertRaisesContext(self): + class ExceptionMock(Exception): + pass + def Stub(): + raise ExceptionMock('We expect') + with self.assertRaises(ExceptionMock): + Stub() + # A tuple of exception classes is accepted + with self.assertRaises((ValueError, ExceptionMock)) as cm: + Stub() + # The context manager exposes caught exception + self.assertIsInstance(cm.exception, ExceptionMock) + self.assertEqual(cm.exception.args[0], 'We expect') + # *args and **kwargs also work + with self.assertRaises(ValueError): + int('19', base=8) + # Failure when no exception is raised + with self.assertRaises(self.failureException): + with self.assertRaises(ExceptionMock): + pass + # Failure when another exception is raised + with self.assertRaises(ExceptionMock): + self.assertRaises(ValueError, Stub) + def testAssertRaisesRegexp(self): class ExceptionMock(Exception): pass @@ -964,6 +1008,8 @@ test case self.assertRaisesRegexp(ExceptionMock, re.compile('expect$'), Stub) self.assertRaisesRegexp(ExceptionMock, 'expect$', Stub) self.assertRaisesRegexp(ExceptionMock, u'expect$', Stub) + with self.assertRaises(TypeError): + self.assertRaisesRegexp(ExceptionMock, 'expect$', None) def testAssertNotRaisesRegexp(self): self.assertRaisesRegexp( diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/urllib.py b/lib-python/2.7/urllib.py index a143aa3ee3..db29ef2dc1 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/urllib.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/urllib.py @@ -871,7 +871,11 @@ class ftpwrapper: self.timeout = timeout self.refcount = 0 self.keepalive = persistent - self.init() + try: + self.init() + except: + self.close() + raise def init(self): import ftplib @@ -990,11 +994,16 @@ class addclosehook(addbase): self.hookargs = hookargs def close(self): - if self.closehook: - self.closehook(*self.hookargs) - self.closehook = None - self.hookargs = None - addbase.close(self) + try: + closehook = self.closehook + hookargs = self.hookargs + if closehook: + self.closehook = None + self.hookargs = None + closehook(*hookargs) + finally: + addbase.close(self) + class addinfo(addbase): """class to add an info() method to an open file.""" diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/warnings.py b/lib-python/2.7/warnings.py index bf9a5d86e1..fbec94b7f0 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/warnings.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/warnings.py @@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ def _show_warning(message, category, filename, lineno, file=None, line=None): """Hook to write a warning to a file; replace if you like.""" if file is None: file = sys.stderr + if file is None: + # sys.stderr is None - warnings get lost + return try: file.write(formatwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, line)) except IOError: diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/wave.py b/lib-python/2.7/wave.py index 8ff93c37f2..97f21468ef 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/wave.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/wave.py @@ -180,10 +180,11 @@ class Wave_read: self._soundpos = 0 def close(self): - if self._i_opened_the_file: - self._i_opened_the_file.close() - self._i_opened_the_file = None self._file = None + file = self._i_opened_the_file + if file: + self._i_opened_the_file = None + file.close() def tell(self): return self._soundpos @@ -444,17 +445,18 @@ class Wave_write: self._patchheader() def close(self): - if self._file: - try: + try: + if self._file: self._ensure_header_written(0) if self._datalength != self._datawritten: self._patchheader() self._file.flush() - finally: - self._file = None - if self._i_opened_the_file: - self._i_opened_the_file.close() - self._i_opened_the_file = None + finally: + self._file = None + file = self._i_opened_the_file + if file: + self._i_opened_the_file = None + file.close() # # Internal methods. diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/xml/sax/expatreader.py b/lib-python/2.7/xml/sax/expatreader.py index 9de3e72307..21c9db91e9 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/xml/sax/expatreader.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/xml/sax/expatreader.py @@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ else: _mkproxy = weakref.proxy del weakref, _weakref +class _ClosedParser: + pass + # --- ExpatLocator class ExpatLocator(xmlreader.Locator): @@ -214,14 +217,24 @@ class ExpatParser(xmlreader.IncrementalParser, xmlreader.Locator): self._err_handler.fatalError(exc) def close(self): - if self._entity_stack: + if (self._entity_stack or self._parser is None or + isinstance(self._parser, _ClosedParser)): # If we are completing an external entity, do nothing here return - self.feed("", isFinal = 1) - self._cont_handler.endDocument() - self._parsing = 0 - # break cycle created by expat handlers pointing to our methods - self._parser = None + try: + self.feed("", isFinal = 1) + self._cont_handler.endDocument() + self._parsing = 0 + # break cycle created by expat handlers pointing to our methods + self._parser = None + finally: + self._parsing = 0 + if self._parser is not None: + # Keep ErrorColumnNumber and ErrorLineNumber after closing. + parser = _ClosedParser() + parser.ErrorColumnNumber = self._parser.ErrorColumnNumber + parser.ErrorLineNumber = self._parser.ErrorLineNumber + self._parser = parser def _reset_cont_handler(self): self._parser.ProcessingInstructionHandler = \ diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/xmlrpclib.py b/lib-python/2.7/xmlrpclib.py index 340dc51eb6..db185a6a12 100644 --- a/lib-python/2.7/xmlrpclib.py +++ b/lib-python/2.7/xmlrpclib.py @@ -558,8 +558,13 @@ else: self._parser.Parse(data, 0) def close(self): - self._parser.Parse("", 1) # end of data - del self._target, self._parser # get rid of circular references + try: + parser = self._parser + except AttributeError: + pass + else: + del self._target, self._parser # get rid of circular references + parser.Parse("", 1) # end of data class SlowParser: """Default XML parser (based on xmllib.XMLParser).""" @@ -1214,8 +1219,10 @@ class GzipDecodedResponse(gzip.GzipFile if gzip else object): gzip.GzipFile.__init__(self, mode="rb", fileobj=self.stringio) def close(self): - gzip.GzipFile.close(self) - self.stringio.close() + try: + gzip.GzipFile.close(self) + finally: + self.stringio.close() # -------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -1384,9 +1391,10 @@ class Transport: # Used in the event of socket errors. # def close(self): - if self._connection[1]: - self._connection[1].close() + host, connection = self._connection + if connection: self._connection = (None, None) + connection.close() ## # Send request header. diff --git a/lib-python/stdlib-version.txt b/lib-python/stdlib-version.txt index 74362985d6..79e6edbe27 100644 --- a/lib-python/stdlib-version.txt +++ b/lib-python/stdlib-version.txt @@ -4,6 +4,6 @@ at http://hg.python.org/cpython/ the outputs for hg id of each are: 2.7:: - 648dcafa7e5f (2.7) v2.7.9 + 15c95b7d81dc (2.7) v2.7.10 3:: cef745775b65 (3.2) v3.2.5 diff --git a/rpython/rlib/rsre/rpy/sre_parse.py b/rpython/rlib/rsre/rpy/sre_parse.py index 0b8ed82ba5..990dad79fc 100644 --- a/rpython/rlib/rsre/rpy/sre_parse.py +++ b/rpython/rlib/rsre/rpy/sre_parse.py @@ -69,6 +69,8 @@ class Pattern: self.open = [] self.groups = 1 self.groupdict = {} + self.lookbehind = 0 + def opengroup(self, name=None): gid = self.groups self.groups = gid + 1 @@ -299,6 +301,11 @@ def _escape(source, escape, state): if group < state.groups: if not state.checkgroup(group): raise error("cannot refer to open group") + if state.lookbehind: + import warnings + warnings.warn('group references in lookbehind ' + 'assertions are not supported', + RuntimeWarning) return GROUPREF, group raise ValueError if len(escape) == 2: @@ -578,6 +585,11 @@ def _parse(source, state): if gid is None: msg = "unknown group name: {0!r}".format(name) raise error(msg) + if state.lookbehind: + import warnings + warnings.warn('group references in lookbehind ' + 'assertions are not supported', + RuntimeWarning) subpatternappend((GROUPREF, gid)) continue else: @@ -606,7 +618,10 @@ def _parse(source, state): raise error("syntax error") dir = -1 # lookbehind char = sourceget() + state.lookbehind += 1 p = _parse_sub(source, state) + if dir < 0: + state.lookbehind -= 1 if not sourcematch(")"): raise error("unbalanced parenthesis") if char == "=": @@ -637,6 +652,11 @@ def _parse(source, state): condgroup = int(condname) except ValueError: raise error("bad character in group name") + if state.lookbehind: + import warnings + warnings.warn('group references in lookbehind ' + 'assertions are not supported', + RuntimeWarning) else: # flags if not source.next in FLAGS: |